Bromelin
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Bromelin is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes isolated from the juice and stem of pineapple (Ananas comosus). It is a collection of sulphur-containing protein digesting enzymes called proteases. Bromelin has several uses including as an anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic agent, to potentiate antibiotics, and to aid digestion as it is able to modify tissue permeability to drugs.
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Tragacanth
Tragacanth is a dried gummy exudation obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of Astragalus gummifer. It occurs in thin, flattened, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellowish-white in color. Tragacanth contains two fractions - the water-soluble portion called tragacanthin and the water-insoluble portion called bassorin. It is used as a demulcent, emollient, and thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in pharmaceutical and food products.
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Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
Pharmacognosy of Colophony
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Bitter almond
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Tragacanth is a gum obtained from incisions made on the stems and branches of various Astragalus species found in the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. It is collected as an exudate that dries into thin, ribbon-like flakes that are white or pale yellow in color. Tragacanth is composed of tragacanthin, which is water soluble, and bassorin, which is water insoluble. It is used as a thickening, suspending, and emulsifying agent in foods, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics due to its high viscosity when dissolved in water.
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preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
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preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
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Glycosides are organic natural compounds found in many plants and some animals. They contain a sugar (glycone) moiety and a non-sugar (aglycone or genin) moiety linked by a glycosidic bond. The sugar is usually beta-D-glucose but can also be galactose, mannose, rhamnose, or digitoxose. Glycosides have therapeutic effects due to the aglycone part, and the sugar moiety facilitates absorption and transport of the aglycone. Glycosides are hydrolyzed to release the active aglycone. They are used traditionally and in modern medicines for various purposes such as cardiac effects, laxatives, analgesics, and
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Description: In this video the viewers will come to know about GUAR GUM that is one of the carbohydrates containing crud drugs obtained from the various plant sources. GUAR GUM consists of seed gum produced from the powdered endosperm of the seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Linn belonging to family Leguminosae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from vegetable source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
Portion explained:
1. Synonyms of GUAR GUM
2. Biological Sources of GUAR GUM
3. Geographical Sources of GUAR GUM
4. Preparation of GUAR GUM
5. Description of GUAR GUM
6. Chemical Constituents of GUAR GUM
7. Chemical Test of GUAR GUM
8. Uses of GUAR GUM
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This document provides information about various enzymes. It begins with an introduction to enzymes, noting that they are proteins that act as catalysts and play a vital role in cellular functions and organism activities. It then discusses the properties, chemical nature, and classifications of enzymes. Specific enzymes discussed in more detail include diastase, pepsin, and trypsin. Their sources, preparations, descriptions, uses, and identification tests are outlined.
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Gentian is a plant whose dried rhizome and roots are used as a bitter tonic. It contains several bitter glycosides such as gentiopicrin, which has an intensely bitter taste and is used to stimulate digestion. Gentian grows in central and southern Europe and Asia, and its rhizomes are harvested in autumn after 2-5 years of growth. Microscopically, transverse sections of gentian rhizome show a porous wood surrounded by parenchyma cells containing oil globules and calcium oxalate needles. Gentian is used as a stomachic to treat indigestion and other gastrointestinal issues.
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Piroxicam is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat conditions like rheumatoid arthritis. It works by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and blocking prostaglandin synthesis. Piroxicam is available as tablets, capsules, gels, and injections. Common side effects include GI issues like nausea. It can interact with drugs like warfarin that affect bleeding risk. Piroxicam is generally dosed at 20mg daily and does not require therapeutic drug monitoring due to its wide therapeutic index. Precautions should be taken in patients with coagulation defects or on anticoagulant therapy.
Phytosomes
Introduction
Structure
Phytosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of phytosomes
Applications
Marketed products
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Presentation of phytosomes
A phytosome is a complex of a natural active ingredient and a phospholipid - mostly lecithin. It is claimed that phytosome increases absorption of "conventional herbal extracts" or isolated active principles both topically as well as orally.
hypothalamus & Pituitary gland
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Bromelain applications & purification strategies
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Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants
It provides significant information on the evolutionary history of plants which helps in better conservation of plant species.
It helps in crop domestication as it found high in vegetative content.
It also reveals information on how the plant genomes manage to succeed the effect of genome obesity.
Flowers become larger with thicker petals resulting in longer lasting flowers.
Increase fruits size than normal one.
Evaluation of crude drug physical evaluation final
Physical standards are to be determined for drugs, wherever possible.
