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Chapter- one
Construction of basic components of a building
by k.karthikeyan
Foundations:
A foundation is that part of the structure which is
in direct contact with the ground. It transfers the
load of the structure to the soil below so as to
avoid over loading of the soil beneath
It prevents the differential settlement by evenly
loading the sub-strata
It provides a level surface for building operation
It also increases stability of structure by tacking the
structure deep into the ground
Foundation
Foundations
Foundation are generally built of
Bricks
Stones
Concrete
Steel
Timber etc…
The selection of material and type of
foundation depends upon the type of structure
and the nature of underlying soil.
Foundation:
Foundation:
Foundation is the lowest part of a structure which
provides a base for the super structure proper.
This term includes the portion of the structure
below the ground level as well as the artificial
arrangement of concrete block, pile, raft grillage,
etc…
Foundation provided to transmit the loads on the
structure including the dead weight of the
structure itself to the soil below
Purpose of foundation:
It is often misunderstood that the foundation is
provided to support the load of the structure. In
fact it is a device to transmit the load of the
structure to the soil below
To distribute the weight of the structure over large
area so as to avoid over – loading of the soil beneath
To load the sub-stratum evenly and thus prevent
unequal settlement
To provide a level surface for building operation
To take the structure deep into the ground and thus
increase its stability, preventing overturning
Types of foundation
Foundation can be broadly classified into two
types
Shallow foundation
Deep foundation
Shallow foundation:
This is the most common type of foundation and
can be laid using open excavation by allowing
natural slopes on all sides.
This type of foundation is practicable for a depth
up to 5m and is normally convenient above the
water table.
The base of the structure is enlarged or spread to
provide individual support. Sines spread foundation
are constructed in open excavation, therefore
they are termed as open foundation
Shallow foundation:
Shallow foundation:
Shallow foundation
This type of foundation is provided for structures of
moderate height built on sufficient firm dry ground.
The various typed of shallow foundation.
Spread footing
Combined footing
Grillage foundation
Mat or raft foundation
Spread footing
The base of the member transmitting load to the soil
is wider so as to distribute the load over wider area.
Broadly speaking, all type of foundation mentioned
above can be covered under the term spread.
Type of spread footing
Wall footing
Isolated footing
Inverted arch footing
Continuous footing
Cantilever footing
Spread footing
Wall footing
It consists of several courses of brick. The lowest course
being usually twice the breadth of the wall above.
The increased base width of the wall is achieved by
providing 5cm (1/2 brick length)offsets on either side of
the wall.
The depth of each course is usually 10cm(thickness of
one brick). In some case, however the bottom courses
are made 20cm(depth of two brick) deep
The footing of various wall thickness have been 90cm,
80cm, 70cm etc..
In case of footing for stone walls, the size of offset is
slightly more than that of the brick wall footing
Wall footing
A bed of lean concrete of uniform thickness is first
spread over the entire length of the wall
The depth of the lean concrete bed is normally not
more than 15 cm and its projection on either side of
the wall base varies between 10 to 15 cm
Isolated footing
They are used to support individual. They can be either of
stepped type or have projection in the concrete base.
Incase of heavy loaded columns, e steel reinforcement is
provided in both the direction in concrete bed. Generally,
15 cm offset is provided on all sides of concrete bed.
In case of brick masonry columns, an offset of 5cm is
provided on all the four sides in regular layers.
The footing of concrete columns may be a slab, stepped
or sloped type
Isolated footing
Isolated footing
Inverted arch footing
This type of construction is used on soft soils to reduce the
depth of foundation.
Load above an opening are transmitted from supporting
wall through inverted arches to the soil.
In this type of footing the end column must be stable
enough to resist the outward pressure caused by the arch
action
This type of foundation used to be provided for multistoried
building in olden times. However with the advent of
reinforced cement concrete construction practice
One of the drawbacks in this type of construction is that the
end column must be strong enough to resist the outward
pressure caused by the earth action.
Inverted arch footing
Continues footing
In this type of footing a single continuous R.C. slab is
provided as foundation of two or three or more columns
in a row.
This types of footing is suitable at location liable to
earthquake activities.
This also prevent differential settlement in the structure.
In order to have better stability in the deeper beam is
constructed in between the column
Continues footing
Cantilever footing or strap
Strap footing consists of two or more individual footings
connected by a beam called a strap. Its also called as
cantilever footing or pump handle foundation
This type of footing may be used where the distance
between the columns is so great that a combined
trapezoidal footing become quite narrow with high
bending moments.
