Deep foundations are foundations that extend far below the surface due to poor subsurface soil conditions that prevent the use of shallow foundations. The three most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, caisson foundations, and drilled shaft foundations. Pile foundations transfer structural loads to the ground by end bearing on a hard layer of soil or bedrock and through friction along the pile's surface. Pile types include precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, composite, and timber. Caisson foundations are constructed by sinking large reinforced concrete boxes or cylinders into the ground. Drilled shafts are constructed by drilling a hole into the ground and filling it with reinforced concrete. Deep foundations are necessary when suitable bearing soil is located at depth
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About foundation and its Types
1. Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
2. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line.
3. The foundations of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater area.
4. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the exterior wall.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely. Generally, the foundation can be classified into two, namely shallow foundation and deep foundation.
house foundation types
foundation types for building
raised foundation types
small building foundation types
types of building foundations pdf
commercial building foundation types
home building foundation types
how to build a house foundation
types of foundations in construction
types of house foundations
how to build a foundation
About foundation and its Types
1. Foundation, Part of a structural system that supports and anchors the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to the earth.
2. To prevent damage from repeated freeze-thaw cycles, the bottom of the foundation must be below the frost line.
3. The foundations of low-rise residential buildings are nearly all supported on spread footings, wide bases (usually of concrete) that support walls or piers and distribute the load over a greater area.
4. A concrete grade beam supported by isolated footings, piers, or piles may be placed at ground level, especially in a building without a basement, to support the exterior wall.
Pile foundation is important for construction of foundation where bearing capacity of soil is poor. Pile foundation is use for distribution of uneven load of superstructure.There are so many type of pile are use for construction. Here i present some of pile with suitable condition for construction and methods for construction.
Thank you.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely. Generally, the foundation can be classified into two, namely shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles, pile cap and pile
shoe, pile driving methods, micro piling, causes of failures of piles,
Heaving of piles
PILE FOUNDATIONS. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.
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Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.
All the construction details and elements of the collapsible door are shown via images in this presentation. Hope it may help you in any way if it could. Please feel free to share or to give any kind of feedback. Thank you. :)
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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2. DEFINITION
1. Deep Foundations are those
in which the depth of the foundation is very large in
comparison to its width.
Which are not constructed by ordinary methods of
open pit excavations.
3. When Used?
In cases where
The strata of good bearing capacity is not available near the
ground
The space is restricted to allow for spread footings
In these cases the foundation of the structure has to be
taken deep with the purpose of attaining a bearing stratum
which is suitable and which ensures stability and durability
of a structure.
The bearing stratum is not the only case. There may be
many other cases. For example, the foundation for a bridge
pier must be placed below the scour depth, although
suitable bearing stratum may exist at a higher level.
4. Forms of Construction
Most common forms of construction pertaining to deep
foundations are:
Pile Foundation (more commonly used in building
construction)
Cofferdams
Caisson or Well Foundation
5. Pile Foundations
The term ‘Pile Foundation’ denotes a construction for the
foundation of a wall or pier which is supported on piles.
Where Used :
stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater depth
steep slopes are encountered
Compressible soil or water-logged soil or soil of made-up type
Examples: Piles are used for foundation for buildings, trestle-
bridges and water front installations (piers, docks etc ).
Advantages:
Provides a common solution to all difficult foundation site
problems
Can be used for any type of structure and in any type of soil
6. Pile Foundations(contd.)
Situations Which Demand Pile Foundation :
Sub-soil water table is so high that it can easily affect the other foundations.
Load coming form the structure is heavy and non uniform.
Where grillage or raft foundations are either very costly or their adoption
impossible due to local difficulties.
When it is not possible to maintain foundation trenches in dry condition by
pumping, due to very heavy inflow of seepage or capillary water.
When it is not possible to timber the excavation trenches in the case of deep
strip foundation. (strip foundation- spread footing under wall ).
When overlay soil is compressible, and water-logged and firm hard bearing
strata is located at quite a large depth.
When structures are located on river-bed or sea-shore and foundations are likely
to be scoured due to action of water.
Large fluctuations in sub-soil water level.
Canal or deep drainage lines exist near the foundations.
In the construction of docks, piers and other marine structures they are used as
fender piles.
7. Types of Piles Based on Function
a) Classification based on Function orUse
1. Bearing Piles or End Bearing Piles
2. Friction Piles or Skin Friction Piles
3. Sheet Piles
4. Tension Piles or Uplift Piles
5. Anchor Piles
6. Batter Piles
7. Fender Piles
8. Compaction Piles
8. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Bearing Piles
Driven into the ground until a hard stratum is reached.