These are rarely constant for crude drugs, but may help in evaluation, specifically with reference to
Moisture content,
Viscosity,
Melting point,
Solubility in different solvents,
Optical rotation,
Refractive index,
Ash.Values and Extractives
Volatile oil Content
Foreign Organic Matter :
Evaluation of crude drug morphological and chemical evaluation
It is based on the study of morphological and sensory profiles of whole drug
Studies resulted due to impressions on organs of senses
Parameters of evaluation
Colour:- Brown colour of cinnamon,
Odour:- spice-drugs like, asafoetida, black pepper, nutmeg, caraway, cummin,
Taste :- Pungent taste of capsicum and ginger
Size, Shape :- ovoid tears of gum acacia, ribbon shaped characteristic of tragacanth, disc-shaped structure of nux-vomica,
Special features, like touch, texture: - wavy shape of rauwolfia, The fractured surfaces in cinchona, quillaia and cascara' barks and quassia wood
Instrumental methods: Various instrumental methods like colorimetry, fluorimetry, spectrophotometry etc. are used for the evaluation
Evaluation of crude drug microscopic evaluation
Evaluation of crude drugs is necessary to identify them, determine quality and purity, and detect adulteration. Microscopic evaluation specifically can identify organized drugs by histological characters using reagents or stains. It involves examining parameters like stomatal number and index, vein-islet and veinlet termination numbers, palisade ratios, and presence of structures like starch grains or calcium oxalate crystals through techniques like the Lycopodium spore method. This allows determination of purity, detection of adulterants, and differentiation of similar drugs.
Adulteration & substitution of drugs of natural origin.
Adulteration & Substitution of drugs of natural origin.Adulteration involves different conditions such as deterioration, admixture, sophistication, substitution, inferiority and spoilage.
Deterioration:- It is impairment in the quality of drug, while admixture is addition of one article to another due to ignorance or, carelessness or by accident.
Sophistication:- It is the intentional or deliberate type of adulteration.
Substitution:- It occurs when some totally different substance is added in place of original drug.
Inferiority:- It refers to any substandard drug.
Spoilage:- It is due to the attack of microorganisms.
Flavonoid
Flavonoids are the products of secondary metabolism of plants and, currently, over 4000 have been identified.
In fruits and vegetables, they are usually found in the form of glycosides and sometimes as acylglycosides, while acylated, methylated and sulfate molecules are less frequent and in lower concentrations.
They are water-soluble and accumulate in cell vacuoles.
2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCING CULTIVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS 2.3 FACTORS INFLUENCI...
The document discusses several factors that influence the cultivation of medicinal plants, including atmospheric, exogenous, endogenous, and soil factors. Some key influencing factors are climate, altitude, humidity, fertilizers, irrigation, pests, and radiation. Different climatic conditions like temperature, rainfall, and sunlight affect plant growth. Altitude and latitude impact characteristics like alkaloid content and fatty acid composition. Pests such as fungi, viruses, insects, and rodents can reduce medicinal plant yields and require control methods including mechanical, chemical, and biological approaches.
Glycoside and its classification
The organic compounds from plants or animal sources which on enzymatic or acid hydrolysis give one or more sugar moieties along with non-sugar moiety.
Sugar moiety known as Glycone and non-sugar moiety known as aglycone
Chemically, they are the acetals or sugar ethers, formed by interaction of hydroxyl group each of non-sugar and sugar moiety, with a loss of water molecule.
The hydroxyl group of aglycone may be alcoholic or phenolic and in some cases from amines
The sugars involved in glycosides are of different types, but most commonly, it is β - D - glucose.
The other sugars found are galactose, mannose, rhamnose, digitoxose, cymarose, etc.
The linkage between glycone and aglycone is called glycosidic linkage and on the basis of this linkage, alpha and beta stereoisomers are assigned.
General steps of plant tissue culture and nutritional requirements, growth an...
1. The document outlines the general steps of plant tissue culture which include preparation and sterilization of explants, production of callus from explants, proliferation through sub-culturing, and suspension culture.
2. It discusses the nutritional requirements for plant tissue culture media including macronutrients, micronutrients, vitamins, organic nutrients and growth regulators. Common media such as MS and B5 are described.
3. The roles of various elements, vitamins, carbon sources, and growth regulators used in plant tissue culture media are explained. The structures of some common growth regulators are also shown.
Pharmacognosy of Hemp
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers - Hemp
Introduction and Classification of Fibres, sutures and surgical dressings
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of
natural origin containing the following drugs
(a) Plant Products:
Fibers
Hallucinogens, teratogens, natural allergens
UNIT V - Study of biological source, chemical nature and uses of drugs of natural origin containing the following drugs
Hallucinogens, Teratogens, Natural allergens
Plant tissue culture Application
Plant tissue culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, Nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. For second year B.pharmacy
classification of crude drug taxonomical
This document discusses the taxonomic classification of crude drugs. Taxonomic classification is based on the biological relationships between plants and animals. It classifies crude drugs according to their phyla, order, class, family, genus and species. The classification considers different levels including class, subclass, order, family, genus and species. Examples of taxonomic classification are provided for the plants in the families Solanaceae and Leguminosae.
classification of crude drug pharmacological
This document discusses the pharmacological classification of crude drugs. Pharmacological classification is based on the pharmacological or therapeutic action of the crude drug or its chemical constituents. Some advantages are that it suggests substitutes that can be used for a given class of drugs. The document provides examples of crude drugs classified based on their effects on different body systems like the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and others. The classification of crude drugs based on their pharmacological actions is considered the most relevant method.
