This document provides information on various phytopharmaceuticals including their sources, constituents, pharmacology, therapeutic uses, and regulatory status. Some of the phytopharmaceuticals discussed include ephedra, ginger, garlic, kava kava, ginkgo biloba, valerian, chamomile, echinacea, ginseng, cranberry, acorus, comfrey, tomato, liquorice, senna, and cascara. For each one, key details about its botanical source, active constituents, pharmacological effects, recommended dosage, market preparations, and regulatory classification are summarized.
The importance of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of human ailments man has been dependent on the higher plants as a source of food and medicine.
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
The importance of medicinal plants in the treatment of a variety of human ailments man has been dependent on the higher plants as a source of food and medicine.
Ayurvedic Formulation: Asava, Arishta, Avaleha, Ghrita, Taila, Gutika
Concept of Detoxification: Panchkarma
Final Year B.Pharm (Sem-VIII) Pharmacognosy-III (Mumbai University Syllabus
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
Challenges in herbal formulation
Steps in herbal drug formulation
Types of conventional herbal formulations
Liquid herbal dosage forms
Solid herbal dosage forms
Other herbal dosage forms
Novel dosage form
The term “herbal drugs” denotes plants or plant parts that have been converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of simple processes involving harvesting, drying, and storage.
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
This presentation included the general intro of herb,
its collection and cultivation,
chemical constituents,
uses,
mechanism of action;
dosage form and doses;
side effects, toxicity;
precautions,
interaction with other drugs an herbs
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
Herbal Cosmetics
Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin used via, fixed oils, waxes, gums
colours, perfumes, protective agents, bleaching agents, antioxidants in products such as skin
care, hair care and oral hygiene products.
Marine natural products can be defined as biologically active products such as secondary metabolites, enzymes, lipids, and heteropolysaccharides.
Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of pharmacognosy which is mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinal value from the marine.
Marine macroalgae/seaweed is used as a crude drug to treat iodine deficiency-Goitre, hypothyroidism, for Example- Nori seaweed, Kombu, etc.
NUTRACEUTICALS , A LEADING SUBJECT IN CURRENT TRENDS. NOT ONLY FOR STUDIES BUT ALSO A VERY USEFUL INFORMATION FOR DAY TO DAY LIFE.
BY STUDIES ITS VERY USEFUL FOR THE MPHARM 1 ST SEM STUDNETS OF PHARMACOGNOSY PEOPLE.
HOPE YOU DO TAKE FULL OF IT.
GOOD DAY!
The term “herbal drugs” denotes plants or plant parts that have been converted into phytopharmaceuticals by means of simple processes involving harvesting, drying, and storage.
coumarin; umbelliferone and its biosynthesis and isolation.
terpenoide; cucurbitacine and its biosynthesis and isolation purification and characterization
This presentation included the general intro of herb,
its collection and cultivation,
chemical constituents,
uses,
mechanism of action;
dosage form and doses;
side effects, toxicity;
precautions,
interaction with other drugs an herbs
INDUSTRIAL PHARMACOGNOSTICAL TECHNOLOGY
Herbal drug industry: Infrastructure of herbal drug industry
involved in production of standardized extracts and various
dosage forms. Current challenges in upgrading and
modernization of herbal formulations. Entrepreneurship
Development, Project selection, project report, technical
knowledge, Capital venture, plant design, layout and construction.
Pilot plant scale –up techniques, case studies of herbal extracts.
Formulation and production management of herbals.
HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
Herbal Cosmetics
Sources and description of raw materials of herbal origin used via, fixed oils, waxes, gums
colours, perfumes, protective agents, bleaching agents, antioxidants in products such as skin
care, hair care and oral hygiene products.
Marine natural products can be defined as biologically active products such as secondary metabolites, enzymes, lipids, and heteropolysaccharides.
Marine Pharmacognosy is a sub-branch of pharmacognosy which is mainly concerned with the naturally occurring substances of medicinal value from the marine.
Marine macroalgae/seaweed is used as a crude drug to treat iodine deficiency-Goitre, hypothyroidism, for Example- Nori seaweed, Kombu, etc.
