This document provides information about bricks, including their types, characteristics, classification based on quality, and manufacturing processes. It discusses the different classes of bricks from first to fourth class based on their quality. It also outlines the key properties that good bricks should have, such as uniform color, standard size and shape, fine texture, hardness, strength, and resistance to water absorption and efflorescence. The document explains the traditional and modern methods used to manufacture bricks, including molding and firing processes.
This Presentation is about Distemper Paints and Oil Bound Distempers. Different types of distempers in market with pricing. There also difference between our Triguard WFM/WFG paint, which comes to Matt and Glossy Finish.
Civil Engineering is racing up fast with new innovative building materials being made rapidly. From sealants to for better management of the construction process and efficiency. It also minimizes construction time along with adding durability factor. Usage of these innovative materials has adhesives, from wall solutions to roofing, It is getting environmental friendly as well as technological based with every invention, which is the need of the hour. Innovative building materials are imperative considerably reduced the exploitative use of concrete, wood and other traditional resources
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 5
B.ARCH (REG 2017)
ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS
.
THE FOLLOWING PRESENTATION INCLUDES
.
TERMINOLOGY
HISTORY
COMPOSITION
ARCHITECTURAL PAINTS
WE APPLY PAINT FOR
TYPES OF PAINTS
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
CHARACTERISTICS
TYPES OF FAILURE
CAUSES OF FAILURE
ENAMEL PAINT
DISTEMPER PAINT
PLASTIC EMULSION PAINTS
POLYURETHANE
FIRE RETARDANT PAINTS
LUMINOUS PAINTS
BITUMEN PAINTS
FINISHES IN PAINTS
.
PROPERTIES
USES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
IMAGES
This Presentation is about Distemper Paints and Oil Bound Distempers. Different types of distempers in market with pricing. There also difference between our Triguard WFM/WFG paint, which comes to Matt and Glossy Finish.
Civil Engineering is racing up fast with new innovative building materials being made rapidly. From sealants to for better management of the construction process and efficiency. It also minimizes construction time along with adding durability factor. Usage of these innovative materials has adhesives, from wall solutions to roofing, It is getting environmental friendly as well as technological based with every invention, which is the need of the hour. Innovative building materials are imperative considerably reduced the exploitative use of concrete, wood and other traditional resources
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION 5
B.ARCH (REG 2017)
ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS
.
THE FOLLOWING PRESENTATION INCLUDES
.
TERMINOLOGY
HISTORY
COMPOSITION
ARCHITECTURAL PAINTS
WE APPLY PAINT FOR
TYPES OF PAINTS
CLASSIFICATION OF PAINTS
CHARACTERISTICS
TYPES OF FAILURE
CAUSES OF FAILURE
ENAMEL PAINT
DISTEMPER PAINT
PLASTIC EMULSION PAINTS
POLYURETHANE
FIRE RETARDANT PAINTS
LUMINOUS PAINTS
BITUMEN PAINTS
FINISHES IN PAINTS
.
PROPERTIES
USES
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
IMAGES
the presentation is about types of paints and their properties and their uses in our daily life.it also contains some about how to design your ppt presentation.and how to save it from becoming vague or boring.
paints, types of paint, classification of paints, uses of paints, composition of paints, manufacturing procedure of paints, advantages and disadvantages of different types of paint
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.[6] In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. In Japanese architecture, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental and/or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber.
A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure.
Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.
the presentation is about types of paints and their properties and their uses in our daily life.it also contains some about how to design your ppt presentation.and how to save it from becoming vague or boring.
paints, types of paint, classification of paints, uses of paints, composition of paints, manufacturing procedure of paints, advantages and disadvantages of different types of paint
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.[6] In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. In Japanese architecture, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental and/or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber.
A brick is a block or a single unit of a ceramic material used in masonry construction. Typically bricks are stacked together or laid as brickwork using various kinds of mortar to hold the bricks together and make a permanent structure.
Bricks are typically produced in common or standard sizes in bulk quantities. They have been regarded as one of the longest lasting and strongest building materials used throughout history.
A detailed presentation on the components, parts , types , usage and application of bricks in brick masonry structures useful for civil engineering students
properties,Manufacturing, types and features of bricksZeeshan Afzal
Bricks
Definition of bricks
properties of bricks
types of bricks
features of bricks
How bricks are made
Preparation of brick earth
Moulding of bricks
Drying of bricks
Burning of bricks
PREPARATION OF BRICK EARTH
Removal of loose soil:
About 30 cm depth contains a lot of impurities
like organic matter and hence
it should be taken out and thrown away.
