This document discusses various aspects of airport engineering and design. It begins by outlining the history of air transport development in India. It then defines key terms like airport, airfield, aerodrome and describes important airport components such as runways, terminals, taxiways, and control towers. The document also discusses factors that influence airport site selection and layout, including aircraft characteristics, wind patterns, and safety. It provides examples of different types of airports and concludes by covering topics like runway orientation, design, lighting and signage.
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Introduction of Transportation Engineering
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Permanent Way of Railway & Components ?(part -1,2,3,4,5)RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
Permanent Way Components: , Selection of Alignment, Ideal Permanent Ways and Cross-sections in different conditions, Salient Features and types of Components viz.
Rails, Sleepers, Ballast, Rail Fastenings.
Types and Selection of Gauges
Harbours: History of water transportation, components of harbour, classification of harbours.
Introduction of Transportation Engineering
Harbours Engineering maximum data use for civil engineering students.
EMAS - Engineered Material Arrestor System (seminar ppt) Chinnu Mohanan
The purpose of an Engineered Material Arresting System (EMAS) is to stop an aircraft overrun with no human injury and minimal aircraft damage. The aircraft is slowed by the loss of energy required to crush the EMAS material. An EMAS is similar in concept to the runaway truck ramp made of gravel or sand. It is intended to stop aircraft that have overshot a runway when there is an insufficient free space for a standard runway safety area (RSA).
Ever wonder what makes modern minimalist house designs so appealing? They're simple, functional, and impactful. Here are 5 characteristics that define successful minimalist residential design.
Aviation engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with airspace development, airport design, aircraft navigation technologies, and aerodrome planning. It also involves the formulation of public policy, regulations, aviation laws pertaining to airspace, airlines, airports, aerodromes and the conduct of air services agreements through treaty.
This branch of engineering is distinct from aerospace engineering which deals with the development of aircraft and spacecraft.
Railways Harbors Tunneling and Airports Module 4 complete presentation as per VTU Syllabus
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2. Rapidity: Air transport had the highest speed among all the modes of transport
3. Expensive: Air transport is the most expensive means of transport. There is huge investment in purchasing aero planes and constructing of aerodromes.
4. Special Preparations: Air transport requires special preparations like wheelers links, meteorological stations, flood lights, searchlights etc.
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The project involved the construction of a steel bridge (OWG), a venture that demanded careful adherence to stringent contract conditions, precise timelines, and pivotal milestones. A detailed every facet of the project, ensuring alignment with the contractual obligations and work breakdown structure using MSP.
Recycled Concrete Aggregate: A Solid Wealth
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CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
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In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Development of Air Transport in India
• The first air flight in India was performed in the year
1911 when a Frenchman carried mail from Allahabad
to Naini.
• The first commercial air service was established in 1930
as Tata Airlines.
• Air India entered into Jet age in 1960 when Boeing 707
Services were started between India and London and
subsequently extended to New York.
• India’s first Boeing 747 (Jumbo-Jet) which is two and a
half times the size of Boeing 707 – Emperor Ashoka
was procured in 1971.
3. Airport Engineering
• Airport Engineering encompasses the planning, design, and
construction of terminals, runways, and navigation aids to
provide for passenger and freight service.
• Airport engineers design and construct airports. They must
account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their
design of airport facilities.
• These engineers must use the analysis of predominant
wind direction to determine runway orientation, determine
the size of runway border and safety areas, different wing
tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate
the clear zones in the entire port.
4. What is an AIRPORT?
• An airport is a facility where passengers connect
from ground transportation to air transportation.
• It is a location where aircraft such as airplanes,
helicopters take off and land.
• Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an
airport.
• An airport should have runway for takeoffs and
landings, buildings such as hangars and terminal
buildings.
5. Definition
• AIRFIELD is an area where
an aircraft can land and
take off, which may or may
not be equipped with any
navigational aids or
markings. Many grass
strips are also designated
as airfields.
6. What are Aerodromes?
• AERODROMES
• A defined area on land or water (including any
buildings, installations and equipment) intended to be
used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure
and surface movement of aircraft.
8. Airport History
• The world's first airport was built in 1928 at
Croydon near London (England). It was the main
airport for London till it was closed down in
1959, after the World War II. It is now open as a
visitor centre for aviation.
9. The International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO)
• The International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO), an agency of the United Nations, codifies
the principles and techniques of international air
navigation and fosters the planning and
development of international air transport to
ensure safe and orderly growth.
11. International Airports
• An international airport has direct service to many other
airports.
• Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for passengers
and cargo.
• Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or places
where non-direct flights may land and passengers switch
planes.
• Typically equipped with customs and immigration facilities
to handle international flights to and from other countries.
• Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer
runways and facilities to accommodate the large aircraft.
(FBO, MRO etc..)
14. Domestic Airports
• A domestic airport is an airport which handles only
domestic flights or flights within the same country.
• Domestic airports don't have customs and immigration
facilities and are therefore incapable of handling flights to or
from a foreign airport.
• These airports normally have short runways which are
sufficient to handle short/medium haul aircraft.
15. Regional Airports
• A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a
relatively small or lightly populated geographical area.
• A regional airport usually does not have customs and
immigration facilities to process traffic between countries.
• Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets
or private aircraft (general aviation).
