This document discusses several enzymes and protein drugs, including their sources, descriptions, and uses. Papain is obtained from papaya latex and used as a meat tenderizer. Bromelain comes from pineapple and is used to treat inflammation. Malt extract from barley contains proteins and enzymes used as nutrients and flavorings. Serratiopeptidase from bacteria breaks down proteins to reduce inflammation. Urokinase from urine dissolves blood clots, as does streptokinase from bacteria. Pepsin in the stomach digests proteins.
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes : bromelain,
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
08
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Cotton, Jute, Hemp
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
3
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes : bromelain,
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
1) BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF NON SUGAR MOIETY
2) BASED ON TE NATURE OF SUGAR MOITY
3) BASED ON LINKAGE BETWEEN GLYCON AND AGLYCON PORTION
4) BASED ON THERAPEUTIC NATURE OF GLYCOSIDE
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Castor oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn., belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Castor oil
2. Biological Sources of Castor oil
3. Geographical Sources of Castor oil
4. Preparation of Castor oil
5. Description of Castor oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Castor oil
7. Chemical Test of Castor oil
8. Uses of Castor oil
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Papain,
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Any substance which is made from natural or synthetic material or a combination of both used for creating pleasant odour or removed the undesired smell is known as perfumes.
The flavoring agents are the agents which are used to mask the unpleasant taste.
Drugs used for this purpose are Peppermint Oil, Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Lemongrass Oil, Sandalwood.
1) BASED ON THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF NON SUGAR MOIETY
2) BASED ON TE NATURE OF SUGAR MOITY
3) BASED ON LINKAGE BETWEEN GLYCON AND AGLYCON PORTION
4) BASED ON THERAPEUTIC NATURE OF GLYCOSIDE
: In this video the viewers will come to know about Castor oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Castor oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression of the seeds of Ricinus communis Linn., belonging to family Euphorbiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of Castor oil
2. Biological Sources of Castor oil
3. Geographical Sources of Castor oil
4. Preparation of Castor oil
5. Description of Castor oil
6. Chemical Constituents of Castor oil
7. Chemical Test of Castor oil
8. Uses of Castor oil
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(d) Proteins and Enzymes :Papain,
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids:
Liquorice, Dioscorea, Digitalis
For video lecture suscribe youtube channel snehal chakorkar.
Enzymes are protentious substances that catalyze or increase the rate of chemical reactions in a living organism.
It acts as a catalyst for specific reactions and converts the specific substrate into a specific product.
The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes.
Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place.
They are practically inactive at 0°C and beyond 65°C get denatured.
Crude drugs which contain enzymes are Papaya, Diastase, Yeast.
Factor like pH of the medium direct affects their action.
Any substance which is made from natural or synthetic material or a combination of both used for creating pleasant odour or removed the undesired smell is known as perfumes.
The flavoring agents are the agents which are used to mask the unpleasant taste.
Drugs used for this purpose are Peppermint Oil, Lemon Oil, Orange Oil, Lemongrass Oil, Sandalwood.
In this ppt the viewer will able to know about PAPAIN. Papain is the dried and purified latex of the green fruits and leaves of Carica papaya L., belonging to family Caricaceae. The epicarp adheres to the orange-coloured, fleshy sarcocarp, which surrounds the central cavity. This cavity contains a mass of nearly black seeds. The plant is cultivated in Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Hawai, and Florida. The plant is 5–6 m in height bearing fruits of about 30 cm length and a weight up to 5 kg.
•
Portion explained:
1. Biological Source of Papain
2. Geographical Source of Papain
3. Preparation of Papain
4. Characteristics of Papain
5. Test of Papain
6. Chemical Constituents of Papain
7. Uses of Papain
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
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Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
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The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
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1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
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Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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3. Introduction
Enzyme:
which are proteins which acts as
biological catalysts.
Play vital role in the function of cells and
activities of an organism.
Show maximum activity at 35-40 degree
C
Practically inactive at 0 degree C and
beyond 65 degree C, gets denatured.
4. 1. Papain
Source:
mixture of proteolytic enzymes obtained from the
latex of unripe fruit of tropical melon tree Carica papaya
Family: Caricaceae
Preparation:
◦ Latex of the these fruits is collected in aluminum trays.
◦ To the collected latex, Potassium metabisulphite is added.
◦ The extraneous matter is cleared out by passing through
sieves and latex is dried in vacuum shelf drier at 55-60
degree C
◦ It is also processed by spray drying method.
◦ This latex is called papain.
5. Description:
Available
as light brown or white colored amorphous powder with
typical odor and taste.
It shows maximum proteolytic activity between pH 5-6.
It is insoluble in water & glycerine.
Chemical nature:
Mixture of papain, chymopapain which acts upon polypeptie and
amides.
Identification:
It decolorizes aq. Potassium permanganate solution
It causes curdling of milk (prototypic activity)
Uses:
Clarification of beverages, meat tenderiser,
Cheese manufacturing, substitute of renin,
Degumming of silk fiber
Anti-inflammatory & symptoms of episiotomy
6. 2. Bromelain
Source:
mixture of proteolytic enzymes obtained from the
stem and ripen fruits of pineapple plant Ananas comosus
Family: Bromeliaceae
Description:
◦ Odorless to slightly putrid buff color powder with
irritating taste.