Digging, spreading and cleaning:
The earth is then dug out from the ground.
This earth is spread into heaps
about 50 to 150 cm height.
Weathering:
The earth is then exposed to atmosphere for softening.
The period may be Of
few weeks to a season.
Hand moulding
When moulding is done with hand it is called hand moulding.
A wooden rectangular mould made in the shape of a brick is normally used for this purpose.
Machine moulding
The clay is placed in the machine, it comes out through the opening Under pressure.
It is cut to bricks by steel wires fixed into frames.
These bricks are also called wire cut bricks.
DRYING OF BRICKS
contain 7 to 30 percent moisture, depending upon the
forming method.
most of this water is evaporated in dryer chambers
temperatures about 100 ºF to 400 ºF (38 ºC to 204 ºC).
time, is between 24 to 48 hours.
Heat and humidity must be carefully regulated to avoid cracking in the brick.
BURNING OF BRICKS
INTERMITTENT KILN
Highly inefficient & labor-intensive.
Use coal + scavenged fuels
Most common, most primitive, most polluting
Temporary Structures
High Alumina BricksHigh alumina bricks from 50% up to 90% alumina
Various selected superior grade aggregates to meet the various service conditions of various types of furnaces like laddie, blast furnace, cement and sponge iron rotary kiln.
Concrete Bricks
These bricks have either pale green or gray color.
these are prepared from a small, dry aggregate concrete which is formed in steel molds by using vibration and compaction.
Fire Brick
A Fire brick is a block of ceramic material
used in masonry construction and sized to be layer with one hand using mortar.
bricks may be made from type of material .
these are built primarily to withstand high heat and also find applications in extreme mechanical, chemical, or thermal stresses.
the brick is widely used as refractory insulating bricks for maintaining insistent temperature.
Light Weight Hollow Blocks
This blocks are used in construction of houses in earthquake prone areas.
These bricks are made of fly ash, cement, lime, gypsum, stone dust etc.
available in different sizes.
hollow concrete blocks is used as substitute for conventional bricks or stones used in construction of buildings. and the blocks' importmant feature
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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1. BRICKS
(Types, Characteristics, Classification, Quality Tests)
TEACHER: Madam Rabia
SUBJECT: Engineering Materials
BATCH: 13
BY:LATEEF HYDER WADHO
ROLLNO:K13-CE-19
4/1/2013
2013
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINNERING
ASSIGNMENT No:2
2222212NONO:
MEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
KHAIRPUR MIR’S
2. BRICKS
K13-CE-19 Page 2
BRICKS
Brick is obtained by moulding good clay into a block, which is dried and then burnt. This is the
oldest building block to replace stone. Manufacture of brick started with hand moulding, sun
drying and burning in clamps. A considerable amount of technological development has taken
place with better knowledge about to properties of raw materials, better machinaries and
improved techniques of moulding drying and burning. The size of the bricks are of 90 mm × 90
mm × 90 mm and 190 mm × 90 mm × 40 mm. With mortar joints, the size of these bricks are
taken as 200 mm × 100 mm × 100 mm and 200 mm × 100 mm × 50 mm.
Uses of Bricks
Bricks are used in the following civil works:
(i) As building blocks.
(ii) For lining of ovens, furnaces and chimneys.
(iii) For protecting steel columns from fire.
(iv) As aggregates in providing water proofing to R.C.C. roofs.
(v) For pavers for footpaths and cycle tracks.
(vi) For lining sewer lines.
—————Types of Bricks
—————Properties of Bricks
—————Tests on Bricks
—————Classification of Bricks Based on-their Quality
Classification of Bricks
The bricks usedin constructionareclassified as:
(I) Firstclass bricks
(ii) Secondclass bricks
(iii) Third class bricks
(IV) Fourthclassbricks
(I) First Class Bricks: These bricks are of standard shapeand size. Theyare burnt in kilns. They
fulfill alldesirablepropertiesof bricks.
(ii)Second Class Bricks: These bricks are ground moulded and burnt in kilns. The edgesmay
not besharp and uniform. Thesurface may be some what rough. Such bricks are commonly
used for theconstruction of walls which are going to be plastered.
(iii)Third Class Bricks: These bricks are ground moulded and burnt in clamps. Their edgesare
3. BRICKS
K13-CE-19 Page 3
somewhat distorted.Theyproducedull sound when struck together.Theyare used for
temporaryand unimportant structures.
