Ee 202 chapter 1 number and code system

CHAPTER 1:
NUMBER AND
CODE SYSTEMS
EE202
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

BY: SITI SABARIAH SALIHIN
sabariah@psa.edu.my

www.sabariahsalihin.com

CHAPTER 1:
NUMBER AND
CODE SYSTEMS
Programme Learning Outcomes, PLO
Upon completion of the programme, graduates should be able to:
� PLO 1 : Apply knowledge of mathematics, scince and engineering

fundamentals to well defined electrical and electronic engineering
procedures and practices
Course Learning Outcomes, CLO
� CLO 1 : Illustrate the knowledge of Digital Number Systems, codes and
logic operations correctly.

EE202 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

CHAPTER 1:
NUMBER AND
CODE SYSTEMS
Upon completion of this Chapter, students should be able to:

� Know the following number system:decimal, binary, octal

and Hexadecimal and convert the numbers from ne system
to another.
� Understand Octal Number System.
� Understande Hexadecimal Number System.
� Understand how binary codes are used in computers
representing decimal digits, alphanumeric characters and
symbols.

1.1INTRODUCTION
� Many number system are in use in digital technology.

The Most common are the decimal, binary, octal and
hexadecimal system.
� The Binary number system is the most important

one in digital systems.
� The Decimal System is the most familiar because it is

universally used to represent quantities outside a
digital system and it is a tool that we use every day.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
� This means that there will be situations where

decimal values have to be converted to binary values
before they are entered into the digital system.
� For example, when you punch a decimal number into

your hand calculator(or computer), the circuitry
inside the device converts the decimal number to a
binary value.


1.1 INTRODUCTION
� Likewise, there will be situations where the binary values

at the outputs of a digital circuit have to be converted to
decimal values for presentation to the outside world.

� For example, your calculator (or computer) uses binary

numbers to calculate answers to a prolem, then converts
the answers to a decimal value before displaying them.

� The octal (base-8) and hexadecimal (based-16) number

systems are both used for the same purpose-to provide
an efficient means for representing large binary numbers.


1.1 INTRODUCTION
� An understanding of the system operation requires

the ability to convert from one number system to
another.
� This chapter will show you how to perform these
conversions .
� This chapter will also introduce some of the binary
codes that are used to represent various kinds of
information.
� These binary codes will used 1’s and 0’s .


1.1.1 Decimal Number System
� The Decimal System is composed of 10 numerals or

symbols.
� These 10 symbols are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 : using these
symbols as digits of a number, we can express any
quantity.
� The decimal system, also called the base-10 system
because it has 10 digits, has evolved naturally as a
result of the fact that man has 10 fingers.
� In fact, the word “digit” is derived from the Latin
word for “Finger”.

� The decimal system is a positional-value system in
�
�
�

�

which the value of a digit depends on its position.
For example: consider the decimal number 453.
Digit 4 actually represents 4 hundreds, the 5
represent 5 tens, and the 3 represent 3 units.
In essence, the 4 carries the most weight of the three
digits; it is referred to as the most significant digit
(MSD).
The 3 carries the least weight and is called the least
significant digit (LSD).

� Consider another example, 27. 35
� This number is actually equal to 2 tens plus 7 units

plus 3 tenth plus 5 hndredths or 2 x 10 + 7 x 1 + 3 x
0.1 + 5 x 0.01
� The decimal point is used to separate the integer and

fractional parts of the number.


� Moreover, the various positions relative to the

decimal point carry weights that can be expressed as
powers of 10.
Figure 1 : Decimal position values as power of 10
� Example : 2745.214
10 10 10 10
10 10 10
3

2

2

7

1

4

MSD

0

5

-1

.

-2

2

1

2

1

0

4

LSD

Decimal Point
3

-3

-1

-2

-3

= (2x 10 )+(7x 10 )+(4x 10 )+(5x 10 )+(2x 10 )+(1x 10 )+(4x 10 )

� In general any number is simply the sum of products

of each digit value and its positional value.
� Unfortunately, Decimal number system does not
lend itself to convinient implementation in digital
system.
� It is very difficult to design electronics equipment so
that it can work with 10 different voltage levels (0-9).
� For this reason, almost every digital system uses the
binary number system base-2 as the basic number to
design electronics circuits that operate with only two
voltage levels.

