Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Hey,
I am a B.Pharma. student. This is my personal notes on the topic called Tannins, a topic from Unit 2 i.e. Secondary metabolites from the subject Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II from Semester 5th. Syllabus of this subject is according to GTU. Hope this will be much helpful for your reading.
Thank you.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
Flavonoids classification, isolation and identificationMona Ismail
Flavonoids are groups of polyphenolic compounds which are found in fruits, flowers, seeds & vegetable.
(named from the Latin word flavus meaning yellow, their colour in nature)
This slide includes the plants containing Volatile oil, their chemical components, Structures and uses. As well as how the volatile oil is being obtained from different methods and techniques with the pictorial representation.
Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are commercially harvested primarily in Indonesia, India, Madagascar, Zanzibar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tanzania.
Hey,
I am a B.Pharma. student. This is my personal notes on the topic called Tannins, a topic from Unit 2 i.e. Secondary metabolites from the subject Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II from Semester 5th. Syllabus of this subject is according to GTU. Hope this will be much helpful for your reading.
Thank you.
Resins are amorphous products of complex chemical nature. They are transparent or translucent solids, semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms. They are hard, electrically non-conductive and combustible masses. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysigenous cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism.
Most of the resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrate and non-polar organic solvents like benzene and ether.
Unit II Introduction to secondary metabolite
Volatile oils
Mentha, Clove, Cinnamon, Fennel, Coriander.
For video lecture suscribe yutube channel snehal chakorkar
Pharmacognosy of Rauwolfia serpentina, biological source, geographical source, marphology of roots and rhizome, microscopy of roots, chemical constituents- reserpine, uses -antihypertensive, isolation of reserpine, serpagandha, India snake root
Crude drugs are plant, animal or their parts which after collection are subjected only to drying or making them into transverse/ longitudinal slices pieces or peeling them in some cases. They exist in natural form.
Crude drugs may be derived from various natural sources like Plants, Animals, Minerals, Marine and Micro-organisms etc
the topic tannins include their introductory part, definition, physical properties, uses, importance, classification of tannins, identification test for tannins, and the drug containing tannins
Tannins are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term tannin refers to the use of oak and other bark in tanning animal hides into leather.
This ppt contains a suitable contents. This notes is effective for B.Pharm & D.Pharm students. In this notes we all the related topic of secondary metabolites. In this notes we all sub topics of secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Taninns, Resins, Flavonoids, etc.
Phenolic compounds
Precipitate animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather. “Tanning Industry”
Present in plants, ex. grapes, cranberry, hamamelis and tea leaves.
Tannins
Tannins are complex substances that usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are very difficult to separate since they do not crystallize.
OR
Tannins are polyhydroxy
phenolic compounds.
Tannins are found commonly
in the bark of trees, wood,
leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots and plant galls.
Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of plants.
Tannins are high molecular weight phenolic compounds commonly found in plants with molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000 Dalton and up to 20,000 Dalton.
Examples of plant species used to obtain tannins for tanning purposes are wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis balansae) .
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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3. • Tannins are naturally occurring complex organic
compounds possessing nitrogen free
polyphenols of high molecular weight.
• They form colloidal solution with water giving
acid reactions.
• They also precipitate proteins and alkaloids.
4. • The astringent in nature of tannins is due to the
fact that they can precipitate proteins and
render them resistant to enzymatic attack.
When applied on a wound or injury, tannins
form a protective coating so as to prevent
external irritation and thus promote healing.
5. Properties of tannins:
• Tannins are freely soluble in water, alcohol,
glycerol, and acetone and dilute alkalies.
• They are sparingly soluble in chloroform, ethyl
acetate and other organic solvents.
• They have an astringent taste.
• They combine with alkaloids to form tannates,
most of which are insoluble in water.
7. 1. Hydrolysable tannins:
• These tannins are hydrolyzed by acids, or enzyme
and produce gallic acid and ellagic acid.
• Chemically, these are esters of phenolic acid like
gallic acid and ellagic acid. The tannins derived
from gallic acid are known as gallitannins and from
that of ellagic acid are known as ellagitannins.
• The gallic acid is found in rhubarb, clove and ellagic
acid is found in eucalyptus leave and myrobalans
and pomegranate bark.
• These tannins treated with ferric chloride to
produced blue or black colour.
8.
9. 2. Condensed tannins:
• These tannins are resistant to hydrolysis and they
derived from the flavonols, catechins and flavan-3,
4-diols.
• On treatment with acids or enzymes they are
decomposed into phlobaphenes(give characteristic
red color to many drugs).
• On dry distillation condensed tannin produce
catechol. These tannins are called as catechol
tannins.
• These tannins are found in cinchona bark, male
fern, areca seeds, tea leaves and wild cherry bark,
bahera fruits, Amla, etc. they produce green colour
with ferric chlorides.
10.
11. 3. Pseudotannins:
• They are phenolic compounds of lower
molecular weight and do not show the
goldbeater’s test. They are found in catechu
and nux- vomica, etc.
(i) Catechins: Catechu, cocoa, etc (especially in
dead tissues and dying cells)
(ii) Ipecacuanhic acid: Ipecacuanha
(iii) Chlorogenic acid: Coffee and nux-vomica
12. CHEMICAL TESTS
1. Goldbeater’s skin test: (main test)
• Goldbeater’s skin is a membrane produced from the intestine of Ox. It
behaves just like untanned animal hide.
• A piece of goldbeaters skin previously soaked in 2% hydrochloric acid
• washed with distilled water is placed in a solution of tannin for 5
minutes.
• then washed with distilled water and transferred to 1% ferrous
sulphate solution.
• change of the colour of the goldbeater’s skin to brown or black
indicates the presence of tannin.
13.
14. • Hydrolysable and condensed tannins both give
the positive goldbeater’s test, whereas
pseudotannins show very little colour or
negative test.
15. Test for Catechin (Matchstick Test): Catechin test
is the modification of the well-known
phloroglucinol test for lignin. Matchstick contains
lignin.
Dip a matchstick in the dilute extract of the drug,
dry, moisten it with concentrated hydrochloric
acid, and warm it near a flame. Catechin in the
presence of acid produces phloroglucinol which
stains the lignified wood pink or red.
16. ISOLATION
1. Both hydrolysable and condensed tannins are
highly soluble in water and alcohol but insoluble
in organic solvents such as ether, chloroform, and
benzene.
2. Tannin compounds can be easily extracted by
water or alcohol. The general method for the
extraction of tannic acid from various galls is
either with water-saturated ether, or with mixture
of water, alcohol, and ether.
17. 3. In such cases, free acids such as Gallic and
ellagic acid go along with ether, whereas true
tannin gets extracted in water. If the drug consists
of chlorophyll or pigment, it may be removed by
ether.
After extraction, the Aqueous and ethereal layers
are separately concentrated, dried, and subjected
to further isolation and purification using various
separation techniques of chromatography.
18. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USES
1. Tannins are medicinally significant due to their
astringent properties.
2. Tannins are used in the treatment of
haemorrhoids, minor burns, frostbite, as well as
inflammation of gums.
3. Internally tannins are administered in cases of
diarrhoea, intestinal catarrh, and in cases of heavy
metal poisoning as an antidote.
19. MEDICINAL PROPERTIES AND USES
4. They are widely used in the leather industry for
conversion of hide into leather, the process being
known as tanning.
5. Tannins are also used for clarifying beer or
wine, in photography or as a coagulant in rubber
manufacture.
6. Tannins are used for the manufacture of gallic
acid and pyrogallol, and sometimes as a reagent in
analytical chemistry.