(IV)Fourth Class Bricks: These are the over burnt bricks. Theyare dark in color.The shapeis
irregular. Theyare used as aggregatesfor concrete in foundations, floors and roads
Properties of bricks
The following are the required properties of good bricks:
(I) Color: Color should be uniform and bright.
(ii) Shape: Bricks should have plane faces. They should have sharp and true right angled
corners.
(iii) Size: Bricks should be of standard sizes as prescribed by codes.
(iv) Texture: They should possess fine, dense and uniform texture. They should not possess
fissures, cavities, loose grit and unburnt lime.
(v) Soundness: When struck with hammer or with another brick, it should produce metallic
sound. (vi) Hardness: Finger scratching should not produce any impression on the brick. (vii)
Strength: Crushing strength of brick should not be less than 3.5 N/mm2. A field test for strength
is that when dropped from a height of 0.9 m to 1.0 mm on a hard ground, the brick should not
break into pieces.
(viii) Water Absorption: After immersing the brick in water for 24 hours, water absorption
should not be more than 20 per cent by weight. For class-I works this limit is 15 per cent.
(ix) Efflorescence: Bricks should not show white patches when soaked in water for 24 hours and
then allowed to dry in shade. White patches are due to the presence of sulphate of calcium,
magnesium and potassium. They keep the masonry permanently in damp and wet conditions.
(x) Thermal Conductivity: Bricks should have low thermal conductivity, so that buildings built
with them are cool in summer and warm in winter.
(xi) Sound Insulation: Heavier bricks are poor insulators of sound while light weight and
hollow bricks provide good sound insulation.
(xii) Fire Resistance:Fire resistance of bricks is usually good. In fact bricks are used to encase
steel columns to protect them from fire.
4. BRICKS
K13-CE-19 Page 4
Methods of manufacture.
Modern clay bricks are formed in one of three processes – soft mud, dry press, or extruded.
Normally, brick contains the following ingredients
Silica (sand) – 50% to 60% by weight
Alumina (clay) – 20% to 30% by weight
Lime – 2 to 5% by weight
Iron oxide – ≤ 7% by weight
Magnesia – less than 1% by weight
Mud bricks
The soft mud method is the most common, as it is the most economical. It starts with
the raw clay, preferably in a mix with 25–30% sand to reduce shrinkage. The clay is
first ground and mixed with water to the desired consistency. The clay is then pressed
into steel moulds with a hydraulic press. The shaped clay is then fired ("burned") at
900–1000 °C to achieve strength.
In modern brickworks, this is usually done in a continuously fired tunnel kiln, in
which the bricks are fired as they move slowly through the kiln on conveyors, rails, or
kiln cars, which achieves a more consistent brick product. The bricks often have lime,
ash, and organic matter added, which accelerates the burning process.
Bull's Trench Kilns
In India, brick making is typically a manual process. The most common type of brick
kiln in use there is the Bull's Trench Kiln (BTK), based on a design developed by
British engineer W. Bull in the late 19th century.
An oval or circular trench is dug, 6–9 metres wide, 2-2.5 metres deep, and 100–150
metres in circumference. A tall exhaust chimney is constructed in the centre. Half or
more of the trench is filled with "green" (unfired) bricks which are stacked in an open
lattice pattern to allow airflow. The lattice is capped with a roofing layer of finished
brick.
.
Dry pressed bricks
The dry press method is similar to the soft mud brick method, but starts with a much
thicker clay mix, so it forms more accurate, sharper-edged bricks. The greater force in
pressing and the longer burn make this method more expensive.
Extruded bricks
For extruded bricks the clay is mixed with 10–15% water (stiff extrusion) or 20–25%
water (soft extrusion). This mixture is forced through a die to create a long cable of
material of the desired width and depth. This mass is then cut into bricks of the desired
length by a wall of wires. Most structural bricks are made by this method as it
5. BRICKS
K13-CE-19 Page 5
produces hard, dense bricks, and suitable dies can produce holes or other perforations
as well. The introduction of such holes reduces the volume of clay needed, and hence
the cost. Hollow bricks are lighter and easier to handle, and have different thermal
properties than solid bricks. The cut bricks are hardened by drying for 20 to 40 hours
at 50 to 150 °C before being fired. The heat for drying is often waste heat from the
kiln.
European-style extruded bricks or blocks are used in single-wall construction with
finishes applied on the inside and outside. Their many voids comprise a greater
proportion of the volume than the solid, thin walls of fired clay. Such bricks are made
in 15-, 25-, 30-, 42- and 50-cm widths. Some models have very high thermal
insulation properties, making them suitable for zero-energy buildings.