1.1.2 Binary Number System
� In binary system, there are only two symbols or

possible digit values, 0 and 1.
� Even so, this base-2 system can be used to represent
any quantity that can be represented in decimal or
other number systems.
� All the statements made ealier concering the decimal
system are equally applicable to the binary system.
� The binary system is also a positional-value system,
where in each binary digit has its own value or
weight expressed as a power of 2.

� Example:

Figure 2 : Binary position values as power of 2
1

2

2

2

1

0

1

3

MSB

2

-1

2

1

-2

-3

2

0

.

2

2

1

0

1

Binary Point

MSB

• Here,places to the left of the binary point (counterpart of the

decimal point) are positive power of 2 and places to the right are
negative power of 2.
� Exercise : Find the equivalent in the decimal system for the
number 1011.1012
Answer : 11.62510 (How?)


� In the binary system, the term binary digit is often

abbreviated to the term bit, which we will use
henceforth.


Figure 3 : Binary Counting Sequence
Weights

3

2

=8

2 =4

LSB

2

2 =2
1

2 =1

Decimal
equivalent

0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

0
1
2
3

0
0
0
0

1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

4
5
6
7

1
1
1
1

0
0
0
0

0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1

8
9
10
11

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
EE202
1

0
1
0
1

12
13
14
15

0
0
1
SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
1

� Example:

What is the largest number that can be represented using
8 bits?
� Solution :

2

N

8

-

1 =2
= 255

10

= 111111112


� Review Questions:
1. What is the decimal equivalent of 11010112?
2. What is the next binary number following 101112 in

the counting sequence?
3. What is the largest decimal value that can be
represented using 12 bits?


1.1.3 Binary to Decimal Conversion
� A Binary number can be converted to decimal by

multiplying the weight of each position with the binary digit
and adding together.
� Example :
Convert the Binary number 101102 to its Decimal equivalent.
� Solution:
Binary number 1 0 1 1 02
4
3
2
1
0
2 +2 +2 +2 +2
4
3
2
1
0
(2 x 1)+(2 x 0)+(2 x 1)+(2 x 1)+(2 x 0 )
= 16 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 0
= 2210

� Example :

Convert the Fractional Binary Number 101.102 to its
Decimal equivalent.
� Solution:

Binary Number

= 1 0 1 . 1 0
2
1
0
-1
-2
Power of 2 position = 2 2 2 . 2 2
= (22 x 1)+(21 x 0)+(20 x 1) . (2-1 x 1)+(2-2 x 0 )
Decimal Value

= 4 + 0 + 1
= 5.5 10


. 0.5 +

0

1.1.3 Decimal To Binary conversion
� The most convenient method is called division by 2 method.
� In which first decimal number will be divided by 2.
� The quotient will be dividend for the next step. In each step

the remainder part will be recorded separately.
� The 1st reminder of the 1st division will be the LSB in the
Binary Number.
� The quotient should repeatedly divide by 2 until the
quotient becomes 0.
� The final remainder will be the MSB in Binary number.


� Example :

Convert Decimal 2010 to its Binary equivalent.
Solution:
2 20
remainder of 0
2 10
remainder of 0
2 5
remainder of 1
2 2
remainder of 0
2 1
remainder 0f 1
0
1 0 1 0 02

� When converting a decimal fractional number to its

binary, the decimal fractional part will be multiply by
2 till the fractional part gets 0 or till the number of
decimal places reached.


� Below example show the steps to convert decimal fraction

0.625 to its binary equivalent.
Step 1 : 0.625 will be multiply by 2 ( 0.625 x 2 = 1.25)
Step 2 : The integer part will be the MSB in the binary
result
Step 3 : The fractional part of the earlier result will be
multiply again ( 0.25 x 2 = 0.5 )
Step 4 : Each time after the multiplication the integer part of
the result will be written as the Binary number.
Step 5 : The procedure should continue till the fractional part
gets 0.

