The document discusses electron configuration and the rules for filling electron orbitals in atoms. It explains that electrons exist in energy levels called shells, with each shell able to hold a maximum number of electrons according to the formula 2n2, where n is the shell number. Within shells, electrons occupy specific atomic orbitals that have distinct shapes and are grouped into sublevels. The document outlines Hund's rule and the Aufbau principle for determining the order in which orbitals are filled with electrons. Several examples of deducing full electron configurations for different elements are also provided.
Quantum mechanical model of atom belongs to XI standard Chemistry which describes the quantum mechanics concept of atom, quantum numbers, shape and energies of atomic orbitals.
Quantum mechanical model of atom belongs to XI standard Chemistry which describes the quantum mechanics concept of atom, quantum numbers, shape and energies of atomic orbitals.
Learning Objectives:
1. Know that Crude Oil is a compound of Hydrogen and Carbon Only
2. Know that a fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy.
3. Understand the origins of Crude Oil
4. Describe how the industrial Process of Fractional Distillation separates crude oil into fractions
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand the usage of moles
2. Know the calculations of molar mass
3. Understand how to use molar mass, and Avogadro's number
4. Practice calculations
Preparation and Chemical Properties of Carboxylic AcidsKamran Mammadli
Learning Objectives:
1. Write the typical reactions of carboxylic acids
2. Explain how the reactions happen
3. Discuss the application of carboxylic acids
Learning Objectives:
1. Describe States of Matter
2. Understand the difference between elements and compounds
3. Identify separation methods
4. Deduce the types of reactions from the given chemical equations
5. Practice balancing chemical equations
Learning Objectives
1. Know that Carboxylic acids contain the functional group -COOH
2. Understand how to draw structural and displayed formulae for Carboxylic Acids
3. 3. Predict physical properties of Carboxylic Acids
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand what is chemical bond, why and how it is formed
2. Learn how charges of elements are determined
3. Revise how chemical formulas are defined
4. Understand which factors make matter gas, liquid or solid
5. Learn what ionic crystals are and which properties they have
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand what is valency
2. Learn how to define valences of elements
3. Learn normal and excited states of atoms
4. Learn how to determine chemical formula of molecules
5. Understand why atoms are grouped in molecules
Aldehydes physical properties and preparationKamran Mammadli
1. List and explain the physical properties of aldehydes
2. Differentiate application areas of various Aldehydes
3. Explain methods of various aldehyde preparation methods by using chemical reactions
4. Recognize preparation reactions of Aldehydes
Explain chemical properties of alcohols by various chemical reactions
Define and explain preparation of ethers from alcohols by using chemical equations
Understand periods & groups
Identify s,p,d,f elements
Identify metals, semimetals, and nonmetals
Differentiate Families of elements
Atomic radius & Ionic Radiues
Learn Periodic Laws
Introduction to Alcohols.
1. What are Alcohols ?
2. Functional Group
3. Classification
4. Monoatomic, diatomic alcohols
5. Monohydric, dihydric alcohols
6. Nomenclature of Alcohols
The Presentation Includes:
1. Introduction to Atom
2. Atomic Number & Atomic Mass Calculations
3. Understanding Isotopes
4. Deducing Mass Spectra
5. Relative Atomic Mass Calculations
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. Introduction: Learning Objectives
1. Describe the structure of energy levels
2. Define s, p and d orbitals, and describe their
shapes
3. Describe the rules for assigning electrons to
subshells
4. Deduce the electron configuration of an atom
from its atomic number
5. Compare electron configurationsof atom and ion
4. Electrons exist in layers called shells (the shells can also be called energy or principal levels).
The number of shells is depends on the number of electrons.
Arrangement of electrons in an atom. Energy levels
Every shell has certain maximum number of electrons that can contain and it is calculated by
the following formula: 2n2, where n is the order of energy level
1st level holds a maximum of 2 electrons
2nd level holds a maximum of 8 electrons
3rd level holds a maximum of 18 electrons
This electron arrangement is written as 2, 8, 18.
5. What is the electron arrangement for 15P?
15P is a neutral atom with atomic number 15, subsequently it has 15 electrons.
Arrangement of electrons in an atom. Energy levels
15 electrons are distributed to shells starting from nearest to nucleus.
The 1st energy can hold maximum 2 electrons, the 2nd – 8 electrons.
5 electrons will be arranged in the 3rd shell & there are place for 13 more electrons.
3rd level holds 5 electrons out of 18 maximum
2nd level holds 8 electrons
1st level holds 2 electrons
This electron arrangement for 15P is written as 2, 8, 5.
6. Levels themselves divided into sublevels & sublevels consist of certain number of orbitals.
Sublevels are different from one another by number of orbitals and their shape.
Arrangement of electrons in an atom. Energy sublevels & orbitals
There are 4 types of sublevels: s, p, d and f.
Sublevel s p d f
Number of orbitals 1 3 5 7
Shape of orbitals
sphere dumbbell
7. Each orbital can hold TWO electrons.
Maximum Number of Electrons In Each Sublevel
Maximum Number
Sublevel Number of Orbitals of Electrons
s 1 2
p 3 6
d 5 10
f 7 14
Arrangement of electrons in an atom. Energy sublevels & orbitals
The shapes of orbitals show the places where electrons most probably can exist near nucleus.
Orbitals within the a sublevel are located in different directions.
8. 4f
4d
4p
4s
n = 4
3d
3p
3s
n = 3
2p
2s
n = 2
1s
n = 1
Energy
s
s
s
s
p
p
p
d
d f
Arrangement of electrons in an atom. Energy sublevels & orbitals
The 1st energy level has only s sublevel
The 2nd energy level has s and p sublevels
The 3rd energy level has s, p and d sublevels
The 4th energy level has s, p, d and f sublevels
Sublevels also differ from one another by energy.
Sometimes a sublevel of a lower shell might have higher
energy than the sublevels of higher shell. For example, 3d
sublevel of 3rd shell has higher energy than 4s sublevel of
4th shell.
9. • Hund’s Rule
• Within a sublevel, place one electron per orbital
before pairing them.
• “Empty Bus Seat Rule”
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
• Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins.
WRONG RIGHT
RIGHT
WRONG
Filling rules for electron orbitals
• Aufbau Principle
• Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first.
• “Lazy Tenant Rule”
3d
5s
5p
6p
2s
3s
4s
5s
6s
7s
1s
2p
3p
4p
5p
6p
3d
4d
5d
6d
4f
5f
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
4s
4p
4d
6s
7s
6d
4f
5f
5d
Energy
10. Filling rules for electron orbitals
Energy
levels
nucleus Upside-down house
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
s
p d
orbitals
sublevels (flats)
shells
electrons
Remember the row of filling of orbitals!
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 …
12. How to deduce an electron configuration?
Remember the row of filling of orbitals!
Example 1:
Electronformula for 11Na:
Short electron formula: ...3s1
3 – shell; s – sublevel; 1 – number of е– on the outer shell (= number of valence е–)
Example 2:
Electronformula for 16S2-
First: e = Z – C = 16 – (–2) = 18
Then: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
2 + 2 + 6 + 1 = 11
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 …
We need to know the number of electrons!
1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s1
Z = 11
; e = 11 (because the charge is 0)
*EXCEPTIONS!
24Cr: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
29Cu: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10