Influence on fired colour
The fired colour of clay bricks is influenced by the chemical and mineral content of
the raw materials, the firing temperature, and the atmosphere in the kiln. For example,
pink colored bricks are the result of high iron content, white or yellow bricks have
higher lime content. Most bricks burn to various red hues; as the temperature is
increased the color moves through dark red, purple and then to brown or grey at
around 1,300 °C (2,372 °F). Calcium silicate bricks have a wider range of shades and
colors, depending on the colorants used. The names of bricks may reflect their origin
and color, such as London stock brick and Cambridge shire White.
"Bricks" formed from concrete are usually termed blocks, and are typically pale grey
in color. They are made from a dry, small aggregate concrete which is formed in steel
moulds by vibration and compaction in either an "egg layer" or static machine. The
finished blocks are cured rather than fired using low-pressure steam. Concrete blocks
are manufactured in a much wider range of shapes and sizes than clay bricks and are
also available with a wider range of face treatments – a number of which simulate the
appearance of clay bricks.
An impervious and ornamental surface may be laid on brick either by salt glazing, in
which salt is added during the burning process, or by the use of a "slip," which is a
glaze material into which the bricks are dipped. Subsequent reheating in the kiln fuses
the slip into a glazed surface integral with the brick base.
Natural stone bricks are of limited modern utility due to their enormous comparative
mass, the consequent foundation needs, and the time-consuming and skilled labor
needed in their construction and laying. They are very durable and considered more
handsome than clay bricks by some. Only a few stones are suitable for bricks.
Common materials are granite, limestone and sandstone. Other stones may be used
(for example, marble, slate, quartzite, and so on) but these tend to be limited to a
particular locality.
Optimal dimensions, characteristics, and strength
6. BRICKS
K13-CE-19 Page 6
For efficient handling and laying, bricks must be small enough and light enough to be
picked up by the bricklayer using one hand (leaving the other hand free for the trowel).
Bricks are usually laid flat and as a result the effective limit on the width of a brick is
set by the distance which can conveniently be spanned between the thumb and fingers
of one hand, normally about four inches (about 100 mm). In most cases, the length of a
brick is about twice its width, about eight inches (about 200 mm) or slightly more.
This allows bricks to be laid bonded in a structure which increases stability and
strength (for an example, see the illustration of bricks laid in English bond, at the head
of this article). The wall is built using alternating courses of stretchers, bricks laid
longways, and headers, bricks laid crossways. The headers tie the wall together over
its width. In fact, this wall is built in a variation of English bond called English cross
bond where the successive layers of stretchers are displaced horizontally from each
other by half a brick length. In true English bond the perpendicular lines of the
stretcher courses are in line with each other.
A bigger brick makes for a thicker (and thus more insulating) wall. Historically, this
meant that bigger bricks were necessary in colder climates (see for instance the
slightly larger size of the Russian brick in table below), while a smaller brick was
adequate, and more economical, in warmer regions. A notable illustration of this
correlation is the Green Gate in Gdansk; built in 1571 of imported Dutch brick, too
small for the colder climate of Gdansk, it was notorious for being a chilly and drafty
residence. Nowadays this is no longer an issue, as modern walls typically incorporate
specialized insulation materials.
The correct brick for a job can be selected from a choice of colour, surface texture,
density, weight, absorption and pore structure, thermal characteristics, thermal and
moisture movement, and fire resistance.
Different Forms of Bricks
Bricks may be broadly classified as:
(I) Building bricks
(ii) Paving bricks
(iii) Fire bricks
(iv) Special bricks.
(i) Building Bricks: These bricks are used for the construction of walls.
7. BRICKS
K13-CE-19 Page 7
(ii) Paving Bricks: These are vitrified bricks and are used as pavers.
(iii) Fire Bricks: These bricks are specially made to withstand furnace temperature. Silica bricks
belong to this category.
(iv) Special Bricks: These bricks are different from the commonly used building bricks with
respect to their shape and the purpose for which they are made. Some of such bricks are listed
below:
(a) Specially shaped bricks
(b) Facing bricks
(c) Perforated building bricks
(d) Burnt clay hollow bricks
(e) Sewer bricks
( f ) Acid resistant bricks.
(a) Specially Shaped Bricks: Bricks of special shapes are manufactured to meet the
requirements of different situations. Some of them are shown in
Fig. (b) Facing Bricks: These bricks
are used in the outer face of masonry. Once these bricks are provided, plastering is not required.
The standard size of these bricks are 190 × 90 × 90 mm or 190 × 90 × 40 mm.
