This document provides an overview of foundations, including shallow and deep foundations. It discusses various types of shallow foundations such as spread footings and slab on grade. For deep foundations, it describes piles, piers, caissons/wells and different pile types classified by function and material. Pile installation methods like impact and vibratory driving are also summarized. The document provides a high-level view of foundation types and considerations for different soil and loading conditions.

1. FOUNDATION

2. FOUNDATION
A foundation is the lowest and supporting layer of a structure.
Foundations are generally divided into two categories:
 shallow foundation
According to terzaghi , a
Deep foundation
foundation is shallow if its
depth is equal to or less
than its width. In case of
deep foundation the
depth is equal to or
greater than its width

3. SHALLOW FOUNDATION
There are a variety of shallow foundation types used in the construction of
foundations.
 Columns
Combined or Cantilevered
Mat
Floating
Wall (strip)
Spread Footings
Slab on grade
Basement
crawl space

4. DEEP FOUNDATION

5. DEEP FOUNDATION
Deep foundation are those foundation in which the depth of the foundation is
very large in comparison to its width.
Types of deep foundation
Deep strip,rectangular and square footing.
Pile foundation.
Pier foundation or drilled caissan foundation.
Well foundation or caissan.
Cassion or well foundation
Piles foundation
Pier foundatuon

6. PILE FOUNDATION
TYPES OF PILES
piles may be classified as follows :
classification based on function
classification based on material
and composition.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON FUNCTION :
based on the function or the use piles may be classified:
end bearing pile ( they are used transfer load through water or soft soil to
suitable bearing stratum.)
friction piles
compaction piles
tension or uplift piles
anchor piles
 fender piles
 sheet piles

7. END BEARING PILES
If the loads is transferred through soft soil
or water to a suitable bearing stratum by
means of end bearing piles it is known as
end bearing piles and point piles
END BEARING PILES
FRICTION PILES
If the loads is transferred to a depth of
the relatively weak soil by meansof
friction along the length of the piles it
is known as friction piles.
FRICATION PILES

8. COMPACTION PILES
Piles are also used for compacting loose granular deposite these piles are
short and are as known as compaction piles
TENSION PILES
Sometimes piles are used to resist upward forces these piles are
subjected to tension are known as tension piles
BATTER PILESist
In case of large lateral loads or inclined forces,piles driven at an angle
resist forces effectively these are called batter piles

9. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON MATERIAL S AND COMPOSITION
concrete piles
 pre – cast
cast in situ


driven piles (uncased or cased )
bored piles (pressure piles,underReamed piles.
timber piles
steel piles
 h pile
pipe pile
sheet pile
compositie piles
concrete and timber
concrete and steel
Cased piles
Pre-casst piles
uncased piles

10. PRE CAST CONCRETE PILES
CAST IN PLACE PILES
These are made by making a hole in the ground and filing it with
concrete
CASED PILES
UNCASED PILES
CASED PILES
In cased piles , a thin metal shell or casing is first driven in the ground
which is then filled with concrete .
UNCASED PILES
In uncased piles , a metal casing is first driven in the ground ,which is
gradually withdrawn as the concreting is done
UNDER-REAMED PILES
These piles are most commonly used where excessive shrinkage andd swelling of
clays out the use of shallow spread footing. The usual size of under –reamed piles
is 150-250mm dia and 3000-4000mm long. The dia of the under –reamed portion is
2 to3 times the dia of the shaft.

11. TYPES OF PILES
Friction piles
-
MINIMUM PILE SPACING
( centre to centre distance)
3d where d is the diameter of circumscr
- bing circle for non –circular section
or 900mm which ever is more
 end –bearing piles
passing though relatively compressible
Strata
2.5d or 750mm whichever is more
End bearing piles passing through
compressible strata and resting in stiff -3.5d or 1050mm which ever is more
Clay
 end bearing piles on rock
- 2d or 1.75x diagonal dim of pile of noncircular
sect ion or 600mm whichever is more
Compaction piles
- 2d or 600 mm whichever is more

12. TYPES OF PILE CHOSEN DEPENDS
ON FOLLOWING FACTORS:
What type of pile is readily available
Location & type of structure (magnitude of loading)
Ground Condition (soil type)
Cost
Durability

13. TYPES OF PILE CONSTRUCTION
Displacement Pile
- It cause the soil to be displaced radially as well as vertically as
pile shaft is driven or jacked into the ground.
Non Displacement Piles
- It cause the soil to be removed and the resulting hole filled with
concrete or a pre cast concrete pile is dropped into the hole and
grouted in.
DISPLACEMENT PILE METHOD
NON -DISPLACEMENT PILE METHOD

14. PIERS
 It’s a vertical bridge support.
 It’s a foundation for carrying a heavy
 structural load which is constructed in site
in a deep excavation.

15. CONSTRUCTING THE PIERS FRAMINGConstructing
POST FOOTING AND DETAILS

16. RAMP IS INSTALLED
FLOOR DECKING INSTALLATION
RAMP IS BOLTED
COMPLETE PIERS FRAMES

17. WELL CASSIONS
It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.
 It is sunk into the ground to some desired depth and then filled
with concrete thus forming a foundation.
 Most often used in the construction of bridge piers & other
structures that require foundation beneath rivers & other bodies of
water.

18. TYPES OF WELL FOUNDATION OR CASSION
 Box Caissons
 Excavated Caissons
 Floating Caissons
 Open Caissons
 Pneumatic Caissons
 Sheeted Caissons

19. Caisson As One Of The Elements In This Structure

20. PILES MATERIALS
Wood Pile
 Steel H-Pile
 Steel Pipe Pile
 Site cased pile
 Precast Concrete Pile
 Composite Piles (Wood & Steel)

21. WOOD PILING
SHEET –H- PILING
MONOTUBES PILES
STEEL PIPE PILES

22. METHOD OF INSTALLATION




Dropping Weight or Drop Hammers
commonly used method of insertion of displacement piles
Diesel Hammers
Most suitable to drive pile in non cohesive granular soil
Vibratory Hammers or vibratory method of pile driving
very effective in driving piles through non cohesive granular soil
Jacking Method Of Insertion

23. Diesel Hammer
Rapid controlled explosions can be produced by the diesel hammer.
The explosions raise a ram which is used to drive the pile into the ground.
Although the ram is smaller than the weight used in the drop hammer the
increased frequency of the blows can make up for this inefficiency.
 This type of hammer is most suitable for driving piles through non-cohesive
granular soils where the majority of the resistance is from end bearing.
Vibratory Method of Pile Driving
Vibratory methods can prove to be very effective in driving piles through non
cohesive granular soils.
The vibration of the pile excites the soil grains adjacent to the pile making the soil
almost free flowing thus significantly reducing friction along the pile shaft.
However the large energy resulting from the vibrations can damage equipment,
noise and vibration propagation can also result in the settlement of nearby buildings.

24. Pile Driving Rig - raise and temporarily
support the pile that being driven and to
support the pile hammer.

25. Dropping Weight / Drop Hammers


A weight approximately half that of the pile is raised a suitable distance in a
guide and released to strike the pile head.
When driving a hollow pile tube the weight usually acts on a plug at the
bottom of the pile thus reducing any excess stresses along the length of the
tube during insertion.

26. Jacking Method Of Insertion
 Jacked Piles are most commonly used in underpinning structures
 By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of pile can be
inserted and jacked into the ground using the underside of the existing
structure as a reaction.

27. BIBLOGRAPHY
DR .B.C PUNMIA
BARRY
INTERNET
S N SINHA

28. THANK YOU