� Example :

Convert Decimal 0.62510 to its binary equivalent.
Solution:

0.25 x 2 = 0.50
0. 5 x 2 = 1. 00
carried MSB
= 0.62510 = . 1012

LSB
1 0 1

1.1.4 Binary Addition
� Adding of two binary numbers follows same as addition of

two decimal numbers.
� Some times binary addition is very much easier then
Decimal or any other number system addition, because in
binary you deal with only 2 numbers.
� There are mainly 4 rules should be followed in the process
of addition in binary numbers:
sum
carryout
Rule 1 :
0 + 0 =
0
0
Rule 2 :
0 + 1 =
1
1
Rule 3 :
1 + 0 =
1
1
Rule 4 :
1 + 1 =
0
1

1.1.4 Binary Addition
Example:
Perform Binary Addition for 1012 + 0102
Solution:
1
0
12
0
1
02 +
1
1
1
Exercise:
Perform Binary Addition for 10112 + 01112
Answer:

10 01 02


1.1.5 Binary Subtraction
� When subtracting one binary number A

(subtrahend) from another binary number B
(Minuend) where B > A, the answer is called the
difference.
� There are four basic rules that should be followed in
binary subtracting To perform Rule 2 you have to
borrow 1 from the next left column.
� The weight of the binary you borrow will be 2.


1.1.5 Binary Subtraction
�

� Rule 1
� Rule 2
� Rule 3
� Rule 4

Minuend (B)

Subtrahend (A) Difference

0
0

-

0
1

=
=

1
1

-

0
1

=
=

Example:
Subtract binary 1012 from 1102
0
1
1
1
0
0
0

0
1
1
0

0
1
1 = 0012


Borrow out

with a borrow of 1

1.1.8 Signed Binary Numbers
� A signed number consist both positive and negative
�
�

�
�

sign with magnitude.
The additional bit for representing the sign of the
number (+ or -) is known as sign bit.
in general, 0 in the sign bit represents a positive
number and 1 in the sign bit represents a negative
number.
The leftmost bit 0 is the sign bit represent +
The leftmost bit 1 is the sign bit represent -


� Therefore the stored number in register A and B is 13

and -13 respectively in Decimal form.
� The signed bit is used to indicate the positive or
negative nature of the stored binary numbers.
� Here the magnitude bits are the binary equivalent of
the decimal value being represented.
� This is called the sign magnitude system.


� Sign bit (+)

A4

A3
0

A2

A1

1

1

0

A0
1

= +13
B4
1

B3
1

B2

B1

1

B0
0

1

= - 13
Representing Signed Number


Example:
� Express the Decimal number -46 in 8 bit Signed
magnitude system
Solution:
True Binary number for +46
= 00101110
Change the sign bit to 1 and remain unchanged
magnitude nits
= 10101110 = -46

1.2 Octal Number System
� Octalnumber has eight possible symbols: 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ,

4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and used to express binary numbers,
which is called as base of 8 number system or Radix
of 8.
� Figure: illustrated how it decrease with negative
power of 8:
5

4

3

2

1

0

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

8 8 8 8 8 8 . 8 8 8 8 8
Decrease with negative power of 8


1.2.2 Octal to Binary Conversion
� Any octal number can be represent by 3 bit binary

number, such as 0002 to represent 08 and 111 2 to
represent 78
Example:
Convert 4358 to its Binary equivalent.
Solution:
4 3 58
100 011 101

= 1000111012


1.2.2 Octal to Binary Conversion
� Exercise:

Convert 54.78 to its Binary equivalent.
Solution :
5 4 . 78
101 100 . 111

= 101100.1112


1.2.1 Binary to Octal Conversion
� This is the reverse form of the octal to binary conversion.
� First, the Binary number should be divided into group of

three from LSB.
� Then each three-bit binary number is converted to an Octal
form.
Example:
Convert 1001010112 to its equivalent Octal number.
Solution:
100 101 011
4

5

3

= 4 5 38


1.2.1 Binary to Octal Conversion
� Sometimes the Binary numberwill not have even groups of

3 bits.
� For those cases, we can add one or two 0s to the left of the
MSB of the binary number to fill out the last group.
Example:
Convert 110101102 to its equivalent Octal number.
Solution:
011 010 110
3

2

68

=3268

NOTE that a 0 was placed to the left of the MSB to produce even groups of 3 Bits.

