This document discusses deep foundation types used in construction. It provides details on pile foundations, well foundations, and caisson foundations. For pile foundations, it describes different pile types including end bearing piles, skin friction piles, anchor piles, compaction piles, driven piles, and auger cast piles. It also discusses advantages and disadvantages of different deep foundation methods like drilled pier foundations, augered piles, driven concrete piles, and driven wooden piles.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
General Information of Retaining Walls about its type, design and functionality; This file does not comprise of detail study of the Retaining Walls but for a startup it may help students!!!
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Classification of Building Based on Structure:-
Design Loads
A Building can be broadly divided into two parts;
1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit load to ground<foundation>)
2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level)
Building components can be summarized as;
•Foundations
•Plinth
•Walls
•Columns & Beams
•Floors
•Doors & Windows (Openings)
•Stairs & Lifts
•Roof
•Lintels and Arches
Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
General Information of Retaining Walls about its type, design and functionality; This file does not comprise of detail study of the Retaining Walls but for a startup it may help students!!!
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING BASED ON OCCUPANCY
Classification of Building Based on Structure:-
Design Loads
A Building can be broadly divided into two parts;
1. Sub-structure (portion below ground, transmit load to ground<foundation>)
2. Super-structure (portion above Plinth level)
Building components can be summarized as;
•Foundations
•Plinth
•Walls
•Columns & Beams
•Floors
•Doors & Windows (Openings)
•Stairs & Lifts
•Roof
•Lintels and Arches
Symbols For civil engineering Materials & items
moladi Building Department
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There is a misconception in Caribbean that modular homes look too much alike. Prefabricated concrete modular homes have no design limitations and are custom made to owner's requirements and needs. Any architectural style that you desire can be constructed. Good architects do much more than design plus looks, they are also responsible for the functional design of the home as well. DRM Investments has the expertise to blend the forms and functions & execute the plans to perfection anywhere in the Caribbean subcontinent.
For more details you can also read our Slideshare presentation at: http://www.slideshare.net/DRMinv
A group effort where I took the lead in design and composition, and edited the final presentation. The presentation was divided in to three areas, my primary contribution was Schedule/Tasks and Resource Requirements.
Pile foundation are essential in case where SBC is low or the load coming from superstructure is too heavy,
Topics covered includes Materials used for making piles, Type of piles, load transfer mechanism, factors affecting selection of piles, Installation methods, load carrying capacity of piles, different load tests performed and the behavior of piles as a group.
A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. ... Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
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4. DDEEFFIINNIITTIIOONN
If the depth of a foundation is greater than its
width, the foundation is known as deep
foundation.
In deep foundation the depth to width ratio is
usually greater than 4 to 5.
Deep foundations as compare to Shallow
foundations distribute the load of the super structure
vertically rather than laterally.
Deep foundations are provided when the expected loads
from superstructure cannot be supported on shallow
foundations.
6. WWHHEENN IITT IISS UUSSEEDD??
In cases where
The strata of good bearing capacity is not available
near the ground
The space is restricted to allow for spread footings
In these cases the foundation of the structure has
to be taken deep with the purpose of attaining a
bearing stratum which is suitable and which
ensures stability and durability of a structure.
The bearing stratum is not the only case. There
may be many other cases. For example, the
foundation for a bridge pier must be placed below
the scour depth, although suitable bearing stratum
may exist at a higher level.
7. TTYYPPEESS OOFF DDEEEEPP FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONN
Deep foundation is classified into following types:
• Pile foundation
• Well foundation
• Caisson foundation
8. PPiillee FFoouunnddaattiioonnss
Pile foundations are the part of a structure used to carry
and transfer the load of the structure to the bearing ground
located at some depth below ground surface.
The main components of the foundation
1. The piles 2. The pile caps
9. CCOONNTT’’DD
Piles are long and slender
members which transfer the
load to deeper soil or rock
of high bearing capacity
avoiding shallow soil of
low bearing capacity.
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to
the piles.