NUTRACEUTICALS , A LEADING SUBJECT IN CURRENT TRENDS. NOT ONLY FOR STUDIES BUT ALSO A VERY USEFUL INFORMATION FOR DAY TO DAY LIFE.
BY STUDIES ITS VERY USEFUL FOR THE MPHARM 1 ST SEM STUDNETS OF PHARMACOGNOSY PEOPLE.
HOPE YOU DO TAKE FULL OF IT.
GOOD DAY!
HERB DRUG & HERB FOOD INTERACTIONS.pptxSachinPadole5
Herbs have been used for centuries to promote health and treat various illnesses. However, they can also interact with drugs and foods, which can have significant consequences for your health. Here's a brief overview of herb-drug and herb-food interactions:
Herb-Drug Interactions:
Herbs can interact with prescription and over-the-counter medications, which can alter the way your body processes drugs. For instance, St. John's wort, a popular herb for treating depression, can interfere with the effectiveness of some antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).
Similarly, Ginkgo biloba, a herb used to improve cognitive function and memory, can increase the risk of bleeding in people taking blood-thinning medications like warfarin or aspirin. This can lead to severe health consequences, including stroke.
Herb-Food Interactions:
Herbs can also interact with certain foods, affecting the absorption and metabolism of nutrients. For example, grapefruit can interact with a variety of medications, including statins, which are used to lower cholesterol levels. Grapefruit can inhibit the enzymes that break down these medications, leading to an increase in their concentration in the blood, which can cause side effects.
Additionally, some herbs can interact with nutrients found in food. For example, high doses of zinc supplements can inhibit the absorption of copper, leading to a deficiency. Herbs like St. John's wort can also decrease the absorption of iron, which can lead to anemia.
In summary, while herbs can have numerous health benefits, they can also interact with medications and foods, which can cause serious health consequences. Therefore, it's essential to consult your healthcare provider before taking any herbs, particularly if you are already taking medication or have underlying health conditions.
Salvia officinalis (sage, also called garden sage, common sage, or culinary sage) is a perennial, evergreen subshrub, with woody stems, grayish leaves, and blue to purplish flowers. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae and native to the Mediterranean region, though it has naturalized in many places throughout the world. It has a long history of medicinal and culinary use, and in modern times as an ornamental garden plant. The common name "sage" is also used for a number of related and unrelated species.
to download this presentation form this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/herbal-medicine.html
herbal medicine in Gaza .. use and side effect
this work first was done by a medic student in the islamic University .... because its a good work i shared it . and i never asked for the permission .... sorry
but this link will lead to the original one...
http://www.slideshare.net/FaToOoMaa/final-herbal-medicine
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
3. EPHEDRA
• Source: dried stem of
• Ephedra sinica, E. equisentina (China)
• E. gerardiana, E. intermedia, E. major (India, Paskistan) family Ephedraceae
• Constituents: Ephedrine, pseudo ephedrine, methyl ephedrine
• (norephedrine does not occur naturally, its presence is proof of
adulteration)
• Label claim: 10 or 11 mg ephedrine
4. EPHEDRA
• Pharmacology: CVS & Respiratory effects
• MOA: alpha 2, beta 1, 2, 3 receptor stimulator
• Release of norepinephrine from nerve ending due to alpha2 & beta 1
• Not preferred for Asthma: downregulation quickly occurs and the
bronchodilator effects are lost
• No significant action on BP
• Weight loss: Beta 3 (adipose tissue) receptor agonist
5. EPHEDRA
• Clinical studies:
• Asthma : no good result
• Weight loss: ephedrine/caffeine combination showed good result
