The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which transfer loads to depths of less than 3 meters, including spread footings, strip foundations, mat foundations, and combined footings. It also describes deep foundations, which transfer loads to depths greater than 3 meters, including pile foundations and caisson foundations. Key factors for determining the appropriate foundation type include the soil bearing capacity and required load capacity of the structure.

1. FOUNDATION AND ITSFOUNDATION AND ITS TYPESTYPES
PreparedPrepared BBy:y:--
Satish Kambaliya(11bcl016)Satish Kambaliya(11bcl016)Satish Kambaliya(11bcl016)Satish Kambaliya(11bcl016)
Civil Engineering DepartmentCivil Engineering Department
Institute Of TechnologyInstitute Of Technology NirmaNirma University,University,
AhmedabadAhmedabad

2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
As we know tree cannot stand without roots such a way buildingAs we know tree cannot stand without roots such a way building
cannot stand without foundation and it is most important incannot stand without foundation and it is most important in
construction.construction.
FoundationFoundation,, Part of a structural system that supports and anchorsPart of a structural system that supports and anchors
the superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly tothe superstructure of a building and transmits its loads directly to
the earth .the earth . The foundation provides an anchor from wind andThe foundation provides an anchor from wind andthe earth .the earth . The foundation provides an anchor from wind andThe foundation provides an anchor from wind and
seismic forces, which can move a house and damage itseismic forces, which can move a house and damage it.. It keepsIt keeps
moisture out of the crawl space or basement.moisture out of the crawl space or basement.

3. TYPES OF FOUNDATIONTYPES OF FOUNDATION
There are mainly two types of foundations.There are mainly two types of foundations.
1).Shallow Foundation1).Shallow Foundation
2).Deep Foundation2).Deep Foundation

4. DETAILS ON SHALLOW FOUNDATIONDETAILS ON SHALLOW FOUNDATION
Shallow Foundation:Shallow Foundation:--
According to Terzaghi, a foundation isAccording to Terzaghi, a foundation is
term as shallow if its width is more than its depth. This transferterm as shallow if its width is more than its depth. This transfer
load primarily through shear resistance of bearing strata and areload primarily through shear resistance of bearing strata and are
normally laid to a depth of 3m.normally laid to a depth of 3m.

5. Types of shallow foundationTypes of shallow foundation
1).Spread Footing Foundation1).Spread Footing Foundation
2).Mat Foundation2).Mat Foundation
3).Combined Footing Foundation3).Combined Footing Foundation
4).Strip Foundation4).Strip Foundation
5).Strap Footing Foundation5).Strap Footing Foundation
6).Ring And Shell .6).Ring And Shell .
7).Machine Foundation7).Machine Foundation

6. 1). Spread Footing Foundation1). Spread Footing Foundation
A spread footing foundation, which is typical in residentialA spread footing foundation, which is typical in residential
building, has a wider bottom portion than the loadbuilding, has a wider bottom portion than the load--bearingbearing
foundation walls it supports. This wider part "spreads" the weightfoundation walls it supports. This wider part "spreads" the weight
of the structure over more area for greater stabilityof the structure over more area for greater stability..
A spread footing which changes elevation in several places in aA spread footing which changes elevation in several places in a
series of vertical "steps" in order to follow the contours of aseries of vertical "steps" in order to follow the contours of a
sloping site or accommodate changes in soil strata, is termed asloping site or accommodate changes in soil strata, is termed a
stepped footing.stepped footing.

8. 2).Strip Foundation2).Strip Foundation
A foundation is required to ensure loads from the building areA foundation is required to ensure loads from the building are
sustained and safely transmitted to the ground.sustained and safely transmitted to the ground.
All load bearing elements, these include external walls, partyAll load bearing elements, these include external walls, party
walls, chimney breasts, piers and internal load bearing wallswalls, chimney breasts, piers and internal load bearing walls
should sit on an adequate foundation.should sit on an adequate foundation.should sit on an adequate foundation.should sit on an adequate foundation.
Foundation DepthFoundation Depth

9. Angle Of Spread Of Load

10. 3).Raft Foundation3).Raft Foundation
A raft foundation is essential a mat foundation.A raft foundation is essential a mat foundation.
The purpose of a mat foundation is when you a building built onThe purpose of a mat foundation is when you a building built on
a site with low soil bearing conditions. A raft foundation is use toa site with low soil bearing conditions. A raft foundation is use to
distribute the building pressure over a large area so the soil candistribute the building pressure over a large area so the soil can
bear the stress.bear the stress.bear the stress.bear the stress.
A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab whichA raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which
extends over the entire loaded area.extends over the entire loaded area.
Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differentialRaft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential
settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movementssettlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements
between loading positions.between loading positions.

11. Types of Raft FoundationTypes of Raft Foundation
Raft foundation can be considered of three typesRaft foundation can be considered of three types
a). Solid slab rafts.a). Solid slab rafts.
b). Beam and slab rafts.b). Beam and slab rafts.
c). Cellular rafts.c). Cellular rafts.

