This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Decomposition and stabilization of pharmaceutical productsArshad Khan
Drug stability:Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention.
Decomposition and stabilization of pharmaceutical productsArshad Khan
Drug stability:Stabilization of medicinal agents against common reactions like hydrolysis & oxidation. Accelerated stability testing in expiration dating of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Photolytic degradation and its prevention.
SURFACTANTS - Classification and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
Surfactants, are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading and dispersion, and can also lower the interfacial tension between two liquids.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorpho...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
SURFACTANTS - Classification and applicationsJaskiranKaur72
Surfactants, are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading and dispersion, and can also lower the interfacial tension between two liquids.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorpho...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
An overview of what is happening in the deterioration of the aquatic environment and the consequent adverse impacts on aquatic organisms and how to get rid of petroleum pollutants
An emulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids that are normally immiscible. Emulsions are part of a more general class of two-phase systems of matter called colloids.
Microemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, Cosurfactant and drug.
Upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous media, such as gastrointestinal (GI) fluids, the systems can form fine oil in water (O/W) Microemulsions which usually have a droplet size less than 100 nm.
Microemulsion have been successfully used to improve the solubility, chemical stability, and oral bioavailability of many poorly water soluble drugs.
They have characteristic properties such as a low interfacial tension, large interfacial area and capacity to solubilize both aqueous and oil-soluble compounds.
Similar to Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage form (20)
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage form
1. Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical
Dosage forms
Prepared by: Muhammad Jamal
Email : jamalkhan616@gmail.com
Contact: +923469054015
2. * Surfactants
Surfactants are termed as surface-active agents also wetting agents,
emulsifying agents or suspending agents depending on its properties and use.
Surface-active agents are substances which, at low concentrations, adsorb onto
the surfaces or interfaces of a system and alter the surface or interfacial free
energy and the surface or interfacial tension.
Surfactants are monomers, it has a characteristic structure possessing both
hydrophobic groups / non-polar regions (their "tails") usually contain a C12–
C18 hydrocarbon chain and hydrophilic groups / Polar Regions(their "heads").
Therefore, they are soluble in both organic solvents and water, so they called
amphiphilic.
(Martin Alfred. Physical Pharmacy-Physical Chemical principles in Pharmaceutical Sciences.). (Perkins Warren S. )
4. Sodium dodecyl sulphate .The polar "head" has affinity for water and the "tail" has affinity for oil
5. Mechanism of Action
Surfactants can work in three different ways:
Roll-up, Emulsification and Solubilization.
(a) Roll-up mechanism: The surfactant lowers the oil/solution and
fabric/solution interfacial tensions and in this way lifts the stain of the
fabric.
(b)Emulsification: The surfactant lowers the oil solution interfacial
tension and makes easy emulsification of the oil.
(c)Solubilization: Through interaction with the micelles of a
surfactant in a solvent (water), a substance spontaneously dissolves
to form a stable and clear solution.
7. Classification of surfactants:
Surfactant can be classified based on charge groups present in their head. A
nonionic surfactant do not have any charge groups over its head. The head of an
ionic surfactant carries a net charge. If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more
specifically called anionic and if the charge is positive, it is called cationic.
If a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it is termed
zwitterion.
1. Anionic surfactants
2. Cationic surfactants
3. Non-ionic surfactants
4. Zwitterionic/ amphoteric surfactants
8. (a)Anionic surfactants:
In solution, the head is negatively charged.
These surfactants are the most widely used
type of surfactant for preparing shampoos
because of its excellent cleaning properties
and high hair conditioning effects. Anionic
surfactants are particularly effective at oil
cleaning and oil/clay suspension.
9. The most commonly used anionic surfactants are alkyl sulphates, alkyl
ethoxylate sulphates and soaps. Most of the anionic surfactants are
carboxylate ,sulfate and sulfonate ions .(ARG Remington ,The science and practice of
pharmacy ,19th edn ,Vol 1) . The straight
chain is a saturated /unsaturated C12-C18 aliphatic group. The water
solubility potential of the surfactant is determined by the presence of
double bonds. (G.Zagrafti .The science and practice of pharmacy)
10. (b) Cationic Surfactants:
In solution, the head of the cationic surfactant is positively charged. Cationic
surfactants are quaternary ammonium compounds and they are mostly used for
their disinfectant and preservative properties as they have good bactericidal
properties. They are used on skin for cleansing wounds or burns. Mostly used
cationic surfactants are cetrimide which has tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium
bromide with minimum amount of dodecyl and hexadecyl compounds . Other
cationic surfactants are benzalkonium chloride,cetylpyridinium chloride etc.