1.2.2 Octal Number to Decimal Conversion
� Octal number can be converted to decimal by multiplying

the weight of each position with the octal number and
adding together.
� Example:
Convert the Octal number 2578 to its decimal equivalent
� Solution:
2
1
0
2578 = (2 x 8 )+ (5 x 8 )+ (7 x 8 )
= (2 x 64) + (5 x 8) + (7 x 1)
= 17510


1.2.2 Octal Number to Decimal Conversion
� Exercise :

Convert the Octal number 17.78 to its Decimal
equivalent
Solution:
1
0) + (7 x 8-1)
17.78 = (1 x 8 ) + (7 x 8
= (1 x 8) + (7 x 1) + (7 x .125)
= 64.87510


1.2.2 Decimal to Octal Conversion
� Here we can apply the same method done in decimal to

binary conversion. Dividing the decimal number by 8 can
do conversion to octal.
Example :
Convert 9710 to its Octal equivalent.
Solution :
8 97 + remainder of
1
8 12 + remainder of
4
8 1 + remainder of
1
0

1 4

18

Review Question:
Convert 6148 to decimal.
2. Convert 14610 to Octal, then from Octal to Binary.
1.

Convert 100111012 to Octal.
4. Convert 97510 to Binary by First Coverting to Octal.
5. Convert Binary 1010111011 2 to Decimal by first converting
to Octal.
3.

Answer:
1. 396 2. 222, 010010010
4. 1111001111 5. 699

3. 235


1.3 Hexadecimal Number System
� Hexadecimal number system is called as base 16

number system.
� It uses 10 decimal numbers and 6 alphabetic
characters to represent all 16 possible symbols.
� Table below, shows Hexadecimal numbers with its
equivalent in decimal and Binary.


1.3 Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal
Number

Binary Number

Decimal Nmber

0

0000

0

1

0001

1

2

0010

2

3

0011

3

4

0100

4

5

0101

5

6

0110

6

7

0111

7

8

1000

8

9

1001

9

A

1010

10

B

1011

11

C

1100

12

D

1101

13

E

1110

14

F

1111

15


1.3.1 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
� Hexadecimal number can be represent in Binary form by

using 4 bits for each hexadecimal number.
016 can be written in binary = 0000
716 in binary can be written = 0111
A16 in binary can be written = 1010
Example:
Convert the Hexadecimal A516 to its Binary equivalent.
Solution :
A
516
1010 01012 = 101001012

1.3.1 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
Exercise:
Convert the Hexadecimal 9F216 to its Binary
equivalent.
Solution:
9
F
2
1011 1111

0010

= 100111110010 2


1.3.1 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion
� This is the reverse form of the Hexadecimal to Binary

Conversion.
� First the Binary number should be Divided into
group of Four bits from LSB.
� Then each four-bit binary number is converted to a
Hexadecimal form.


� Example:

Convert the Binary 1011011011111010 2 to its equivalent
Hexadecimal number.
Solution:

1011 0110 1111 1010
B

6

F

A


= B6FA16

� Exercise:

Convert the Binary 1110100110 2 to its
equivalent Hexadecimal number.

Solution:
0011

3

1010 01102
A

6

= 3A616


1.3.2 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
� Hexadecimal number can be converted to decimal by

multiplying the weight of each position of the hexadecimal
number (power of 16) and adding togather.
Example:
Convert the Hexadecimal number 32716 to its Decimal
Equivalent.
Solution :
2
1
0
32716 = (3 x 16 ) + (3 x 16 ) + (7 x 16 )
= ( 3 x 256) + ( 2 x 16 ) + ( 7 x 1 )
= 807 10

Example :
Convert the Hexadecimal number 2AF16 to its
Decimal Equivalent.
Solution:

2AF16 = (2 x 162)+(10 x 161 )+(15 x 160 )
= (512) + (160) + (15)
= 68710


� Exercise :

Convert the Hexadecimal number 1BC216 to its
Decimal Equivalent.
Solution:
2
2
2
2
= (1 x 16 )+(11 x 16 )+(12 x 16 )+(2 x 16 )
= 710610