12. a). Solid slab raft foundationa). Solid slab raft foundation

13. b).b). Beam and slab raft foundationBeam and slab raft foundation

14. c). Cellular raft foundationc). Cellular raft foundation

15. 4).4).Combined Footing FoundationCombined Footing Foundation
A combined footing is usually used to support two columns ofA combined footing is usually used to support two columns of
unequal loads.unequal loads.
Another case where a combined footing is an efficientAnother case where a combined footing is an efficient
foundation solution is when there are two interior columns whichfoundation solution is when there are two interior columns whichfoundation solution is when there are two interior columns whichfoundation solution is when there are two interior columns which
are so close to each other that the two isolated footings stressare so close to each other that the two isolated footings stress
zones in the soil areas would overlap.zones in the soil areas would overlap.
The area of the combined footing may be proportioned for aThe area of the combined footing may be proportioned for a
uniform settlement by making its centroid coincide with theuniform settlement by making its centroid coincide with the
resultant of the column loads supported by the footingresultant of the column loads supported by the footing

17. 5).Machine foundation5).Machine foundation
Machine foundations require a special consideration because theyMachine foundations require a special consideration because they
transmit dynamic loads to soil in addition to static loads due totransmit dynamic loads to soil in addition to static loads due to
weight of foundation, machine and accessories.weight of foundation, machine and accessories.
A suitable foundation is selected, depending upon the type ofA suitable foundation is selected, depending upon the type ofA suitable foundation is selected, depending upon the type ofA suitable foundation is selected, depending upon the type of
machine.machine.
For compressors and reciprocating machines, a block foundationFor compressors and reciprocating machines, a block foundation
is generally provided. Such a foundation consists of a pedestalis generally provided. Such a foundation consists of a pedestal
resting on a footing.resting on a footing.

18. 2).Deep Foundation2).Deep Foundation and its Typesand its Types
According to Terzaghi, a foundation is term as deep if itsAccording to Terzaghi, a foundation is term as deep if its
width is less than its depth. Here depth is greater than 3m.width is less than its depth. Here depth is greater than 3m.
Types of deep foundationTypes of deep foundation
1).Pile Foundation1).Pile Foundation1).Pile Foundation1).Pile Foundation
2).Caissons Foundation2).Caissons Foundation

19. Geotechnical InvestigationGeotechnical Investigation
Before the laying deep foundation following geologicalBefore the laying deep foundation following geological
investigation should be laid down.investigation should be laid down.
1).Recommended deep foundation types and installed capacity.1).Recommended deep foundation types and installed capacity.
2).Recommended center to center spacing of deep foundation2).Recommended center to center spacing of deep foundation2).Recommended center to center spacing of deep foundation2).Recommended center to center spacing of deep foundation
elements.elements.
3).Driving criteria.3).Driving criteria.
4).Installation procedure.4).Installation procedure.
5).Load test requirement.5).Load test requirement.
6).Designation of bearing strata.6).Designation of bearing strata.
7).Suitability of deep foundation material for environment7).Suitability of deep foundation material for environment

20. Details on some types of Deep FoundationDetails on some types of Deep Foundation
1). Piles Foundation:1). Piles Foundation:--
Piles are relatively long, slenderPiles are relatively long, slender
members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of lowmembers that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a highbearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high
bearing capacity.bearing capacity.bearing capacity.bearing capacity.
Piles foundation can be broadly classified as follow.Piles foundation can be broadly classified as follow.
1). Types of pile1). Types of pile
2). Types of construction2). Types of construction
3). Factors influencing choice3). Factors influencing choice
4). Pile groups4). Pile groups

21. Types of pileTypes of pile
End bearing pilesEnd bearing piles
Friction pilesFriction piles
Settlement reducing pilesSettlement reducing pilesSettlement reducing pilesSettlement reducing piles
Tension pilesTension piles
Laterally loaded pilesLaterally loaded piles
Piles in fillPiles in fill

22. Types of pile constructionTypes of pile construction
Displacement pilesDisplacement piles
NonNon--displacement pilesdisplacement piles

23. Displacement pilesDisplacement piles
Totally preformed displacement pilesTotally preformed displacement piles
Driven and castDriven and cast--inin--place displacement pilesplace displacement piles
Helical (screw) castHelical (screw) cast--inin--place displacement pilesplace displacement piles
Methods of installationMethods of installationMethods of installationMethods of installation

24. Methods of installationMethods of installation
Dropping weightDropping weight
Diesel hammerDiesel hammer
Vibratory methods of pile drivingVibratory methods of pile driving
Jacking methods of insertionJacking methods of insertion

25. NonNon--displacement pilesdisplacement piles
Small diameter bored castSmall diameter bored cast--inin--place pilesplace piles
Large diameter bored castLarge diameter bored cast--inin--place pilesplace piles
Partially preformed pilesPartially preformed piles
Grout or concrete intruded pilesGrout or concrete intruded piles

26. Factors influencing choice of pileFactors influencing choice of pile
Ground conditionsGround conditions
DurabilityDurability
CostCost
Location and type of structureLocation and type of structure

27. 2).Caissons Foundation2).Caissons Foundation
The foundation system of and the soils beneath the buildingThe foundation system of and the soils beneath the building
prevent the complex from moving vertically.prevent the complex from moving vertically.
What is CaissonsWhat is Caissons
It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.
Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral loads.Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral loads.Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral loads.Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral loads.
Typical shaft diameters range from 18 to 144 inchesTypical shaft diameters range from 18 to 144 inches

28. Types of CaissonsTypes of Caissons
Box CaissonsBox Caissons
Excavated CaissonsExcavated Caissons
Floating CaissonsFloating Caissons
Open CaissonsOpen Caissons
Pneumatic CaissonsPneumatic Caissons
Sheeted CaissonsSheeted Caissons

29. The process: building a caissonThe process: building a caisson