The strap beam does not remain in contact with the soil,
so a strap does not transfer any pressure to the soil
however, because the strap is infinitely stiff, hence it
serves to transfer column loads on to the soil with equal
and uniform soil pressure under both footing
Cantilever footing:
Cantilever footing
Combined footing
 A combined footing supports tow or more columns in row. The
combined footing can be rectangular in shape if both the columns
carry equal loads, or can be trapezoidal if there are space limitation
and they carry unequal loads generally, they are constructed of
reinforced concrete. In the design of footing
When the columns are very near to each other so that their footings
overlap.
 When the bearing capacity of the soil is less, requiring more area
under individual footing.
When the end column is near a property line so that its footing
cannot spread in that direction.
 Combined columns footing are the footing which connects two
columns and if we connect more than two columns it's called
continuous footing.
The combined footing is of three types. They are
•Rectangular combined footing
•Trapezoidal combined footing
Combined footing
Combined footing
Grillage foundation
This type of footing is used to transmit heavy loads from
steel columns to the soils having low bearings power. This
type of arrangement avoids deep excavation and
provides necessary area at the base to reduce the
intensity of pressure.
Grillage footing is made up of rolled steel joists known as
grillage beam provided in single or double tiers.
In double tire arrangement the top tire is laid
perpendicular to the bottom one.
The grillage beams of each tier are held in position by
20mm diameter. Spacer bars or 25mm diameter Pipe
separators
Grillage footing
Generally a minimum clearance of 8 cm is kept between the
grillage beam so as to provide facility for placing concrete.
The distance between the flanges of grillage beam should
not be more than one and half to two times the flange width
so that the concrete filling acts monolithically with the beam
A minimum cover of 10 cm is provided on the outer sides of
the external beam as well as above the upper flange of the
top tier
In case of lower beam, the concrete cover under the beam
should ne more than 15 to 20 cm
The concrete filling keeps the joists in position and prevent
them from corrosion
Grillage footing
Mat or raft foundation:
A raft foundation is a combined footing that covers the entire
area beneath a structure and supports all the columns.
Raft foundation is actually a thick concrete slab resting on a
large area of soil reinforced with steel, supporting columns or
walls and transfer loads from the structure to the soil. Usually,
mat foundation is spread over the entire area of the structure it
is supporting
When the allowable soil pressure is low or the structure loads
are heavy, the use of spread footing would cover more than
half of the building area, and it may prove more economical to
use raft-foundation. They are also used where the soil mass
contains compressible lenses so that the differential settlement
would be difficult to control.
Mat or raft foundation
The raft tends to bridge over the erratic deposits and eliminates
the possibility of differential settlement.
Raft tends to bridge over the differential settlement.
Raft foundation is also used to reduce settlement above highly
compressible soils by making the weight of structure and raft
approximately equal to the weight of soil excavated.
A raft may undergo large settlement without causing harmful
differential settlement. For this reason, almost double the
settlement of the permitted for footing is acceptable for raft
Usually when hard soil is not available within 1.5 to 2.5m, a raft
foundation is adopted. The raft is composed of reinforced
concrete beams with a relatively thin slab underneath.
Raft or mat foundation
Raft or mat foundation
Raft and mat foundation
Raft or mat foundation
Raft foundation:
DEEP FOUNDATION
These foundations carry loads from a
structure through weak compressible soil or
fills onto the stronger and less compressible
soils or rocks at depth. These foundations are
in general used as basements, buoyancy
rafts, Caissons:, cylinders, shaft and piles.
PILE FOUNDATION
the pile foundation is a construction supported on pile.
A pile is an element of construction composed of
timber, concrete or steel or combination of them
Pile foundation may be define as a column support type
of foundation which may be cast insitu or precast .
The lode of the structure is transmitted by the pile to the
hard stratum bellow or it is resisted by the friction
developed on the side of piles
Pile foundation
CLASSIFICATION OF PILE
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE FUNCTION
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MATERIAL AND
COMPOSITION
CLASSIFICTION BASED ON THE FUNCTION
BEARING PILE
FRICTION PILE
COMPANIED END BEARING AND FRICTION PILE
COMPACTION PILE
UPLIFT PILE
BATTER PILE
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MATERIAL AND
COMPOSITION
CEMENT CONCRETE PILE
PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILE
CAST IN SITU CONCRETE PILE
UNDER REAM PILE FOUNDATION
PIER FOUNDATION
STEEL PILE
WELL FOUNDATION OR CAISSONS
TIMBER PILE
BEARING PILE
These pile penetrate through the soft soil and their bottoms
or tips rest on a hard stratum.