(c) Perforated Building Bricks: These bricks are manufactured with area of perforation of 30 to
45 per cent. The area of each perforation should not exceed 500 mm2. The perforation should be
uniformly distributed over the surface. They are manufactured in the size 190 × 190 × 90 mm
and 290 × 90 × 90 mm.
(d) Burn’t Clay Hollow Bricks: Figure shows a burnt clay hollow brick. They are light in
weight. They are used for the construction of partition walls. They provide good
thermal insulation to buildings. They are manufactured in the sizes 190 × 190 × 90 mm, 290 × 90
8. BRICKS
K13-CE-19 Page 8
× 90 mm and 290 × 140 × 90 mm. The thickness of any shell should not be less than 11 mm and
that of any web not less than 8 mm.
(e) Sewer Bricks: These bricks are used for the construction of sewage lines. They
are manufactured from surface clay, fire clay shale or with the combination of these. They are
manufactured in the sizes 190 × 90 × 90 mm and 190 × 90 × 40 mm. The average strength of
these bricks should be a minimum of 17.5 N/mm2 . The water absorption should not be more
than 10 per cent.
( f ) Acid Resistant Bricks: These bricks are used for floorings likely to be subjected to
acid attacks, lining of chambers in chemical plants, lining of sewers carrying industrial
wastes etc. These bricks are made of clay or shale of suitable composition with low lime and iron
content, flint or sand and vitrified at high temperature in a ceramic kiln.
Test Of Bricks
The following laboratory tests may be conducted on the bricks to find their suitability:
(i) Crushing strength
(ii) Absorption
(iii) Shape and size and
(iv) Efflorescence.
(i) Crushing Strength: The brick specimen are immersed in water for 24 hours. The frog of
the brick is filled flush with 1:3 cement mortar and the specimen is stored in damp jute bag for
24 hours and then immersed in clean water for 24 hours. The specimen is placed in compression
testing machine with 6 mm plywood on top and bottom of it to get uniform load on the
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K13-CE-19 Page 9
specimen. Then load is applied axially at a uniform rate of 14 N/mm2 . The crushing load is
noted. Then the crushing strength is the ratio of crushing load to the area of brick loaded.
Average of five specimen is taken as the crushing strength.
(ii) Absorption Test: Brick specimen are weighed dry. Then they are immersed in water for
a period of 24 hours. The specimen are taken out and wiped with cloth. The weight of each
specimen in wet condition is determined. The difference in weight indicate the water absorbed.
Then the percentage absorption is the ratio of water absorbed to dry weight multiplied by 100.
The average of five specimen is taken. This value should not exceed 20 per cent. sharp edges. To
check it, 20 bricks are selected at random and they are stacked along the length, along the width
and then along the height. For the standard bricks of size 190 mm × 90 mm × 90 mm. IS code
permits the following limits: Lengthwise: 3680 to 3920 mm Widthwise: 1740 to 1860 mm
Heightwise: 1740 to 1860 mm. The following field tests help in acertaining the good quality
bricks:
(i) uniformity in size
(ii) uniformity in colour
(iii) structure
(iv) hardness test
(v) sound test
(vi) strength test.
(i) Uniformity in Size: A good brick should have rectangular plane surface and uniform in size.
This check is made in the field by observation. (ii) Uniformity in Colour: A good brick will be
having uniform colour throughout. This observation may be made before purchasing the brick.
(iii) Structure: A few bricks may be broken in the field and their cross-section observed. The
section should be homogeneous, compact and free from defects such as holes and lumps.
(iv) Sound Test: If two bricks are struck with each other they should produce clear ringing
sound. The sound should not be dull.
(v) Hardness Test: For this a simple field test is scratch the brick with nail. If no impression is
marked on the surface, the brick is sufficiently hard
(vi) Efflorescense: The presence of alkalies in brick is not desirable because they form patches
of gray powder by absorbing moisture. Hence to determine the presence of alkalies this test is
performed as explained below: Place the brick specimen in a glass dish containing water to a
depth of 25 mm in a well ventilated room. After all the water is absorbed or evaporated again
add water for a depth of 25 mm. After second evaporation observe the bricks for white/grey
patches. The observation is reported as ‘nil’, ‘slight’, ‘moderate’, ‘heavy’ or serious to mean
(a) Nil: No patches
(b) Slight: 10% of area covered with deposits
(c) Moderate: 10 to 50% area covered with deposit but unaccompanied by flaking of the surface.
(d) Heavy: More than 50 per cent area covered with deposits but unaccompanied by flaking of
the surface.
(e) Serious: Heavy deposits of salt accompanied by flaking of the surface.