Railway tracks require stable earthworks to support the ballast, sleepers, and rails. There are several components involved in railway track formation including the subgrade, ballast, and drainage systems. Formations can be constructed as embankments raised above the existing ground level or cuttings made by excavating below ground level. The minimum recommended widths for formations depend on the track gauge and number of lines. Proper slopes and drainage are also important to maintain stability. Various methods like using layers of moorum or rubble, cement grouting, sand piles, or chemical treatments can help stabilize formations built on poor soils.
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Railway Signaling: Introduction to Signals, Objective of signals. Types of Signals, Operating Characteristics, Functional Characteristics, Locational Characteristics, Special Characterstics
Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Railway Signaling: Introduction to Signals, Objective of signals. Types of Signals, Operating Characteristics, Functional Characteristics, Locational Characteristics, Special Characterstics
* DOWNLOAD AND PLAY IT IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT CAUSE IT CONTAINS ANIMATION AND CAN'T WATCH WITHOUT IT *
Stations and Yards of Railway powerpoint presentation in Transport Engineering.
This ppt describes the types of signals used in Indian railway and other railways around the world. They may seem complicated but their applications are fascinating, espesially you will like signals such as detonators which blast (certainly not harmful but they warn the drivers by their blast)
Harbours: History of water transportation, components of harbour, classification of harbours.
Introduction of Transportation Engineering
Harbours Engineering maximum data use for civil engineering students.
Brief Introduction of
* Purposes of railway station
* Site selection for railway station
* Requirements of railway station
* Classification of stations
* Classification of Yards
The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering
BALLAST
RAILS
SLEEPERS
POINTS OF CROSSINGS
POINTS OF SWITCH
The rolled steel sections laid
end to end in two parallel lines
over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS The rails used in the construction of railway track can be divided into the following three types :
(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)
(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)
(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)
* DOWNLOAD AND PLAY IT IN MICROSOFT POWERPOINT CAUSE IT CONTAINS ANIMATION AND CAN'T WATCH WITHOUT IT *
Stations and Yards of Railway powerpoint presentation in Transport Engineering.
This ppt describes the types of signals used in Indian railway and other railways around the world. They may seem complicated but their applications are fascinating, espesially you will like signals such as detonators which blast (certainly not harmful but they warn the drivers by their blast)
Harbours: History of water transportation, components of harbour, classification of harbours.
Introduction of Transportation Engineering
Harbours Engineering maximum data use for civil engineering students.
Brief Introduction of
* Purposes of railway station
* Site selection for railway station
* Requirements of railway station
* Classification of stations
* Classification of Yards
The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering
BALLAST
RAILS
SLEEPERS
POINTS OF CROSSINGS
POINTS OF SWITCH
The rolled steel sections laid
end to end in two parallel lines
over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS The rails used in the construction of railway track can be divided into the following three types :
(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)
(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)
(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)
In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road, pavement or railway track. It is also called formation level.
The term can also refer to imported material that has been used to build an embankment.
In this ppt you will get all information regarding shaft sinking. Like what is permanent lining and temporary lining. How to decide shape of shaft, drilling blasting, support, lighting in shaft. Use of shaft and skips.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. EARTHWORK
Usual forms of cross-sections:
The naturally occurring soil is known as the
subgrade and when it is prepared to receive the
ballast and track, it is called the formation.
When the formation is raised on bank of earth, it
is called an embankment.
2
3. EARTHWORK
When it is made after cutting the ground below
ground level, it is called in cutting.
In case of cutting, the line is laid below ground
level and hence, the required portion is to be
excavated.
3
4. EARTHWORK
A railway line may be constructed either in
embankment or in cutting or in a combined
section.
It should be noted that angles α and β are not
necessarily the same.
4
5. EARTHWORK
Features of railroad bed level:
When the formation is to be made on
embankment or cutting, various features should
be carefully considered.
1. Width of formation:
The width of formation will depend on:
the number of tracks,
gauge of tracks,
centre to centre distance between the tracks,
5
6. EARTHWORK
Width of ballast layer
Width of trenches to drain off water, if necessary.
The width of formation is normally kept sloping
from the centre for drainage purposes.
6
7. EARTHWORK
The minimum widths of formation recommended
for different gauges are shown in table:
Gauge
Minimum width of
embankment
Minimum width of
cutting Remarks
Single Double Single Double
Broad Gauge (B.G) 610 cm 1082 cm 549 cm 1021 cm
122 cm extra width
is to be provided in
case of the
formation in
cutting for the side
drains.
Metre Gauge (M.G) 488 cm 884 cm 427 cm 827 cm
Narrow Gauge
(N.G) 370 cm 732 cm 335 cm 701 cm
7
8. EARTHWORK
2. Slopes of sides:
The stability of the earthwork depends mainly on
two factors, namely, cohesion and friction.
For temporary stability, cohesion is useful and
reliable,
But permanent stability is achieved only by friction
which keeps the slopes at the natural angle of
repose of the material.
The slopes to be provided to the sides of the
formation should be slightly flatter than the angle of
repose of the material.
8
9. EARTHWORK
The slopes in cuttings vary from nearly vertical to
1.5 to 1 or steeper.
3. Drains:
The accumulation of water reduces the friction in
all sorts of soils.
In case of embankments, the rain water is easily
drained off. But in case of cuttings, drains are to
be provided.
The side drains are constructed along the track
at a depth of about 1200 mm from the rail level.
9
10. EARTHWORK
The size of drains will depend on the quantity of
water to be drained.
Sometimes, pipes of stoneware or concrete are
laid in a trench with open or half open joints and
covered with porous material.
10
11. EARTHWORK
Stabilization of track on poor soil:
Following are four usual methods of stabilization
of track on poor soil:
i. Layer of moorum
ii. Cement grouting
iii. Sand piles
iv. Use of chemicals
11
12. EARTHWORK
i. Layer Of Moorum:
• In very poor soil such as black cotton soil which
swells and shrinks considerably by contact with
moisture and by the loss of moisture to the
extent of 20% to 30% of its volume, a layer of
moorum is provided under the ballast, as shown:
12
13. EARTHWORK
• The thickness of this layer varies from 300 mm to
600 mm.
• This layer distributes the pressure and it also
prevents the ballast from being lost in the cracks
of the soil.
• Instead of moorum, ashes, rubble, slabs of
concrete, unserviceable sleepers, etc. are also
used and they are found to be quite satisfactory.
13
14. EARTHWORK
ii. Cement Grouting:
• In this method, the steel tubes about 30 mm
diameter are driven into the formation at every
alternate sleeper.
• They are driven near the ends of the sleepers as
shown:
14
15. EARTHWORK
• The steel tubes are generally 150 cm long and
driven at an angle so that the end of the tube is
nearly under the rail.
• Then the cement grout is forced under a pressure
of about 0.7 N/mm2 through these tubes.
• The cement grout spreads through the poor soil
and consolidates it.
• The steel tubes are then gradually taken out.
15
16. EARTHWORK
iii. Sand Piles:
• In this method, a vertical bore of about 300 mm
diameter is made in the ground by driving
wooden pile;
• The wooden pile is then withdrawn and the
space is filled with sand and is well-rammed;
• The functions performed by the sand piles are as
follows:
a. They can function as timber piles.
b. They provide an arrangement of vertical drainage.
c. They provide good mechanical support. 16
18. EARTHWORK
iv. Use Of Chemicals:
• In this method, the chemicals are used in place
of cement grout to consolidate the soil;
• The silicate of soda followed by calcium chloride
is effective for sandy soils containing less than
25% clay and silt.
18