1.3.2 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion
� Here we can apply the same method done in Decimal to

Binary conversion.
� Since we need to convert to Hexadecimal, so we have to
divide the Decimal number by 16.
� Example :
Convert the Decimal 38210 to its Hexadecimal
equivalent.
Solution:
16 382 + remainder of 14
16 23 + remainder of 7
0
7 E16

Counting Hexadecimal
� When counting in Hex, each digit position can be

incremented (increased by 1) from 0 to F.
� Once a digit position reaches, the value F, it is
RESET to 0 and the next digit position is
incremented.
� This illustrated in the following Hex counting
sequences.
(a). 38, 39, 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D, 3E, 3F, 40, 41, 42
(b). 6F8, 6F9, 6FA, 6FB, 6FC, 6FD, 6FE, 6FF, 700


Review Question:
1. Convert 24CE16 to Decimal.
2. Convert 311710 to Hex, then from Hex to Binary.
3. Convert 10010111101101012 to Hex.
4. Write the next four numbers in this Hex counting
sequence. E9A, E9B, E9C, E9D, ___,___,___,___
5. Convert 35278 to Hex.
Answer:
1. 9422 2. C2D ; 110000101101 3. 97B5
4. E9E, E9F, EA0, EA1 5. 757

1.3.3 1's Complement Form
� The 1's complement form of any binary number is

simply obtained by taking the complement form of 0
and 1.
� 1 to 0 and 0 to 1
* The range is –(2n-1 – 1) to +(2n-1-1).
Example:
Find the 1's complement 101001
Solution:
1 0 1 0 0 1 Binary Number
0 1 0 1 1 0 1's complement of Binary Number


1.3.3 2's Complement Form
� The 2's complement form of binary number is

obtained by taking the complement form of 0, 1 and
adding 1 to LSB.
� The range is –(2n-1) to (2n-1-1).
Example:
Find the 2's complement of 1110010
Solution:
1 1 1 0 0 1 0 Binary Number
0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1's complement
+
1 Add 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2's complement


1.3.3 Signed Number Representing Using
2's Complement
Example:
Express the Decimal number -25 in the 2's complement
system using 8-bits.
Solution:
Represent the +25 in Binary for
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 ( 1's complement)
+1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 ( 2's complement)


1.3.3 2's complement Addition
� The two number in addition are addend and augend which

result in the sum.
� The following five cases can be occur when two binary
numbers are added;
CASE 1: Both number are positive
Straight Foward addition.
Example: +8 and +4 in 5 bits
0 1000 ( + 8, augend)
0 0100 ( + 4, addend)
0 1 1 0 0 ( sum = + 12)
signed bit


� CASE 2: Positive number larger than negative

number
Example:
Add two numbers +17 and -6 in six bits
Solution:
0 1 0 0 0 1 (+17)
1 1 1 0 1 0 (-6)
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 (+11)

The Final carry bit is disregarded

� CASE 3: Positive number smaller than negative

number
� Example:
� Add two numbers -8 and +4
Solution:
1 1 0 0 0 ( -8, augend)
0 0 1 0 0 ( +4, addend)
1 1 1 0 0 ( sum = -4)
sign bit

Since the SUM is negative,
it is in 2's complement form.


� Case 4: Both numbers are negative

Example:
Add two numbers -5 and -9 in 8 bits.
Solution:
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
(-5)
+ 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
(-9)
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0
(-14)
Since the SUM is negative,
it is in 2's complement form.
The final carry bit is disregarded


1.3.3 2's complement Subtraction
� when subtracting the binary number ( the subtrahend) from

another binary number ( the minuend) then change the sign
of the subtrahend and adds it to the minuend.
Case 1: Both numbers are positive :
Example:
Subtract +41 from +75 in byte.
Solution:
Minuend ( +75) = 01001011
Subtrahend (+41)=00101001
Take the 2's complement form of subtrahend (+41) and add
with miuend.