Acts as pillars supporting the super-structure and
transmitting the load to the ground.
Piles, by themselves do not support the load, rather acts
as a medium to transmit the load from the foundation to
the resisting sub-stratum.
9. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Friction Piles (Floating Piles)
Piles are driven at a site where soil is weak or soft to a considerable
depth and it is not economical or rather possible to rest the bottom
end of the pile on the hard stratum,
Load is carried by the friction developed between the sides of the pile
and the surrounding ground ( skin friction).
The piles are driven up to such a depth that skin friction developed at
the sides of the piles equals the load coming on the piles.
Skin friction should be carefully evaluated and suitable factor of safety
applied, as it is this which is supporting the whole of structure over its
head.
The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be increased by-
increasing diameter of the pile
driving the pile for larger depth
grouping of piles
making surface of the pile rough
12. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Sheet Piles
Sheet piles are never used to provide vertical support but
mostly used to act as retaining walls. They are used for the
following purposes:
To construct retaining walls in docks, and other marine works.
To protect erosion of river banks.
To retain the sides of foundation trenches.
To confine the soil to increase its bearing capacity.
To protect the foundation of structures from erosion by river or
sea.
To isolate foundations from adjacent soils.
13. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Figure: Sheet Piles
14. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Anchor Piles
Piles are used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet
piling wall or other pulling forces.
Batterpiles:
Piles are driven at an inclination to resist large horizontal and inclined
forces.
Fenderpiles:
Piles are used to protect concrete deck or other water front structures
from the abrasion or impact caused from the ships or barges.
Ordinarily made up of timber.
Compaction piles:
When piles are driven in granular soil with the aim of increasing the
bearing capacity of the soil, the piles are termed as compaction piles.
16. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Figure: Under-reamed Piles
17. Types of Piles Based on Materials
a) Classification based on Materials
1. Timber Piles
2. Concrete Piles
3. Composite Piles
4. Steel Piles
5. Sand Piles
18. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
1. TimberPiles:
Transmission of load takes place by the frictional resistance
of ground and the pile surface.
Economical to support light structure.
Piles made from timber of tree like Sal, Teak, Deodar, Babul,
Khair etc.
Khair piles can stand action of sea water and thus used for
marine works.
May be circular, square in x-section.
Piles are driven with the help of pile driving machine in which
drop hammers delivers blows on the pile head.
Brooming of pile head is prevented by providing an iron ring
of less than 25mm in diameter than the pile head at the pile
top.
19. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
1. TimberPiles:
To facilitate driving, the lower end is pointed and provided with a cast iron
conical shoe.
Piles should not be spaced less than 60 cm center to center, the best
spacing is 90 cm c/c. closer spacing destroys frictional resistance.
Max load should not exceed 20 tonnes.
Piles are subjected to decay for alternate dry and wet condition (on
account of variation of ground water level)
As such , timber piles are cut a little below the lowest water-mark and
capped with concrete, steel grillage, stone or timber.
If timber capping is used, the cap should be permanently under water.
Diameter varies from 30 to 50cm.
Length should not be more than 20 times the least sectional dimension.
20. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
Advantages of TimberPiles:
Economical where timber is easily available.
Can be driven rapidly & as such saves time.
Because of elasticity, timber piles are recommended for sites
subjected to unusual lateral forces e.g. ship, ferry terminals.
Do not need heavy machinery and elaborate technical supervision.
Being light, they can be easily handled.
They can be easily withdrawn if needed.
21. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
Disadvantages of TimberPiles:
Timber piles must be cut off below the permanent ground water
level to prevent decay.
Liable to decay or deteriorate by salt water/insects.
Restricted length. It is rather difficult to procure piles in required
size and length.
Low bearing capacity.
They are not very durable unless suitably treated.
It is difficult or rather impossible to drive these piles into hard
stratum
23. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
Figure: Timber Pile
24. Types of Concrete Piles
Concrete Piles are of 3 types:
Pre-cast Piles
Cast in situ Piles
Prestressed Concrete Piles
25. Concrete Piles (contd)
Pre-cast Piles:
Reinforced concrete piles, molded in circular, square,
rectangular or octagonal form.
Cast and cured in the casting yard, then transported to the
site of driving.
If space available it can be cast and cured near the work
site.
Driven in similar manner as timber piles with the help of
piles drivers.
Diameter normally varies from 35cm to 65cm, length
varies from 4.5m to 30m.
26. Concrete Piles (contd)
Pre-cast Piles:
Function of reinforcement in a pre-cast pile is to resist the
stresses during handling, driving and final loading on the
pile rather than strengthen the pile to act as a column.
