An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process. The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes
An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process. The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes
Active sites of the enzyme is that point where substrate molecule bind for the chemical reaction. It is generally found on the surface of enzyme and in some enzyme it is a “Pit” like structure
The active site is a three-dimensional cleft formed by groups that come from different parts of the amino acid sequence
The active site takes up a relatively small part of the total volume of an enzyme
Active sites are clefts or crevices
Substrates are bound to enzymes by multiple weak attractions.
The specificity of binding depends on the precisely defined arrangement of atoms in an active site.
Active sites of the enzyme is that point where substrate molecule bind for the chemical reaction. It is generally found on the surface of enzyme and in some enzyme it is a “Pit” like structure
The active site is a three-dimensional cleft formed by groups that come from different parts of the amino acid sequence
The active site takes up a relatively small part of the total volume of an enzyme
Active sites are clefts or crevices
Substrates are bound to enzymes by multiple weak attractions.
The specificity of binding depends on the precisely defined arrangement of atoms in an active site.
Enzymes are biological catalysts. They play some of the most important roles in the processes of life sustenance. They are presence even at the tiniest level of metabolism - acting as the lubricant for life to progress smoothly. Without enzymes, complex life would not be possible.
Enzymes are dynamic proteins that accelerate biochemical reactions.
Each enzyme acts on a specific reactant, the substrate.
Enzymes are characterized by greater activity, specificity and susceptibility to the influence of pH, temperature and other environmental changes.
Enzymes act in the presence of non-peptide cofactors or coenzymes.
An enzyme lacking its cofactor is called apoenzyme and the active enzyme with its co-factor, the holoenzyme.
Catalysts are something that speeds up the chemical reaction. Almost all biochemical reactions require catalysts.
Enzymes are biocatalysts. Biochemical catalysts speed up the biochemical reactions.
In presence of an enzyme, less energy is required for the reaction to take place.
A catalyst may be defined as a substance that increases the velocity or rate of chemical reactions without itself undergoing any change in the overall process.
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
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Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
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Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
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At its core, generative artificial intelligence relies on the concept of generative models, which serve as engines that churn out entirely new data resembling their training data. It is like a sculptor who has studied so many forms found in nature and then uses this knowledge to create sculptures from his imagination that have never been seen before anywhere else. If taken to cyberspace, gans work almost the same way.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
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A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
2. 10
Enzymes
-Enzymes are proteins that function as biological catalysts
-Catalyst: a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
and is not changed by the reaction.
They are present in the cytoplasm of all cells
There are hundreds of different enzymes but each enzyme
speeds up only one kind of reaction. They are specific.
For example, glucose and fructose might join up slowly to
form sucrose
glucose- -fructose
With the right enzyme present, the reaction happens faster
glucose- -fructose
6. 15
enzyme unchanged new compound released
and ready for by enzyme
next reaction
7. 16
Different types of enzyme reaction
The last 4 slides show how an enzyme is involved in
combining substrates to create a larger molecule
For example, the enzyme could be building up a sucrose
molecule from glucose and fructose (anabolic reaction)
The next sequence shows how an enzyme can help to
break a large molecule into smaller molecules (catabolic
reaction)
For example an enzyme can split a sucrose molecule
into the smaller glucose and fructose molecules
8. 17
A ‘breaking-down’ reaction
the shape of the substrate molecule
fits the enzyme shape
this is called
the active site
of the enzyme
12. 21
Properties of enzymes
-Enzymes can act on only one type of substrate (specific)
-They always produce the same end products
-Although they take part in the reaction, they are not used up
-Because enzymes are proteins, they are denatured by heat
or some chemicals
Denaturing involves a change of shape in the enzyme
molecule so that it cannot combine with the substrate
Individual enzymes work best at a particular temperature
and pH (acidity or alkalinity)
13. 22
Enzymes can act on only one type of substrate
this substrate cannot combine
with this enzyme
this substrate cannot combine
with this enzyme
14. Because enzymes are proteins, they are denatured by 23
heat or some chemicals
enzyme
enzyme +
denatured
substrate
by heat
denatured enzyme cannot combine with substrate
15. ENZYME ACTION 24
1
E
1. A glucose molecule combines with
glucose
the active site on an enzyme
molecules
16. ENZYME ACTION 24
1
E
1. A glucose molecule combines with
glucose
the active site on an enzyme
molecules
17. 25
E
2 A region of the active site is still available
18. 26
3 One end of a growing starch
molecule combines with the
glucose molecule at the active
part of starch
site molecule
E
19. 27
4 The growing starch molecule breaks
free from the enzyme which is now free
to repeat the reaction
E
20. 28
Enzyme action
11 2
E E part of starch
molecule
glucose
E 3
molecules E
E E 4
22. Enzyme activity
How fast an enzyme is working
Rate of Reaction
Rate of Reaction = Amount of substrate changed (or amount product formed)
in a given period of time.
28. 5- 40oC Temperature
Increase in Activity
40oC - denatures
Rate of Reaction
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
<5oC - inactive
29. Effect of heat on enzyme activty
If you heat the protein above its optimal temperature
bonds break
meaning the protein loses it secondary and tertiary structure
31. ph
• The ph scale measures how acidic or alkaline a
substance is.
• The chemical properties of many solutions enable
them to be divided into 3 categories:
1) Neutral: solutions with a ph of 7.
2) Alkaline: solutions with a ph greater than 7
3) Acidic: solutions with a ph less than 7.
42. Substrate Concentration
Active sites full- maximum turnover
Rate of Reaction
Substrate Concentration
43. 37
Question 1
Enzymes are
(a) proteins
(b) lipids
(c) carbohydrates
(d) a combination of these
44. 38
Question 2
An enzyme can
(a) change a reaction
(b) prevent a reaction
(c) slow down a reaction
(d) speed up a reaction
45. 39
Question 3
A substrate is a substance which
(a) an enzyme acts on
(b) is produced by an enzyme reaction
(c) is a particular kind of enzyme
(d) is any chemical substance in a cell
46. 40
Question 4
An enzyme can
(a) combine with different substrates
(b) form different kinds of end-product
(c) function at temperatures above 90oC
(d) speed up a reaction in the cytoplasm
47. 41
Question 5
The part of an enzyme which combines with the substrate
is called
(a) the reaction centre
(b) the active site
(c) the action centre
(d) the reaction site
48. 42
Question 6
After being exposed to a high temperature an enzyme
cannot function because
(a) it has been broken down
(b) its shape has been changed
(c) its composition has been changed
(d) it cannot separate from its substrate
