This document discusses different types of shallow foundations used in civil engineering. It describes shallow foundations as those placed immediately below the superstructure to distribute structural loads over a wide, shallow area below ground level. The main types discussed are spread footings, combined footings, mat/raft foundations, and grillage footings. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls, and can be wall, reinforced concrete, inverted arch, or column footings. Combined and mat foundations are used when columns are close together or loads are large.

1. JIS College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
Prepared by:-
BISHAL SARKAR
ROLL NO:-140308128
REG NO:-141230120044
DEPEARTMENT:-CIVIL ENGINEERING (3RD YEAR)
6th Semester 2016/2017

2. Foundation is the
lowest part of a
super‐structure and
transmit the loads
(live load, wind
load) on the
structure including
the dead weight of
the structure
transmit to the soil
below.

3.  Types of Foundation:
 Foundation can be broadly classified into two
types :
1. Deep Foundations
2. Shallow Foundations

4.  Foundation is placed immediately lowest part of the
super structure, is termed as Shallow foundation:
 Why we use shallow foundation?
 To distribute the structural loads over a wide horizontal
area at a shallow depth below the ground level.

5. TYPES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
 The various types of shallow foundations are :
 Spread footing
 Combined footing
 Mat or Raft foundation.
 Grillage footing
 Eccentrically loaded footing

6. SPREAD FOOTINGS
 Spread footings are
structural members
used to support
columns and walls
and to transmit and
distribute their loads
to the soil.

7. SPREAD FOOTING
 Types of spread footing
 Wall footings
 Reinforced concrete
footings
 Inverted arch footing
 Column footings

8. WALL FOOTING
 Why Wall Footing?
 Support walls that may be
either bearing or
nonbearing walls.
 Commonly required to
support direct concentric
loads.

9. WALL FOOTING
Why Wall Footing?
Footings carry relatively light
loads on well drained cohesive
soil.
A wall footing under
concentric load behaves
similarly to a cantilever beam.
Used in low rise buildings.

10. REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING

11. REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING
Why Reinforced concrete
footing?
Relatively heavy loading than
wall footing.
Bearing capacity of the soil is
low.

12. REINFORCED CONCRETE FOOTING
 In a reinforced concrete wall
footing, the behavior is
identical to that of wall
footing.
 Reinforcing steel is placed in
the bottom of the footing in a
direction perpendicular to
the wall like a reinforced
concrete beam or slab.

14. INVERTED ARCH FOOTING
 When a wall is composed
of isolated piers, it is well
to combine all their
footings into one, and to
step the piers down .

16.  WHY COLUMN FOOTINGS?
 This is one of the most
economical types of footings.
 Used when columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.

17. COLUMN FOOTINGS
 WHY COLUMN FOOTINGS?
 Low bending strength.
 When bearing capacity of soil is good.
 Carry heavy loads.
 Used to support single columns.
 To distribute the load uniformly.

18. COLUMN FOOTINGS
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COLUMN
FOOTINGS
 Constructed with brick, stone or plane
concrete.
 Circular, rectangular or square in plan.

19. COMBINED FOOTINGS
 Usually support two
columns, or three columns
not in a row.
 Combined footings are
used when tow columns
are so close that single
footings cannot be used
or when one column is
located at or near a
property line.

20. COMBINED FOOTINGS WHY COMBINED
FOOTINGS?
 When two columns are close
together, causing overlap of adjacent
isolated footings.
 When soil bearing capacity is low,
causing overlap of adjacent isolated
footings.

21. GRILLAGE FOUNDATIONS
 Grillage foundations consist of a number of
layers of beams usually laid at right angles to
each other and used to disperse heavy point
loads from the superstructure to an
acceptable ground bearing pressure.

22. RAFT FOUNDATION
 Foundation which consists of thick reinforced
concrete slab covering the entire area of the bottom
of the structure like a floor. This foundation was
invented by John Root at Chicago in 19th century.

23.  Why Raft Foundation?
 Base soil has low bearing
capacity or the column loads are
so large that more than 50% of
the area is covered by
conventional spread footings.
 Resist unequal settlement due to
earthquake.
 Quickness of the construction
work
RAFT FOUNDATION

24. LIMITATIONS OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 A huge amount of earthwork is to be done in Mat
foundation.
 If the shoring system can not resist the pressure of outside
land, then the structure surrounding the area may be
damaged by deflection of soil.
 Ground water may come out when the earthwork is done.
 Limited to dealing with point loads. foundation

25. ADVANTAGES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 It is a quick process compared to others in the
construction work.
 This type of foundation is also economically
cheaper than any other foundations.
 Though there are some limitations in mat
foundation still it is economical in some cases.

26. ADVANTAGES OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
 It can resist ground water absorption.
 The damage due to earthquake is lesser than any other type
of foundation.
 It consists of a reinforced concrete slab which is more
thicker than footing foundation.
 It prevents unequal settlements.