0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
100 1 0 0 0 1 0

(+75)
(-41)
(+34)

discard


� CASE 2: Both numbers are negative

Example:
Subtract -30 from -80 in 8bit.
Solution:
In this case (-80) - (-30) = ( -80) + (30)
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 (-80)
- 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 (+30)
1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 (-50)


� CASE 3 :

Both numbers are opposite sign
Example:
Subtract -20 from + 24 in byte.
Solution:
In this case (+24) - (-20) = (+24)+(20)
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0(+24)
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 (+20)
0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 (+44)


1.4 How Binary CODES are Used in Computers
� Binary codes are used in computers representing

Decimal digits, alphanumeric characters and
symbols.
� When Numbers, letters or words are represented by
a speacial group of symbols, we say that they are
being encoded, and the group of symbols is called a
code.
� When a decimal number is represented by its
equivalent binary number, we call it Straight
Binary Coding.

1.4.1 BCD 8421 codes
� BCD- Binary Coded Decimal Code
� If each digit of a decimal number is represented by

its binary equivalent, the result is a code called
Binary Coded Decimal , BCD.
� To illustrate the BCD code, take a Decimal number
such as 874.
� Each digit is changed to its Binary Equivalent as
follows :
8
7
4
(Decimal)
(BCD)
1000 0111 0100

� As another example, let us change 943 to its BCD-

code representation:
9
4
3
(Decimal)
1001 0100 0011 ( BCD)
� Once again, each decimal digit is changed to its
straight Binary equivalent.
� Note that 4 Bits are always used for each digit.
� The BCD code, then represents each digit of the
decimal number by a 4 Bit binary number.

� Clearly only the 4-bit binary numbers from 0000

through 1001 are used.
� The BCD code does not use the numbers 1010,
1011, 1100, 1101, 1110 and 1111.
� In other words, only 10 of the 16 possible 4-bit
binary code groups are used.
� If any of the "forbidden" 4-bit numbers ever occurs
in a machine using the BCD code, it is usually an
indication that an error has occurred.


Example:
Convert 0110100000111001 (BCD) to its decimal
equivalent.
Solution:
Divide the BCD number into 4-bit groups and convert
each to decimal.
0110
1000
0011
1001
6
8
3
9


Exercise:
Convert the BCD number 011111000001 to its Decimal
equivalent.
Solution:
0111 1100
0001
7
1
Forbidden code group indicates error in
BCD number

1.4.1 Comparison of BCD and Binary
� It is important to realize that BCD is not another number
�
�
�
�

system like binary, octal, decimal and Hexadecimal.
It is also important to understand that a BCD number is not
the same as a straight binary number.
A straight binary code takes the complete decimal number
and represents it in binary.
BCD code converts each decimal digit to binary
individually.
Example:
13710 = 100010012
(binary)
13710 = 0001 0011 0111 (BCD)


1.4.2 Alphanumeric Codes
� A computer should recognize codes that represent

letters of the alphabet, puntuation marks, and
other special characters as well as numbers.
� A complete alphanumeric code would include the
26 lowercase latters, 26 uppercase latter, 10
numeric digits, 7 punctuation marks, and
anywhere from 20 to 40 other characters such as +
/ * # and so on.
� we can say that an alphanumeric code represents
all of the various characters and functions that are
found on a standard typewriter or computer
keyboard.

1.4.2 Alphanumeric Codes - ASCII Code
� The most widely used alphanumeric code.
� American Standard Code for Information

interchange (ASCII).
� Pronounced "askee"
Refer table next slide to see :
Partial Listing of ASCII code.


ASCII Reference Table


Extended ASCII Codes


1.4.2 Alphanumeric Codes - ASCII Code
Example:
The following is a message encoded in ASCII code.
What is the message?
1001000 1000101 1001100 1010000
Solution:
Convert each 7-bit code to its Hexadecimal equivalent.
The results are : 48 45 4C 50
Now, locate these Hexadecimal values in table ASCII and
determine the character represented by each. The results are:
H
E L P

References
� "Digital Systems Principles And Application"

Sixth Editon, Ronald J. Tocci.
� "Digital Systems Fundamentals"

P.W Chandana Prasad, Lau Siong Hoe,
Dr. Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Muhammad Suryanata.

The End Of Chapter 1...

� Do Review Questions
� Quiz 1 for Chapter 1- be prepared!!


Ee 202 chapter 1 number and code system

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Ee 202 chapter 1 number and code system