Solubility:
Soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents like ether,
chloroform and alcohol
Use: treatment of soft tissue
inflammation, edema due to surgery and injury
7. 3. Malt Extract
Source:
obtained by extracting malt or malted barley, which is
partially and artificially germinated grain of one or more variety
of barley grain, Hordeum vulgare
Family: Graminae
Mixture of malted barley with NMT 33% malted wheat viz.
Triticum aestivum, family Graminae
Description:
◦ Occurs as yellowish-brown or amber colored viscous liquid
with a characteristic odor and taste.
◦ Contains nitrogen equivalent to NLT 4% protein.
◦ Along with protein, also contains maltose,
◦ dextrin, glucose and amylolytic enzymes.
Use: nutritive, flavouring agent, masking bitter
taste, vehicle for preparation containing codliver oil and
halibut liver oil.
8. 4. Serratiopeptidase
Source: proteolytic enzyme obtained from bacteria belonging to genus
Serratia, present in the gut of the silk worm.
Originally it was discovered in Serratia E15 species.
Now-a-days it is produced y fermentation biotechnology.
Considered as very effective bacterial enzyme and it is found to have
better effects than trypsin and chymotrypsin with negligible toxicity and
side effects,
Given orally, it enters systemic circulation in unchanged form and can
penetrate into all tissues, especially inflmaed areas.
It exerts histamine and bradykinin hydrolyzing and proteolytic effects.
Hence it reduces capillary permeability and also breakdown of proteins
and exudates and hence, supports wound healing.
Therapeutics application: resolution of inflammation, sputum
liquefaction due to lyses of various protein in sputum and hence
lowering viscosity, enhancement of antibiotic effect due to removal of
inflammatory barrier and hence, increasing antibiotic transfer to infected
areas.
9. 5. Urokinase
It
is an enzyme produced by kidney and
obtained from human urine or kidney tissue
cultures.
It is lyophilised white powder, soluble in water.
It is an activator of endogenous fibrinolytic
system, which converts plasminogen to plasmin
and degrades fibrinogen, fibrin clots and other
plasma protein.
It is used to dissolve (lyse) fibrin or blood clots
in anterior chamber of eye and in acute massive
pulmonary emboli. As it is derived from human
source, it is less antigenic than enzymes with
similar actions like streptokinase.
10. 6. Streptokinase
It
is an enzyme obtained from cultures filtrates of beta
hemolytic, streptococci group C. This enzyme has the
property of activating human plasminogen to plasmin.
It is available as a sterile, friable solid or white powder.
It is soluble in water with maximum activity at pH 7, the
solution at higher concentration is stable for 6 hours at 4
degree C, otherwise dilute solutions are unstable.
It is used in the treatment of thromboembolic disorders
for the lysis of pulmonary emboli, arterial thrombus,
deep vein thrombus and acute coronary artery
thrombosis.
The activity of this enzyme is due to activation of
plasminogen to a proteolytic enzyme namely plasmin
which degrades fibrin clots, fibrinogen and other plasma
proteins.
11. 7. Pepsin
It is a substance containing proteolytic enzyme and is present in the
gastric juice of animals. It is obtained from the glandular layer (mucous
membrane) of fresh stomach of hog, sus scrofa variety domesticus,
belonging to family Suidae.
Pepsin is light buff or white colored amorphous powder, it also occurs
as translucent scales. It has a little acidic or saline taste with slightly
meaty odor. It is soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol, ether and
chloroform.
If pepsin is heated with alkali or pancreatic enzymes, its biological
activity is lost, it shows maximum activity at pH 1.8.
Pepsin has the capacity to digest 2500 times its weight of coagulated
egg albumin.
It is also available in other forms which may digest even up t 10,000
times their weight of coagulated egg albumin.
For preparation, the minced stomach linings are digested with HCl,
followed by clarification, controlled evaporation, dialysis and
concentration of the digested solution.
When processed, solution is subjected to carefully to vacuum
evaporation, spongy pepsin is obtained.
Pepsin degrades proteins into peptones and proteases.
12. 8. Lectins
They are proteins or glycoproteins without an immune origin.
They can agglutinate the cells and precipitate complex carbohydrates.
The agglutination activity of these highly specific carbohydrate binding
molecule is usually inhibited by a simple monosacchride, but for some, di,
tri and polysaccharides are required.
They are isolated from various natural sources like seeds, roots, bark,
bacteria, fungi, fish eggs, body fluids of invertebrates lower vertebrates,
mammalian cell membrane, seaweed and sponges.
Lectins are not directly used in medicines but have following utilities
1. for blood grouping and erythrocytes polyagglutination studies
2. for isolation, purification and structural studies of carbohydrate
containing molecules.
For histochemical studies of normal and pathological conditions.
For mitogenic stimulation of lymphocytes.
Lectin containing natural sources: Abrin (Abrus precatorius),
Concanavalin A (Conovalis ensiformis), Green marine algae (Codium
fragile, Horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) and Red kidney bean (Phaseolus
vulgaris)