Final classification of crude drug morphological
This document discusses morphological classification of crude drugs. Morphological classification organizes drugs based on the plant part used, such as leaves, roots, rhizomes, barks, fruits, and entire plants. Drugs derived directly from plant parts are called organized drugs, while drugs produced from plants through extraction or other processing are called unorganized drugs. Examples of each type are provided. While morphological classification is convenient for identification, it does not always correlate chemical constituents or therapeutic effects with the plant morphology. In summary, this document outlines morphological classification of crude drugs by the plant part used and distinguishes between organized and unorganized drugs.
Final classification of crude drug chemical classification
Crude drugs can be classified based on their chemical constituents. This classification groups drugs based on the presence of identical chemical compounds regardless of morphology or taxonomy. The main chemical groups used for classification include alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, lipids, resins, tannins, terpenes, vitamins, volatile oils, and proteins. Some examples of crude drugs classified based on their chemical components are tannins found in myrobalans and bahera, volatile oils in cinnamon and fennel, and alkaloids in nux-vomica and ergot. The chemical classification approach is useful for phytochemical studies but ambiguities can arise when drugs contain multiple types of compounds.
Pharmacognosy of Fibres Introduction
This document categorizes different types of fibers into four main groups: 1) plant fibers such as jute, flax, banana, and cotton; 2) animal fibers including silk and wool; 3) regenerated fibers made from carbohydrates like rayon and proteins like fibrolin; and 4) synthetic fibers like nylon and terylene. It also lists a subgroup of mineral fibers including glass and asbestos.
Hydrous wool fat
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) :Wool Fat,
Chaulmoogra oil
(b) Primary metabolites:
General introduction, detailed study with respect to chemistry, sources,
preparation, evaluation, preservation, storage, therapeutic used and
commercial utility as Pharmaceutical Aids and/or Medicines for the
following Primary metabolites:
(e) Lipids(Waxes, fats, fixed oils) : Chaulmoogra oil,
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Bromelin
- 1. PHARMACOGNOSY OF BROMELIN Academica In-Charge, HOD, PritamJuvatkar Mobile : Email : pritamjuvatkar@gmail.Com 9987779536 Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistr Konkan Gyanpeeth Rahul Dharkar College of Pharmacy and Research Institute, karjat
- 2. PHARMACOGNOSY OF BROMELIN • Content • Synonym • Biological source • Family • Macroscopic characters • Chemical constituents • Uses 9987779536 Pritam Vijay juvatkar
- 3. Synonym: Bromelin, bromelain. Biological source: • Bromelin is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes isolated from the juice of Ananas comosus (pineapple), • Family: Bromeliaceae. 9987779536 Pritam Vijay juvatkar PHARMACOGNOSY OF BROMELIN
- 4. 9987779536 Pritam Vijay juvatkar The fruits must be left on the plant to ripen for the full flavour to develop. Dark green unripe fruits gradually change to yellow and finally to deep orange. The fruits are cut off. The enzyme bromelin does not disappear as the fruit ripens. The enzyme from fruit and stem are known as fruit bromelin and stem bromelin, respectively. It is isolated from pineapple juice by precipitation with acetone and also with ammonium sulphide. PHARMACOGNOSY OF BROMELIN
- 5. Chemical constituents: • Bromelain is not a single substance, but rather a collection of enzymes and other compounds. • It is a mixture of sulphur-containing protein digesting enzymes, called proteolytic enzymes or proteases. • It also contains several other substances in smaller quantities, including peroxidase, acid phosphatase, protease inhibitors, and calcium. 9987779536 Pritam Vijay juvatkar PHARMACOGNOSY OF BROMELIN
- 6. Uses • An effective fibrinolytic agent; • Bromelain inhibits platelet aggregation and seems to have both direct as well as indirect actions involving other enzyme systems in exerting its anti-inflammatory effect. • Antibiotic potentiation is one of the primary uses of bromelain in several foreign countries .it can modify the permeability of organs and tissues to different drugs. • Bromelain has been used successfully as a digestive enzyme following pancreatectomy, in cases of exocrine pancreas insufficiency and in other intestinal disorders. • Research has indicated that bromelain prevents or minimizes the severity of angina pectoris and transcient ischemic attacks (TIA); it is useful in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis and thrombophlebitis. • If administered for prolonged time periods, bromelain also exerts an antihypertensive effect in experimental animals. . 9987779536 Pritam Vijay juvatkar PHARMACOGNOSY OF BROMELIN