An encoder is a circuit that takes a digital input and converts it to a binary code output. It performs the inverse operation of a decoder. There are different types of encoders like priority encoders, decimal to binary coded decimal encoders, and hexadecimal to binary encoders. A priority encoder gives priority to certain input lines such that if multiple lines are high, the output corresponds to the highest priority line. A decimal to BCD encoder takes a 10-bit decimal input and produces a 4-bit binary coded decimal output corresponding to each decimal value. Standard encoder integrated circuits like the 74HC147 implement common encoder functions.

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2. ENCODERS
Encoder is a combinational circuit which is
designed to perform the inverse operation
of the decoder. An encoder has n number of
input lines and m number of output lines.
An encoder produces an m bit binary code
corresponding to the digital input number.
The encoder accepts an n input digital word
and converts it into an m bit another digital
word.
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3. BLOCK DIAGRAM
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4. TYPES OF ENCODERS
Examples of Encoders are following.
1. Priority encoders
2. Decimal to BCD encoder
3. Octal to binary encoder
4. Hexadecimal to binary encoder
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5. PRIORITY ENCODER
This is a special type of encoder. Priority is
given to the input lines. If two or more input line
are 1 at the same time, then the input line with
highest priority will be considered. There are
four input D0, D1, D2, D3 and two output Y0, Y1.
Out of the four input D3 has the highest priority
and D0 has the lowest priority. That means if
D3 = 1 then Y1 Y0 = 11 irrespective of the other
inputs. Similarly if D3 = 0 and D2 = 1 then Y1 Y0 =
10 irrespective of the other inputs.
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6. BLOCK DIAGRAM
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7. TRUTH TABLE
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8. LOGIC CIRCUIT
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9. DECIMAL TO BCD ENCODER
A decimal to BCD encoder has 10 input lines D0 to D9 and
4 output lines Y0 to Y3. Below is the truth table for a
decimal to BCD encoder.
Below boolean functions are formed by ORing all the input
lines for which output is 1. For instance Y0 is 1 for D1, D3,
D5, D7 & D9 input lines.
Y0 = D1 + D3 + D5 + D7 + D9
Y1 = D2 + D3 + D6 + D7
Y2 = D4 + D5 + D6 + D7
Y3 = D8 + D9
The decimal to BCD encoder can therefore be implemented
with OR gates whose inputs are determined directly from
truth table as shown in the image below.
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10. TRUTH TABLE
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11. BLOCK DIAGRAM
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12. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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13. LIMITATIONS WITH DECIMAL TO BCD ENCODER
A decimal to BCD encoder has limitations.
1. For 10 bits input, there can be 210 possible
combinations, out of which only 10 are used
using 4 output lines.
2. The discrepancy of 0 output due to all inputs
being 0 or D0 being 0 is resolved by using
additional input known as Enable
3. Only one input can be active at any given time.
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14. 74HC147 (DECIMAL TO BCD ENCODER)
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15. 74LS148 (8 LINE TO 3 LINE ENCODER)
Priority encoders are available in standard IC form
and the TTL 74LS148 is an 8-to-3 bit priority encoder
which has eight active LOW (logic “0”) inputs and
provides a 3-bit code of the highest ranked input at
its output. Priority encoders output the highest
order input first for example, if input lines “D2“,
“D3” and “D5” are applied simultaneously the
output code would be for input “D5” (“101”) as this
has the highest order out of the 3 inputs. Once input
“D5” had been removed the next highest output
code would be for input “D3” (“011”), and so on.
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16. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND TRUTH TABLE
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17. THE END
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