Longitudinal reinforcements usually 20mm to 50mm in
diameter, stirrups 6mm to 10mm in dia.
For 90 cm length at head and toe, stirrups spacing is 8cm
c/c and for remaining intermediate length it is about 30cm
c/c.
Circular piles are seldom tapered. When tapered piles
length is restricted to 12m.
A concrete cover of 5cm is maintained throughout, over
the main steel bars.
27. Concrete Piles (contd)
Advantages of Pre-cast Piles:
Very effective
Simple quality control
Improves the entire area
Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles:
Limited in length
Difficult to transport
Not suitable for densely built up area
Requires costly equipment
29. Concrete Piles (contd)
Cast-in-Situ Piles:
Cast in position inside the ground.
First of all a bore is dug by driving a casing pipe into the
ground.
Then the soil from the casing is jetted out and filled with
cement concrete after placing necessary reinforcement in
it.
Cast-in-situ piles are of two types:
I. Cased Cast-in-Situ Piles: metallic shell is left inside the
ground along with the core
II. Uncased Cast-in-Situ Piles: metallic shell is withdrawn
30. Concrete Piles (contd)
Advantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
Not limited in length
Can be cast at any place
Requires less equipment
Cost is less and is depended on the size
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
Quality control is difficult
Load carrying is mostly done through end bearing only
Skin frictional resistance is very low.
32. Concrete Piles (contd)
Advantages of Concrete piles:
Durability is independent of ground water level.
For large size and greater bearing power number of piles
required is much less.
Can be cast to any length, size or shape.
Can be used to marine work without any treatment.
Material required for manufacture is easily obtainable.
Concrete piles can be monolithically bonded into pile cap
which is not possible in wooden piles.
33. Concrete Piles (contd)
Disadvantages of Concrete piles:
Costlier than timber piles.
Can not be driven rapidly.
Required elaborate tech supervision and heavy driving
machines.
Must be reinforced to withstand handling stresses.
34. Concrete Piles (contd)
Prestressed Concrete Piles
The greatest disadvantage of large weightt and difficulty in
handling of pre-cast pile is eliminated by prestressed
concrete piles.
The weight is reduced by casting 200mm to 300mm
diameter fiber tubes inside the piles at the time of
concreting.
The pre tensioning cables are subjected to required pull
(tension) in the casting bed.
The fiber tube is held in position inside the form work and
the piles reinforced with pre stressed cables are concreted
in a row.
35. Concrete Piles (contd)
Prestressed Concrete Piles
Prestressed concrete piles are provided with lifting hooks
at 1/5th ( 0.2L, L= length of pile ) of pile length from each
end.
Piles length 50 times the thickness → single point pick up
More than 50 times the thickness → two point pick up at
0.2L from either end.
Piles 500 sq. mm and smaller→ cast solid.
Piles over 500 sq. mm may be cast with 200mm to 300mm
cored hole (void).
Pre stressed piles are always pre- cast.
36. Concrete Piles (contd)
Advantages of Prestressed Concrete Piles
It has greater ability to withstand extremely hard driving.
It is more durable in sea water because of absence of
crack.
It has greater column capacity.
It has lesser handling costs because of light weight.
It requires lesser pick-up points.
It has larger moment of inertia than the conventional piles
of same dimension since the concrete is all in
compression.
37. Composite Piles (contd)
Piles of two different materials are driven one over the
other, so as to enable them to act together to perform the
function of a single pile.
This type of composite pile is used with the object of
achieving economy in the cost of piling work.
39. Selection of Type of Pile
The nature of the ground, where piling operation is to be
carried out, determines to a large extent the choice of type
of pile to be used.
In addition, the other important factors which must be
considered in this regard are:
The nature of the structure.
Loading conditions.
Elevation of the ground water level with respect to the pile
cap.
Probable length of pile required.
Availability of materials and equipment.
Factors which may cause deterioration of pile.
Probable cost of pile.
40. Causes of Failure of Piles
Load on the pile is more than the designed load.
Defective workmanship during casting of the pile.
Displacement of reinforcement during casting.
Bearing pile resting on a soft strata.
Improper classification of soil.
Improper choice of the type of pile.
Insufficient reinforcement in the pile.
Decay of timber piles due to attack by insects.
Buckling of piles due to inadequate lateral support.
Defective method adopted for driving the pile.
Incorrect assessment of the bearing capacity of the pile.
Lateral forces not considered in the design of piles.