11. (c) Non-Ionic Surfactants:
Those surfactants do not have any electrical charge, which makes them resistant to
water hardness deactivation.
They are less irritant than other anionic or cationic surfactants.
The hydrophilic part contains the polyoxyethylene ,polyoxypropylene or polyol
derivatives.
The hydrophobic part contains saturated or unsaturated fatty acids or fatty alcohols
They are excellent grease/oil removers and emulsifiers.
12. The non ionic surfactant can be classified as
• Polyol esters ,
• polyoxyethylene esters ,
• poloxamers .
The Polyol esters includes glycol and glycerol esters and sorbitan
derivatives.
Polyoxyethylene esters includes polyethylene glycol (PEG 40,PEG -50
,PEG- 55).
The most commonly used non-ionic surfactants are ethers of fatty
Alcohols.
(Zhang W, Dai X et al)
13. (d) Amphoteric/Zwitterionic Surfactants:
These surfactants are very mild, making them particularly suited for use in
personal care preparations over sensitive skins.
They can be anionic (negatively charged), cationic (positively charged) or
non-ionic (no charge) in solution, depending on the acidity or pH of the
water.
Those surfactants may contain two charged groups of different sign.
Whereas the positive charge is almost always ammonium but the source of
the negative charge may vary (carboxylate, sulphate, sulphonate).
These surfactants have excellent dermatological properties. They are
frequently used in shampoos and other cosmetic products, and also in hand
dishwashing liquids because of their high foaming properties.
(Zhang W, Dai X et al)
15. PROPERTIES OF SURFACTANT
• Wetting of Solids
• Solubilization
• Emulsification
• Dispersion of solid in solution
• Micellization
• Detergency
( Rawlins EA, editors. Bentley’s Text book of Pharmaceutics).
(Faeder J et al)
16. • Micellization
Definition- A micelle is an aggregate of surfactant molecules dispersed in
a liquid colloid. The process of forming micelle is known as micellization.
Micelle formations in polar and non-polar solvent depend on the
concentration of the surfactant in the particular solvent.
If add surfactant (monomers) in solvent, at low concentration some
monomers dispersed in solvent or aggregate at the surface or interface until
all surface or interface saturated by surfactant.
Further addition of surfactant increase concentration of monomers and it
goes in solvent and start to form micelles. This concentration is called
CMC. [Critical micelle concentration]
17. CMC- The concentration of monomer at which the micelles are start to form in
solvent at particular temperature. Micelles form only when the concentration of
surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC).
(Tanford C. The hydrophobic effect: Formation of micelles and biological membranes.)
18. Wetting of Solids
o A drop of liquid when placed on a flat, homogeneous solid surface comes
to equilibrium, assuming a shape which minimizes the total free energy of
the system.
o The angle between the liquid and the solid is called the contact angle (θ),
the angle being measured through the liquid.
o The contact angle may be calculated if the surface and interfacial tensions
are known from Young’s equation given in Eq. (1) or (2).
o γSA = γSL + γLA cos θ ______________________________(1)
Or
o Cosθ = γSA – γSL / γLA ______________________________(2)
Where γLA is the surface tension of the liquid, γSL is the interfacial tension
existing between the solid and liquid phases, and γSAis the surface tension (or
surface free energy) of the solid.
19. o The term ‘‘wetting agent’’ is applied to any substance that increases
the ability of water or an aqueous solution to displace air from a
liquid or solid surface.
o For good wetting, cosθ should be as close as possible to 1; that is, θ
should be as close as possible to 0.
If θ< 90, wetting of the solid is said to take place. If θ> 90, wetting
does not take place.
21. Emulsification
This is the property of surfactants to form a stable emulsion of two or more
immiscible liquids.
When oil and water mixed together and agitated, droplets of varying size are
produced.
Tension exists at the interface because the two immiscible liquid phases tend to
have different attractive forces for a molecule at the interface.
Molecules of one phase are repelled by other phase due to greater interfacial
tension, but for dispersion of liquid necessary of reduction of interfacial
tension.
22. This is done by addition of surfactants and having following mechanisms.
• Reduction of interfacial tension – Thermodynamic stabilization.
• Formation of interfacial film – mechanical barrier to coalescence.
