The document is a Spanish grammar guide that covers topics such as: - Present tense conjugation of regular and irregular verbs - Stem-changing verbs - Reflexive verbs - The difference between saber and conocer - Uses of se impersonal and for reciprocal actions - Verbs like uir/guir, cer/cir, ger/gir - The formula for hace + time + que + present tense - Conjugation of the imperfect tense

1. Libra de
gramatica
Selena McCann

2. Table of contents
 1-title page
 2-table of contents
 3- present
 4- stem changers
 5-irregulars “yo”
 6- saber vs conocer
 7-reflexives
 8-”se” impersonal
 9- diphthongs with accents
 10- verbs like uir/ guir, cer/cir, ger/ gir
 11- hace + time+que+ presente
 12- imperfect

3. Present:
To create the present
tense of a regular
verb you replace the
ar/er/ir ending with
the corresponding
Irregular present
conjugation
“ar”
Ud.
Noso Uds. Ir: Estar: Ser: Dar:
tros- Ellos/
Yo-o Tu-as El/ell
amo ellas- -Voy -Estoy -Soy -Doy
a-a
s an
-Vas -Estas -Eres -Das
-Va -Esta -Es -Da
“er/ir” -Vamos -Estamos -Somos -Damos
Ud. Uds. -Van -Estan -Son -Dan
Noso
El/ Ellos/
Yo- o Tu-es tros-
ella- ellas-
imos
e en

4. Stem Changers: Have a stem change in all forms
with the exception of nosotros
E IE O UE EI
Pensar Poder: Pedir:
-Pienso -Puedo -Pido
-Piensas -Puedes -Pides
-Piensa -Puede -pide
-Pensamos -Podemos -Pedimos
-Piensan
-Pueden -Piden
Similar verbs: Similar verbs: Similar
Cerrar , despertar, Acoster, colgar, verbs:
empezar, divertise, devolter, dormir, Conseguir,
encontrar,
encender, hervir, despedir,
mostrar, probar,
mentir, perder, recordar, revolver. seguir,
preferir. servir, vestir.

5. Irregulars “yo” form:
Irregular verbs
whose yo forms
have a diffent
conjugation than
the rest of subjects
Go verbs GJ C ZC C Z
Tener-Tengo Proteger- Cocer-
Protejo cuezo
Decir- Digo
Dirigir- Dirijo Torer- Tuerzo
Oir-Oigo
Conocer- Mecer-
Hacer- Hago Escoger- conozco
Escojo Mezo
Traer: Traigo Obedecer-
Recoger- Ejercer-
Caer-Caigo Obedezco Ejerzo
Recojo
Poner-Pongo Vencer-
Salir- Salgo Venzo

6. Saber VS.
Though both verbs mean
: “to know” each stands
for something different.
Conocer
Saber Conocer
SABER
• To know a fact, Yo- se Yo-conozco
information, or data. Tu- sabes Tu-conoces
Ud. El/ella- Ud. El/ella-
CONOCER sabe conoce
Nosotros- Nosotros-
sabemos
• To be familiar with, to conocemos
Uds.
be acquainted with, Ellos/ellas-
Uds.ellos/ellas-
conocen
people, places, and saben
general concepts.

7. Reflexives are what
Reflexives: is being reflected
upon.
ME TE SE NOS SE
•myself •yourself •Yourself •ourselves •Yourselves
•Himself •themselves
•Herself
•itself
Reflexive verbs
Lavaerse: to wash oneself
Me lavo Llamarse: to be called Vestirse: to get dressed
Te lavas Levantarse: to get up Sentarse: to sit down
Se lava Acostarse: to go to bed Cansarse: to get tired
Nos lavamos Ponerse: to put on Alegrarse: to be glad
Se lavan

8. Passive voice-
Se habla
“se” Reciprocal
action- Nos
Espanol
impersonal vemos
There isn’t anyone in specific
its referring to, it means
Indicates what people in general. Indicate that
happened to action is being
the subject of preformed on
the sentence one or more
without saying subjects. The
who or what most common
carried out the translation is that
action. people do
something to or
with each other

9. Diphthongs with accents:
When a strong and weak vowel or
two weak vowels combine to form a
single syllable.
Esquiar: to ski Mas palabras Mas palabras
•Esquio •Enviar: to send •Puerto
•Esquias •Continuar: to •Tierra
•Esquia continue •Siete
•Esquiamos •Graduarse: to •Hay
•esquian graduate •Cuida
•Ciudad
•Labio
•Hacia
•canción

10. Verbs coger exigir conocer
like: • Cojo • Exijo • Conozco
• Coges • Exiges • Conoces
uir/guir • Coge • Exige • Conoce
• Cogemos • Exigimos • Conocemos
y • cogen • exigen • conocen
cer/cir
y
ger/gir decir atribuir conseguir
• Digo • Atribuyo • Consigo
• Dices • Atribuyes • Consigues
• Dice • Atribuye • Consigue
• Decimos • Atribuimos • Consigimos
• Dicen • Atribuyen • consiguen

11. Hace+ Time+ Que + present
tense of the verb: This formula is used action
show how long an
to
was happening or the
length of time an action
took place.
Hace+ Time+ Que+ Present tense of the verb
Hace+ Tres que+ Estudio espanol =
anos+
Hace tres anos que estudio
espanol.

12. Imperfect:
Uncompleted action
No definite beginning or end
Descriptive tense; who? What? When? Where?
“Ar” “Er/ir”
aba ia
abas ias
Imperfect trigger words
aba Ia
Abamos Iamos
aban
Nuca: A veces:
ian
never sometimes
Todo el tiempo:
all the time