41. Pile Driving
I. By Drop Hammer.
II. By Steam Hammer.
III. By Water Jets (Wash Boring ).
IV. By Boring (Auger Boring).
42. Cofferdams
Cofferdams may be defined as a temporary structure
constructed in a river or a lake or any other water bearing
surface for excluding water form a given site to enable the
building operation to be performed on dry surface.
Cofferdams may be divided into the following category based
on the materials used during construction:
Earthier cofferdam.
Rock fill cofferdam.
Single-walled cofferdam.
Double-walled cofferdam.
Crib V
Cellular cofferdam.(Circular or diaphragm type)
43. Earthen Cofferdams
It essentially consists of an earthen embankment built
around the area to be enclosed.
It is constructed where the depth of the water is not
much and the velocity of the current is very low.
The top width of the embankment is not less than 1 m
and the slopes vary from 1:1.5 to 1:2. The earth used to
built these cofferdams is a mixture od clay and sand or
clay and gravel
44.
45. Rockfill Cofferdam
If the depth of water to be retained by the embankment
of cofferdam is of order of 1.8 to 3 m, stone or rubble is
used for the embankment.
The stones are assembled in a required shape and the
voids ae partially fillled with earth and stone chips.
46. Single walled Cofferdams
This type of cofferdam is used in places where the area
to be enclosed is very small and he depth of water is
more, say 4.5 to 6m.
Timber piles known as guide piles are first driven in to
the river bed. Longitudinal runners called wales are then
bolted to these at suitable distance apart. Steel or
wooden sheet piles are then driven into the river bed
along the wales and secured to them by bolts.
To increase the stability the sheets on two faces are
braced by trussed arrangement of struts.
47.
48. Double walled Cofferdam
For cofferdams required to enclose large areas in deep
waters, single-walled type becomes uneconomical as
large sections of struts would be necessary to resist
water, so double walled cofferdams are used.
Their construction is similar except instead of one wall
two walls with a gap in between is used.
This can be used for waters with a depth of upto 12 m.
The thickness of the water is equal to the depth of water
when it is 3m, and 3m plus half the depth of water if it is
more.
49. Crib Cofferdam
In deep waters where it is difficult to insert the sheet piles or
guide piles into the hard bed below, Crib cofferdam is used.
A crib is a framework of horizontal timbers installed in
alternate courses to form pockets which can be filled with
earth and stones.
The size of the crib depends on the depth of water and the
velocity of water flow.
The crib is constructed on ground and then floated to the
water surface. Sand and other loose material overlying the
impervious hard bed is dredged out and the crib sunk to the
bed. The space inside the crib is filled with stone or other
materials to make it stable against sliding and overturning.
Timber and steel sheet piles are then driven around the crib.
50.
51. Cellular Cofferdam
When he height of the water is from 18 to 21 m, this
type is used to dewater the large areas.
They are commonly used during the construction of
marine structures like dams, whares etc.
They are constructed by driving straight web sheet piles
arranged in form of a series of inter connected cells.
Finally the cells are filled with clay to make them stable.
The two common shapes of cellular cofferdams are:
a) Circular type
b) Diaphragm type
52.
53. Caissons
Caissons are water light structures made up of wood, steel or
reinforced concrete, constructed in connection with excavation
for foundations of bridges, piers, abutments in river and lake
dock structure fore shore protection etc.
The caisson remains in its pose and ultimately becomes as
integral parts of the permanent structure.
Caisson can be broadly classified into the following three types:
Open Caisson
Box Caisson (Floating Caisson)
Pneumatic Caisson
54. Open Caissons
Depending on shape they are classified in to:
-Single wall open caisson: This is a box type structure with no
top or bottom mainly consisting of vertical walls.
-Cylindrical open caisson: This may be defined as a
cylindrical shell made up of timber, masonry, steel or
reinforced concrete shod with a cutting edge and which is
sunk by excavating the soil within the shell. It is also known
as well caisson.
-Open caisson with dredging walls: This type of caisson has
the distinction of being emoyed for the deepest foundation for
bridge piers, abutments etc. The caisson is square or
rectangular in pplan which is sub divided into smaller sections
from inside forming open walls
55.
56. Box Caisson
It is similar to open caisson except it is closed at the
bottom. Caisson is cast and cured on land and then
launched in water and towed to the site for sinking. They
are used where the strata of sufficient bearing capacity
is available near the ground.
57. Pneumatic Caisson
This type of caisson is closed at top and open at bottom.
The water is excluded from the caisson chamber by
means of compressed air. The working chamber and
shafts are made air tight. In order that the workmen can
work underneath the caisson and water may not find its
way inside from below, the pressure of the compressd
air in the shaft is just kept a little higher than the water at
that depth.