• Formation of electrical double layer – electrical barrier to approach of
particles.
23. ♦ Interfacial Tension
Even though reduction of interfacial tension lowers the interfacial free energy
produced on dispersion. Surfactants are adsorbing on the interface of them, because
hydrophilic head have affinity towards water and hydrophobic tail towards oil. This
is responsible for reduction of interfacial tension and two immiscible phases are
become miscible.
♦ Interfacial Film
The formation of film by the emulsifier is similar to adsorption of surfactants at the
interface of an oil and water. If the concentration of emulsifier is high enough, it
forms a rigid film between the immiscible phases which act as a mechanical bar to
both adhesion and emulsifier of emulsion droplets. In O / W emulsions, the mixture
of sodium cetyl sulfate and cholesterol form more stable interfacial film.
24. ♦ Electrical Repulsion / Electrical Double Layer
It has just been described how interfacial films significantly alter the
rate of coalescence of droplets by acting as barriers. In addition, the
same or similar film can produce repulsive electrical forces between
approaching droplets. Such repulsion is due to an electrical double
layer, which may arise from electrically charged groups oriented on
the surface of emulsified globules.
25. * Solubilization
• Solubilization can be defined as ‘‘the preparation of a thermodynamically stable
isotropic solution of a substance normally insoluble or very slightly soluble in a
given solvent by the introduction of an additional amphiphilic component or
components.
• ’’ The amphiphilic components (surfactants) must be introduced at a
concentration at or above their critical micelle concentrations.
• Simple micellar systems (and reverse micellar) as well as liquid crystalline
phases and vesicles referred to above are all capable of solubilization.
• In liquid crystalline phases and vesicles, a ternary system is formed on
incorporation of the solubilizate and thus these anisotropic systems are not
strictly in accordance with the definition given above.
26. Solubilization by micelles
The location of a solubilized molecule in a micelle is
determined primarily by the chemical structure of the
solubilizate.
Solubilization can occur at a number of different sites in a
micelle:
27. Fig : In Aqueous Systems Solubilization Of Drugs At Diff. Positions Of Micelle.
1. On the surface, at the micelle–solvent interface,
2. At the surface and between the hydrophilic head groups,
3. In the palisades layer, i.e., between the hydrophilic groups and the first few
carbon atoms of the hydrophobic groups that comprises the outer regions of the
micelle core.
4. More deeply in the palisades layer, and in the micelle inner core.
( Loyd V Allen et al)
28. Examples
1. Polar alcohols are soluble in aqueous solution, so it located in solution / on
surface of micelle.
2. Phenol are having polar –OH group and non polar benzene ring. In which –OH
gr. Located in hydrophilic environment and benzene ring in hydrophobic
environment, so it located at the surface and between the hydrophilic head groups.
3. Semi polar materials, such as fatty acids are usually located in the palisades
layer, the depth of penetration depending on the ratio of polar to non-polar
structures in the solubilisate molecule.
4. Non-polar additives such as hydrocarbons tend to be intimately associated with
the hydrocarbon core of the micelle.
(Kwon GS, Kataoka K. Block copolymer micelles as long circulating drug vehicles.)
29. Pharmaceutical Examples of solubilization
• The solubilization of phenolic compounds such as cresol, chlorocresol,
chloroxylenol and thymol with soap to form clear solutions for use in
disinfection.
• Solubilized solutions of iodine in non-ionic surfactant micelles
(iodophors) for use in instrument sterilization.
• Solubilization of drugs (for example, steroids and water insoluble
vitamins), and essential oils by non-ionic surfactants (usually polysorbates or
polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters of fatty acids).
( Malmsten M. “Surfactants and polymers in drug delivery system”,)
30. Detergency
It is most important property of surface active agents. Surface active agents are
referred as detergents. The term Detergency is mostly used in the cleaning /
removing of grease, oil and dirt from the solid surface. The principle of detergency is
based on the formation of micelle.
The process needs many of the actions specific to surfactant molecules.
1. The surfactant requires good wetting properties to ensure good contact with the
solid surface.
2. It also has the ability to remove dirt into the bulk liquid.
31. This property is achieved by lowering the surface tension of the medium in
which surfactants is dissolved.
By lowering this interfacial tension between two media or interfaces (e.g.
air/water, water/stain, stain/fabric) the surfactant plays a key role in the
removal and suspension of dirt.