17. Aircraft Characteristics• The size;
– Span of wings: This decides the width of taxiway,
size of aprons and hangers.
– Height: This decides the height of hanger gate and
miscellaneous installations inside the hanger.
– Wheel base: This decides minimum taxiway
radius.
– Tail width: Required for size of parking and
apron.
• Minimum turning radius: To determine the radii at
the ends of the taxiways and to ascertain the position
on the loading apron.
• Gross Take-off weight: It governs the thickness of
18. • Take-off and landing distances: A number of factors
such as altitude of the airport, gradient of runway,
direction and intensity of wind, temperature and the
manner of landing and take-off which influence the
take-off and landing distances.
• Tyre pressure and contact area: It governs the
thickness of the pavement.
• Range: The frequency of operations and hence the
peak traffic volume and the runway capacity depend
upon the normal haul length or the range.
19. Factors affecting selection of site for
Airport
• Availability of adequate area
• Accessibility
• Topography, soil condition and drainage
• Availability of construction materials
• Cost of development
• Cost of maintenance
• Traffic volume and type of traffic
• Cross-wind component
• Proximity of airways
• Safety factors
• Revenues
21. Important Components of An Airport
Layout
1. Runway
2. Terminal Building
3. Apron
4. Taxiway
5. Aircraft Stand
6. Hanger
7. Control Tower
8. Parking
22. Runways
A runway is the area where an aircraft lands or takes off. It
can be grass, or packed dirt, or a hard surface such as
asphalt or concrete. Runways have special markings on
them to help a pilot in the air to tell that it is a runway (and
not a road) and to help them when they are landing or
taking off. Runway markings are white.
Most runways have numbers on the end. The number is the
runway's compass direction. (For example, runway
numbered 36 would be pointing north or 360 degrees).
Some airports have more than one runway going in the
same direction, so they add letters to the end of the number
R for right, C for center, and L for left.
23.
24. Terminal Buildings
Also known as airport terminal, these buildings are the
spaces where passengers board or alight from flights. These
buildings house all the necessary facilities for passengers to
check-in their luggage, clear the customs and have lounges to
wait before disembarking. The terminals can house cafes,
lounges and bars to serve as waiting areas for passengers.
Ticket counters, luggage check-in or transfer, security
checks and customs are the basics of all airport terminals. Large
airports can have more than one terminal that are connected to
one another through link ways such as walkways, sky-bridges or
trams. Smaller airports usually have only one terminal that
houses all the required facilities.
25. Aprons
Aircraft aprons are the areas where the aircraft park. Aprons
are also sometimes called ramps. They vary in size, from areas
that may hold five or ten small planes, to the very large areas
that the major airports have.`
26.
27. 4. Taxiway
A taxiway is a path on an airport
connecting runways with ramps, hangars, terminals and other
facilities. They mostly have hard surface such as asphalt or
concrete, although smaller airports sometimes
use gravel or grass.
28. 5. Aircraft Stand
A portion of an apron designated as a taxiway and intended to
provide access to aircraft stands only.
29. 7. Control Tower
A tower at an airfield from which air traffic is controlled by radio
and observed physically and by radar.
8. Parking
Parking is a specific area of airport at which vehicles park.
30. Runway Orientation & Design
• “Rectangular area on an aerodrome used for
landing and take off “
• Runway orientation is important in airport
planning
• Current practice is to layout a runway in the
direction of prevailing wind
31. IMPORTANCE OF RUNWAY LAYOUT
• Determination of runway is a critical task
• It is very important for safe take offs and
approaches
• The width and sloping of runway also play a
role in safe approaches . It can be illustrated
by the figure below :
32.
33. RUNWAY NUMBERS
• Runways are numbered according the
magnetic compass direction they are
oriented to
• Consists of two numbers one at each end of
runway
• Preceding that number are eight stripes.
34. • By 500 feet is the touchdown zone , identified
by six stripes
• Runway numbers are not given in degrees,
rather in shorthand format
• e.g. a runway with a marking of 14 is actually
140 degrees
• For simplicity FAA rounds off the precise
headings to nearest tens
35. RUNWAY CONFIGURATION
• FAA includes over 20 runway layouts
• Amongst them there are 4 basic runway
patterns :
1. SIMPLE RUNWAY
2. PARALLEL RUNWAY
3. OPEN-V RUNWAYS
4. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
39. INTERSECTING RUNWAYS
Two or more runways that cross each other are classified as
intersecting runways.
This type of runway is used when there are relatively strong
prevailing winds from more than one direction during the
year.
40. FACTORS AFFECTING RUNWAY
ORIENTATION
• WIND
• AIRSPACE AVAILABILITY
• ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
• OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION
• AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL VISIBILITY
• WILD LIFE HAZARDS
• TERRAIN AND SOIL CONSIDERATION
41. RUNWAY LIGHTING
• These lights are used to assist pilot in to
identify the runway
• GREEN THRESHOLD LIGHTS : Line the
runway edge
• RED LIGHTS : Mark the end of runway
• BLUE LIGHTS : Run alongside taxiways
• While runways have YELLOW or WHITE
lights marking their edges
42.
43.
44.
45. RUNWAY SIGNS
• Various kinds of runway signs are also
used for facilitation
• They differ according to their purpose
and action