10. PPiillee FFoouunnddaattiioonnss
Where Used :
stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater
depth
steep slopes are encountered
Compressible soil or water-logged soil or soil of
made-up type
Examples: Piles are used for foundation for buildings,
trestle-bridges and water front installations (piers, docks
etc ).
11. TTyyppeess ooff PPiilleess BBaasseedd oonn FFuunnccttiioonn
Classification based on Function or Use
1. End Bearing Piles
2. Skin Friction Piles
3. Compaction Piles
4. Driven Piles
5. Auger cast Piles
12. TTyyppeess ooff PPiilleess (ccoonntt’’dd)
End Bearing Piles
Driven into the ground until
a hard stratum is reached.
Acts as pillars supporting
the super-structure and
transmitting the load to the
ground.
Piles, by themselves do not
support the load, rather
acts as a medium to
transmit the load from the
foundation to the resisting
sub-stratum.
13. TTyyppeess ooff PPiilleess (ccoonntt’’dd)
Skin Friction Piles (Floating Piles)
Piles are driven at a site where soil is
weak or soft to a considerable depth
and it is not economical or rather
possible to rest the bottom end of the
pile on the hard stratum,
Load is carried by the friction
developed between the sides of the
pile and the surrounding ground
( skin friction).
The piles are driven up to such a
depth that skin friction developed at
the sides of the piles equals the load
coming on the piles.
The load carrying capacity of friction
pile can be increased by-
increasing diameter of the pile
driving the pile for larger depth
grouping of piles
making surface of the pile rough
14. TTyyppeess ooff PPiilleess ((ccoonntt’’dd))
Anchor Piles
Piles are used to provide anchorage against horizontal
pull from sheet piling wall or other pulling forces.
Compaction piles:
When piles are driven in granular soil with the aim of
increasing the bearing capacity of the soil, the piles are
termed as compaction piles.
15. TTyyppeess ooff PPiilleess ((ccoonntt’’dd))
Driven piles:
Driven piles are deep
foundation elements
driven to a design depth.
If penetration of dense soil
is required, pre drilling
may be required for the
pile to penetrate to the
design depth. Types
include timber, pre-cast
concrete, steel H-piles,
and pipe piles.
16. TTyyppeess ooff PPiilleess ((ccoonntt’’dd))
• Auger cast piles
Auger cast piles, are deep
foundation elements that are
cast-in-place, using a hollow
stem auger with continuous
flights. The auger is then
slowly extracted, removing
the drilled soil/rock..
Reinforcing steel is then
lowered into the wet concrete
or grout. The auger is drilled
into the soil or rock to design
depth. The technique has
been used to support
buildings, tanks, towers and
bridges.
17. WWeellll ffoouunnddaattiioonnss
Well foundations are
being used in India
from very early
days.
Taj Mahal was
built on such
foundations. Wells
are also type of
deep foundations.
The main difference
between a well and
a pile foundation is
that, while a pile is
flexible like a beam
under horizontal
loads, the well
undergoes rigid
body movement
under such loads.
18. TTyyppeess ooff WWeellll
FFoouunnddaattiioonn
Wells have different
shapes and accordingly
they are named as
• Circular Wells
• Dumb bell
• Double-D Wells
• Double Octagonal Well
s
• Single and Double
Rectangular Wells
• Multiple Dredged
Holed Wells
19. LLOOAADDSS FFOORR WWEELLLL FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONN
DDEESSIIGGNN
The following loads are considered
for the analysis and design of well
foundation:
1.Dead load
2.Live load
3.Buoyancy
4.Wind load
5.Horizontal force due to water
current
6.Centrifugal forces
7.Longitudinal forces
8.Seismic forces
9.Horizontal shear forces at
bearings due to longitudinal forces
and seismic forces
10.Forces due to tilt and shift.
20. TTYYPPEESS OOFF FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONN
CCaaiissssoonnss
Caisson foundation is also
known as pier foundation.
Caisson is a cylinder or hollow
box that is sunk into the
ground to a specified depth by
auguring a deep hole into the
strata. The cylinder or box is
then back filled with concrete,
thus creating the foundation.