The lower surface tension of the water makes it easier to lift dirt and grease
off of dirty dishes, clothes and other surfaces, and help to keep them
suspended in the dirty water.
The water-loving or hydrophilic head remains in the water and it pulls the
stains towards the water, away from the fabric.
32. The surfactant molecules surround the stain particles, break them up and
force them away from the surface of the fabric.
They then suspend the stain particles in the wash water to remove them.
If the dirt is oily it may be emulsified or solubilized by the surfactant.
(Liberman et al, Lachaman et al, Allen Loyd V et al)
35. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
Surface-active agents have been widely shown to enhance drug dissolution
rates.
This may be due to wetting effects, resulting in increased surface area,
effects on solubility and effective diffusion coefficient or a combination of
effects.
Consequently surfactants have been included in tablet and capsule
formulations to improve wetting and deaggregation of drug particles and
thus increase the surface area of particles available for dissolution.
This wetting effect is found to be operative at concentrations below the
CMC.
36. However they also reduce the effective rate of drug diffusion as a
consequence of drug solubilization within micelles.
The effect of surfactants on the dissolution of solids is complex. In
addition to effects on the available surface area, surfactants in
concentrations above the CMC can increase drug solubility and hence the
effective concentration gradient.
37. I. Hard Gelatin Capsules and Tablets
Wetting agents : Surfactants are used in capsule and tablet formulations as wetting
agents to aid dissolution.
Lubricants, anti-adherents, and glidants.
The primary function of tablet lubricants is to reduce the friction arising at the
interface of tablet and die walls during compression and ejection.
Lubricants also possess antiadherent (prevention of sticking to the punch and,
to a lesser extent, to the die wall) and glidant (improvement of flow
characteristics of powders or granulates) characteristics and are useful in the
processing of hard gelatin capsules.
Magnesium stearate is used extensively as a lubricant in tablet manufacture. It
is an example of a ‘‘boundary lubricant,’’ that is, the polar regions of the
molecule adhere to the metal surface of the die wall (in tablet manufacture).
38. Lubricants may be classified as water-soluble or water-insoluble. The latter are
generally more effective than water-soluble lubricants and can be used at a
lower concentration.
Common water-insoluble lubricants (which are surfactants) include
magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearate, and stearic acid;
water-soluble lubricants include sodium lauryl sulphate and magnesium lauryl
sulphate.
Sodium lauryl sulphate is used in the production of hard gelatin capsules
where it is added to the gelatin solution during the preparation stage.
Adsorption of magnesium stearate to the powder or granule surfaces also
prevents agglomeration of the feed material and aids flow.
39. II. Suppositories
Several non-ionic surface-active materials have been developed as
suppositories vehicles.
Many of these bases, known as water-dispersible bases, can be used for
the formulation of both water-soluble and oil soluble drugs.
The surfactants most commonly used are the polyoxyethylene sorbitan
fatty acid esters (Tweens), the polyoxyethylene stearates, and the
sorbitan fatty acid esters (Spans).
The stainless steel molds are lubricated prior to dipping into the gelatin
solution and sodium lauryl sulphate is added to reduce the surface tension
of the mix and cause the mold pins to wet more uniformly.
(Corrigan OI, Healy AM. Surfactants in Pharmaceutical Products and Systems.)
40. Surface-active agents are widely used in combination with other
suppository bases.
The inclusion of these agents in the formulation may improve the
wetting and water-absorption properties of the suppository. In
addition, emulsifying surfactants help to keep insoluble substances
suspended in a fatty base suppository.
The inclusion of a surfactant in the suppository formulation may
enhance the rectal absorption of drugs.
Corrigan OI, Healy AM. Surfactants in Pharmaceutical Products and Systems.
41. LIQUID SYSTEMS
Formulation of Solution
Surfactants used in Formulation of Solution as solubilizing agent, which
increase Drug solubility. It includes Sorbitan mono oleate and PEG. It used in
rang 0.05-0.5% to avoid toxicity.[26]
• Formulation of Suspension (Dispersants)
surfactants may be used in the formulation of suspension to aid dispersion
of the solid particles in the liquid.
This is particularly important if the powder is not readily wetted by the
liquid vehicle. Surfactants can reduce the interfacial tension between the
solid particles and the liquid vehicle.
42. The advancing contact angle is reduced, and wetting of the solid
particles promoted. Such a system is said to be deflocculated.
The inclusion of a surface-active agent to improve powder wettability
can often improve the bioavailability of the formulation.