• Athletic performance: ephedrine/caffeine combination showed good result
• Pharmacokinetic: pure from is easily absorbed compared herbal extracted
form
6. EPHEDRA
• Toxicity: Neurological, Renal
• Drug interactions: MAO
• Therapeutic uses:Weight loss (ephedrine→ reduce body fat),
• Athletic performance (increase dopamine → increase free fatty acids)
• Dose: NMT 32 mg/day
• Regulatory status: prohibiting the sale of dietary supplements containing
ephedrine alkaloids (ephedra)
7. GINGER
• Source: dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale, Z. capitatum
• Family: Zingiberaceae
• Constituents: 6-Gingerol, Shagol
• Pharmacology:
• GIT effect: motion sickness (inhibition of 5HT3 receptors)
• Anti inflammatory
• Migraine prevention (inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism)
8. GINGER
• Pharmacokinetic: no human studies
• Drug interactions:Antiplatelet, anticoagulants
• Therapeutic uses: Nausea,Anti-inflammatory & analgesic
• Recommended dose: 170 mg to 1 g → 3to4 times daily
• Market preparation: Halls ginger, Himalaya Ginger digestive comfort
• Regulatory status: official monograph USPNF and dietary supplement,
OTC product for motion sickness
10. GARLIC
• Antifungal: topical garlic -1% ajoene
• Pharmacokinetic: rapidly and easily absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and
distributed mainly in plasma, liver, and kidney
• Adverse effects: if not refrigerated, contact dermatitis
• Drug interactions:Antiplatelet,Anticoagulants,Anti HIV
• Therapeutic uses: CVS,Antifungal
• Recommended dose: up to 2.5 g fresh raw garlic
• Market preparation: Himalaya lasuna cardiac wellness, Nutralite garlic heartcare
15. GINKGO BILOBA
• Pharmacokinetic: good bioavailability but excreted in urine unchanged
• Adverse drug reaction & toxicity: cerebral haemorrhage, increase bleeding
time
• Drug interactions:Antiplatelet
• Therapeutic uses: improve blood flow to brain, improve peripheral
circulation so sharpen focus
• Recommended dose: 120-240 mg/day
• Market products: GERITISIN tab 40 mg FDC
• Regulatory status: US dietary supplement, Germany: memory &
depression
16. VALERIAN
• Source: dried roots, rhizomes & stolons of Valeriana wallichii (India), V.
officinalis (Europe)
• Family:Valerianaceae
• Constituents:Valepotriates (Iridoid moiety)
• Volatile oil- valerenic acid, valerenal, valerenol
• Pharmacology:
• Insomnia: improved sleep quality, latency depth (inhibition of enzyme that
breakdown GABA)
• Antidepressant: reuptake of MAO neurotransmitters
17. VALERIAN
• Anxiety: reduce Systolic BP
• Anxiolytic: due toValepotriates
• Pharmacokinetic:
• Fast absorption & elimination
• Therapeutic uses: Sedative-Hypnotic (sedative),Anxiolytic (restlessness)
• Recommended dose: Insomnia (400-600 mg/day 1 hr before bed time for
2-4 week)
• Anxiety: 150mg/day in a 3 divided dose/4 week
18. VALERIAN
• Market preparation: Himalaya Tagara, Natures answer valerian root 500
mg, Relaxul valerian
• Toxicity: caution with antifungal & statin
• Drug interactions: Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines,Alcohol, CNS depressant
• Regulatory status: US does not recommend (due to insufficient data)
• Safe as food & used as sleeping aid worldwide
19. CHAMOMILE
• Source: flowers of Matricaria chamomilla
• Family: Compositae
• Constituents:Alpha bisabolol,Apigenin (flavonoid), Coumarin
• Pharmacology:
• Neurologic effect: Chamomile oil vapour (action on GABA)
• Sunscreen & Skin cancer: Flavonoids-apigenin (inhibition of protein kinase
C)
• Anti-inflammatory: mucositis, stomatitis
20. CHAMOMILE
• Toxicity:Anaphylaxis
• Pharmacokinetic; Blood, Urine
• Therapeutic uses: Skin & mucous membrane inflammation
• Recommended dose: 11 to 15 g/day, topical cream, gel,oil
• Market preparation: VLCC neem facewash with chamomile, O3+
chamomile hydrating, Lotus
• Regulatory status: chamomile & its oil official in USP, EP
• Dietary supplement & GRAS status