This type of foundation is
most often used when
constructing bridge piers and
other such foundations that
will be beneath bodies of
water since the caissons can
be floated to the correct
locations and then sunk in
place using concrete.
21. WWhhyy TToo UUssee aa CCaaiissssoonn FFoouunnddaattiioonn
This type of foundation will keep the soils
underneath the building or structure from
moving vertically. Since soil will settle over
time, the building or structure on top of the soil
will also settle. This can cause major structural
damage. Since a caisson foundation is drilled
into the earth and large concrete t filled
cylinders are placed within the ground rather
than on top, the settlement of the soil will not
cause many difficulties for the building or
structure.
22. TTyyppeess ooff CCaaiissssoonnss
• Box caissons are
watertight boxes that
are constructed of
heavy timbers and
open at the top. They
are generally floated to
the appropriate
location and then sunk
into place with a
masonry pier within it.
• Excavated caissons are
just as the name
suggests, caissons that
are placed within an
excavated site. These
are usually cylindrical
in shape and then back
filled with concrete.
23. TTyyppeess ooff CCaaiissssoonnss ((ccoonntt’’dd))
• Floating caissons are
also known as floating
docks and are
prefabricated boxes
that have cylindrical
cavities.
• Open caissons are
small cofferdams that
are placed and then
pumped dry and filled
with concrete. These
are generally used in
the formation of a
pier.
• Pneumatic caissons
are large watertight
boxes or cylinders that
are mainly used for
under water
25. Careful study of loads to be transmitted
from columns of super structure and soil
profile.
OObbjjeeccttiivvee ::
o To identify type of pile
o To determine load carrying capacity
of individual pile
Only one type of pile below different
columns
For large projects two or three sizes may
be adopted
26. Study soil profile
Look for strong bearing layer
IF STRONG BEARING LAYER IS FOUND
Locate pile tip, a few meters, in
Pile becomes ‘end bearing pile’
Easy to conduct settlement analysis
11. IIDDEENNTTIIFFYYIINNGG SSTTRROONNGG
BBEEAARRIINNGG LLAAYYEERR FFOORR LLOOCCAATTIINNGG
TTHHEE PPIILLEE TTIIPP
27. IF NO STRONG BEARING LAYER IS
FOUND
Pile should be friction pile.
Pile derives its capacity from both, end
bearing & friction.
Select two pile lengths as deep as
possible.
28. Choice of pile depends on
Length
Width
Material ( concrete, steel, wood)
Cross-section (square, circular, tubular)
Installation procedure (driven, bored)
Feasibility of construction
Feasibility of noise and vibration
22.. SSEELLEECCTTIIOONN OOFF PPIILLEE
29. LENGTH :
Usually 10 – 30 m
Offshore application 70 – 100 m
WIDTH/DIAMETERS :
Usually 0.3 – 0.75 m
Drilled piles 1 – 2.5 m
Micropiles 0.15 m
33.. RRAANNGGEE OOFF PPIILLEE LLEENNGGTTHH &&
DDIIAAMMEETTEERRSS
30. Pile type – selected
Range of dimensions – chosen
Estimate the axial capacity
One of the procedures is ‘PPiillee LLooaadd TTeesstt’
4. AXIAL CCAAPPAACCIITTYY AANNAALLYYSSIISS
31. For piles, not resting on strong bearing
capacity, settlement analysis is
conducted.
55.. SSEETTTTLLEEMMEENNTT AANNAALLYYSSIISS
32. Presented in tabular form.
In selecting from the options available, two
factors are given :
Large sized but fewer number of piles,
hence installation time is less.
3 piles (min. number) can support only
lightly loaded columns, for heavier loads,
increase the pile group.
66.. RREESSUULLTTSS &&
RREECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONNSS
33.
34. AADDVVAANNTTAAGGEESS OOFF DDIIFFFFEERREENNTT
MMEETTHHOODDSS OOFF DDEEEEPP FFOOUUNNDDAATTIIOONN
DRILLED PIER FOUNDATIONS
Advantages
1.Pier of any length and size can be constructed at
the site
2. Construction equipment is normally mobile and
construction can proceed rapidly
3. Inspection of drilled holes is possible because of
the larger diameter of the shafts
4.The drilled pier is applicable to a wide variety of soil
conditions
5.Changes can be made in the design criteria during
the progress of a job
7.Ground vibration that is normally associated with
driven piles is absent in drilled pier construction
8.Bearing capacity can be increased.