43. Surfactants in mouth washes:
Mouthwashes are aqueous solutions often in concentrated form containing
one or more active ingredients or excipients.
They are used by swirling the liquid in the oral cavity.
Mouthwashes can be used for two purposes. They are therapeutic and
cosmetic.
Therapeutic mouth rinses or washes can be formulated In order to reduce
plaque, gingivitis, dental caries, and stomatitis.
Cosmetic mouthwashes may be formulated to reduce bad breath through the
use of antimicrobial and/or flavouring agents.
Surfactants are used because they aid in the solubilization of flavours and in
the removal of debris by providing foaming action.
Reshad M, Nesbit M, Petrie A, Setchell D.Eur J Prosthodont Restor Dent. 2009
44. Surfactants as cerumen removing solutions:
• Cerumen is a combination of the secretions of sweat and sebaceous
glands of the external auditory canal.
• The secretions, if allowed to dry, form a sticky semisolid which holds
shredded epithelial cells, fallen hair dust and other foreign bodies that
make their way into the ear canal. Excessive accumulation of cerumen in
the ear may cause itching, pain, impaired hearing and is a deterrent to
otologic examination.
• Recently, solutions of synthetic surfactants have been developed for their
cerumenolytic activity in the removal of ear wax.
45. • One of these agents are tri ethanolamine polypeptide oleate-
condensate, commercially formulated in propylene glycol, is used to
emulsify the cerumen thereby facilitating its removal (Cerumenex
drops).
• Another commercial product utilizes carbamide peroxide in
glycerin/propylene glycol (Debrox drops). On contact with the
cerumen, the carbamide peroxide releases oxygen which disrupts the
integrity of the impacted wax, allowing its easy removal.
Brands in pakistan
ABBOWAX drops, CARBOWAX drops
(Dimmitt P.J Pediatr. Health Care. 2005 Sep-Oct;)
46. SEMISOLID SYSTEMS
Surfactants are major constituents of pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food
semisolid formulations, many of which are emulsions, either oil in water (o/w)
or water in oil (w/o). They are included for their stabilizing, wetting,
solubilizing, detergent and penetration enhancing properties.
Emulsion formulation: Water-in-oil emulsions traditionally contain surfactants
of natural origin such as cholesterol, wool fat, wool alcohols, lanolin, divalent
salts of fatty acids soaps, calcium oleate and/or synthetic agents of low
hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) (indicating high lipophilicity), such as
Spans (fatty acid esters of sorbitan).
47. The water soluble surfactant may be anionic (e.g., sodium lauryl
sulphate), cationic (e.g., cetrimide), or non-ionic (e.g., cetomacrogol,
Tweens).
Mixed emulsifiers control the consistency of a cream by forming a
viscoelastic network throughout the continuous phase of the emulsion.
The network results from the interaction of the mixed emulsifier with
water, forming a liquid crystalline phase.
(Abramzom AA. REVIEWS-SURFACTANTS THEIR PROPERTIES AND USE)
48.
49. Formulation of Ointments
Ointments are semisolid preparation meant for external application to skin or
mucous membrane; they usually contain medicaments or medicaments in
dissolved, suspended or emulsified in an ointment base. Sometimes in the
ointment preparation surfactants are useful for the easy removal from the skin
by washing with water & also for the consistency by reduction of surface
tension.
Surfactants are also used in formulation of cold cream, cleansing cream,
vanishing cream, shaving cream or any media.
(Corrigan OI, Healy AM. Surfactants in Pharmaceutical Products and Systems.)
50. Formulation of Shampoo
Shampoo is a hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin
particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant
particles that gradually build up in hair. The goal is to remove the
unwanted build-up without stripping out so much as to make hair
unmanageable.
Shampoo, when lathered with water, is a surfactant, which, while
cleaning the hair and scalp, can remove the natural oils (sebum) which
lubricate the hair shaft.
( Corrigan OI, Healy AM. Surfactants in Pharmaceutical Products and Systems.)
51. Formulation of Aerosols
Surfactants are found in both solution and suspension formulations of metered
dose inhalers (MDIs).
The most common surfactants found in pressurized aerosol preparations
include
sorbitan trioleate (Span 85),
oleic acid, and
Lecithin
These agents are non-volatile liquids which dissolve in the propellant blend.
Their function in the formulation is to provide lubrication for the metering
valves and, in the case of suspension formulations, to maintain the disperse
nature of the drug.