Factors Affecting Solubility and Rate of Dissolution
Solubility
is the ability of a substance to be dissolved in another substance at a specific temperature and pressure.
It is also defined as the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a solution in equilibrium.
It is usually expressed in grams of solute per milliliters of solvent.
Factors Affecting Solubility
1. Nature of Solute and Solvent
A solute can only be dissolved in a solvent when they are “alike.” A general rule is “like dissolves like.”
2. Temperature
The solubility of a solid and liquid solute increases when temperature is increased.
The solubility of a gaseous solute to a liquid solvent decreases as temperature increases.
3. Pressure
The effect of pressure is only applicable for the solubility of gases in liquids. The higher the pressure of a gas, the more soluble it is.
Rate of Dissolution
The rate of dissolution is defined as how fast a solute dissolves in a given solvent at a specific temperature. The process of dissolving a solute is called dissolution.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution
1. Stirring
Stirring a solute will increase its rate of dissolution. When you stir, solute particles come into closer contact more often with solvent particles.
2. Size of the solute particle
The smaller the particles of the solute, the faster it dissolves in the solvent. Small particles provide larger surface area for contact with the solvent.
3. Temperature
As temperature increases, the rate of dissolution of solid and liquid solutes also increases.
4. Amount of solute present in a solution
When you have little amount of solute in the solution, it is easier to dissolve the same solute in the given solvent. However, when you have a lot of solute already present in the solvent, dissolution takes slowly.
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States of matter and properties of matter, latent heat, vapour pressure, aerosols - inhalers, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gas laws, Gibbs phase rule, crystalline structures, 3rd b.pharmacy, sanjo college of pharmaceutical studies, palakkad, kerala
Pharmaceutical Solutions. Definition: Homogeneous liquid preparations that contain one or more chemical substances dissolved, i.e., molecularly dispersed, in a suitable solvent or mixture of mutually miscible solvents.
Factors Affecting Solubility and Rate of Dissolution
Solubility
is the ability of a substance to be dissolved in another substance at a specific temperature and pressure.
It is also defined as the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a solution in equilibrium.
It is usually expressed in grams of solute per milliliters of solvent.
Factors Affecting Solubility
1. Nature of Solute and Solvent
A solute can only be dissolved in a solvent when they are “alike.” A general rule is “like dissolves like.”
2. Temperature
The solubility of a solid and liquid solute increases when temperature is increased.
The solubility of a gaseous solute to a liquid solvent decreases as temperature increases.
3. Pressure
The effect of pressure is only applicable for the solubility of gases in liquids. The higher the pressure of a gas, the more soluble it is.
Rate of Dissolution
The rate of dissolution is defined as how fast a solute dissolves in a given solvent at a specific temperature. The process of dissolving a solute is called dissolution.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolution
1. Stirring
Stirring a solute will increase its rate of dissolution. When you stir, solute particles come into closer contact more often with solvent particles.
2. Size of the solute particle
The smaller the particles of the solute, the faster it dissolves in the solvent. Small particles provide larger surface area for contact with the solvent.
3. Temperature
As temperature increases, the rate of dissolution of solid and liquid solutes also increases.
4. Amount of solute present in a solution
When you have little amount of solute in the solution, it is easier to dissolve the same solute in the given solvent. However, when you have a lot of solute already present in the solvent, dissolution takes slowly.
States of matter and properties of matterJILSHA123
States of matter and properties of matter, latent heat, vapour pressure, aerosols - inhalers, sublimation critical point, eutectic mixtures, gas laws, Gibbs phase rule, crystalline structures, 3rd b.pharmacy, sanjo college of pharmaceutical studies, palakkad, kerala
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d-block elements are those in which the valence electrons enters the d orbital. d- block elements are also called transition elements. Transition elements have partially filled d orbitals.
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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14. Solution of Solid in Solid
1. Metal alloys
2. Pearls
3. Opals
4. Carbon in Iron (Steel)
15. Hydrophilic Molecules
Molecules that are
completely miscible
with water is called
hydrophilic molecules
Such molecules can
form Hydrogen bonds
with water
Examples are: C2H5OH,
CH3COOH
16. Hydrophobic
molecules
Molecules that do not
dissolve in water is
called hydrophobic
molecules.
Examples are:
Molecules of organic
fats & oils, molecules
present on surface of a
leaf
17. Nature Of Solution In
Liquid Phase
1. Completely
miscible liquids
2. Partially miscible
liquids
3. Completely
immiscible liquids
20. Partially miscible
liquid solutions
Liquids that are soluble to
a very small extent is
called partially miscible.
Example: Bromine -
water, Phenol - water ,
Aniline- water
Bromine Water Bromine +
Water
21. Immiscible liquid
Solutions
Liquid which do not
dissolve in any
proportions at any
temperature is called
immiscible.
Examples: Water - oil,
Water - Benzene , CS2 -
Water
22. Dissolution process
When solute is dissolved in a suitable
solvent, dissolution occurs.
The measure of speed of solution is
called dissolution rate
Factors affecting Solubility or
dissolution rate
1. Particle size
2. Temperature
3. Concentration of solute
4. Stirring
23. Particle size
When a sugar cube is
exposed into water , it
dissolves slowly than does
same amount of finely
granulated sugar.
A sugar cube expose less
surface to the water as
compared to granulated
sugar.
25. Concentration of
solution
Higher the concentration
of solution, lower rate of
dissolution, lower
solubility
A Saturated solution can
dissolve no more solute
27. Solvation of ionic
substances
•Solvent molecules
surrounds the solute
ions – solvation or
hydration (in case of
water as solvent)
•Ion-dipole
interactions
28. Solvation of molecular
solids
•Polar solids dissolves in
polar solvent
•Non polar solids dissolves
in non polar solvent
•Dipole-dipole , London
dispersion forces, Hydrogen
bonding
d+d- polar
solute
H
O
H
d+d-
H
O
H
d+d-
29. HEAT ABSORBED OR EVOLVED DURRING DISSOLVING
PROCESS
Durring dissolving process the heat may be absorbed or evolved durring
dissolved.
It depends upon three types of interaction.
Solute-solute interaction, solvent-solute interaction, solvent-solvent
interaction.
Heat of solution depends upon the heat of solution, heat of hydration,
lattice energy.
30. DAILY LIFE APPLICATION OF HEAT OF SOLUTION
Hot and cold packs are commonly use
today.
Cold packs are used for treatment of
injuries and reduction of swelling.
Hot packs are used for instant warmth
for hikers and skiers and treatment of
pulled muscles.