35. DDiissaaddvvaannttaaggeess
1. Installation of drilled piers needs a
careful supervision and quality control of all
the materials used in the construction
2. The method is cumbersome. It needs
sufficient storage space for all the
materials used in the construction.
36. AAuuggeerreedd PPiilleess
Advantages……
1.Limited risk of damage to adjacent foundations or underground
utilities from ground displacement or densification of loose sands,
as can occur with displacement piles.
2.CFA piles can be installed with little vibrations or noise.
3.Should problems occur during pile construction, it is relatively
simple to re–drill and install the pile at the same location, thereby
eliminating the need to redesign the pile group or the pile caps.
4.A reliable flow meter can be used to monitor and record
penetration / uplift per revolution, auger depth, concrete supply
per increment of auger uplift during placing, and injection pressure
at the auger head.
.
37. DDiissaaddvvaannttaaggee
1.If the appropriate installation procedures are not followed exactly
the pile formed may be of poor and/or inconsistent quality and
load carrying capacity.
2.The most critical factor for the CFA system is still its reliance on
operator performance, which may result in a pile of poor quality
and reduced load carrying capacity. Thus, it is vitally important
that experienced personnel install the piles.
3.To ensure success it is vital to give due care to every stage of
the field installation procedure, including drilling of the hole,
casting of the shaft, extraction of the auger and the placement of
the reinforcement.
38. DDrriivveenn ccoonnccrreettee ppiillee
ADVANTAGES……..
1.Driven concrete pile foundations are applicable
under most ground conditions.
2.Concrete piles are usually inexpensive compared
with other types of deep foundations.
3.The procedure of pile installation is
straightforward; piles can be produced in mass
production either on site or in a manufacture
factory, and the cost for materials is usually much
less than steel piles.
4.Proxy coating can be applied to reduce negative
skin friction along the pile.
5.Pile driving can densify loose sand and reduce
liquefaction potential within a range of up to three
diameters surrounding the pile.
39. DDIISSAADDVVAANNTTAAGGEESS…………
1.Pile driving produces noise pollution and causes
disturbance to the adjacent structures.
2. Driving of concrete piles also requires large
overhead space.
3.Piles may break during driving and impose a
safety hazard.
4.Piles that break underground cannot take their
design loads, and will cause damage to the
structures if the broken pile is not detected and
replaced.
5. End-bearing capacity of a pile is not reliable if
the end of a pile is smashed.
40. DDRRIIVVEENN WWOOOODDEENN PPIILLEE
ADVANTAGES……
1.The piles are easy to handle
2.Relatively inexpensive where
timber is plentiful.
3.Sections can be joined together
and excess length easily
removed.
41. DISADVANTAGES
1.The piles will rot above the ground water level. Have a limited
bearing capacity.
2.Can easily be damaged during driving by stones and boulders.
3.The piles are difficult to splice and are attacked by marine
borers in salt water.
42. DDRRIILLLLEEDD SSHHAAFFTT MMEETTHHOODD
ADVANTAGES…….
1.The length and size of the foundations can be
tailored easily.
2. Disturbance to the nearby structures is small
compared with other types of deep foundations.
3.Drilled shafts can be constructed very close to
existing structures and can be constructed
under low overhead conditions. Therefore,
4. drilled shafts are often used in many seismic
retrofit projects.
43. DDIISSAADDVVAANNTTAAGGEESS
1. Drilled shafts may be difficult to install
under certain ground conditions such as soft
soil, loose sand, sand under water, and soils
with boulders.
2. Drilled shafts will generate a large volume of
soil cuttings and fluid and can be a mess.
Disposal of the cuttings is usually a concern
for sites with contaminated soils.
3. Drilled shaft foundations are usually
comparable with or more expensive than
driven piles.