The soft ground through which the piles pass also gives
some lateral support and this increases the load carrying
capacity of the bearing piles. These piles act as columns.
Friction pile
When loose soil extends to a great depth, pile are
driven up to such a depth that friction resistance
developed at the side of the piles equal the load
coming on the piles. The total friction resistance of
piles is obtained by multiplying frictional resistance
of soil with the area of pile in contact with the soil
 By increasing the diameter of the pile
By driving the pile to a grater depth
By making the surface of the pile rough
By placing the pile closely
By grouping the pile
COMPANIED END BEARING AND
FRICTION PILE
Transfer the superimposed load both through side
friction as well as end bearing pile
Compaction pile
They are used to compact loose granular soils in
order to increase their bearing capacity. These
piles themselves do not carry any load.
PILE
Timber piles are prepared from trunks of trees. They may
be circular or square they are 30 to 50 cm in diameter with
a length not exceeding 20 times its top width
At the bottom a cast-iron shoe is provided and at the top,
a steel plate is fixed.
Timber pile
TIMBER PILE
Steel pile
TYPE OF STEEL PILE
•H-PILE
•Box pile
•Tube pile
THE ADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE
•These piles can easily withstand the stresses due to driving
•These piles can be easily lengthened by welding and can also be cut off easily
•These piles can resist lateral force in a better way
•The bearing capacity of these piles is comparatively high
•These piles can take up impact stresses and can resist lateral force
THE DISADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE
•The only disadvantage of steel pile is their corrosion
Steel pile
These piles are manufactured in factory. they may be
tapered or parallel sided.
They may be square octagonal or round in shape
The precast concrete piles are generally used for a
maximum design load of about 80 tones
They may be reinforced to withstand handling stresses
The concrete in the pile should be controlled concrete
and should correspond to M200
PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILES
PRE –CAST CONCRETE PILES
Pre-cast concrete pile
PRE –CAST CONCRETE PILES
In this type a bore is dug into the ground by inserting a
casing. This bore is then filled with cement concrete after
placing reinforcement
They may be either cased cast in-situ concrete pile or
uncased cast in-situ concrete pile depending upon
weather the casing is kept in position or is withdrawn
afterwards
CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE PILE
CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE PILE
CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE PILE
UNDER-REAM PILE FOUNDATION
PIER FOUNDATION
PIER FOUNDATION
PIER FOUNDATION
Pier foundation
Well foundation
Well foundation
Well foundation
FOUNDATION FAILURE
Chapter  1 foundation
Chapter  1 foundation

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Chapter 1 foundation

  • 1. Chapter- one Construction of basic components of a building by k.karthikeyan
  • 2. Foundations: A foundation is that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground. It transfers the load of the structure to the soil below so as to avoid over loading of the soil beneath It prevents the differential settlement by evenly loading the sub-strata It provides a level surface for building operation It also increases stability of structure by tacking the structure deep into the ground
  • 4. Foundations Foundation are generally built of Bricks Stones Concrete Steel Timber etc… The selection of material and type of foundation depends upon the type of structure and the nature of underlying soil.
  • 6. Foundation: Foundation is the lowest part of a structure which provides a base for the super structure proper. This term includes the portion of the structure below the ground level as well as the artificial arrangement of concrete block, pile, raft grillage, etc… Foundation provided to transmit the loads on the structure including the dead weight of the structure itself to the soil below
  • 7. Purpose of foundation: It is often misunderstood that the foundation is provided to support the load of the structure. In fact it is a device to transmit the load of the structure to the soil below To distribute the weight of the structure over large area so as to avoid over – loading of the soil beneath To load the sub-stratum evenly and thus prevent unequal settlement To provide a level surface for building operation To take the structure deep into the ground and thus increase its stability, preventing overturning
  • 8. Types of foundation Foundation can be broadly classified into two types Shallow foundation Deep foundation
  • 9. Shallow foundation: This is the most common type of foundation and can be laid using open excavation by allowing natural slopes on all sides. This type of foundation is practicable for a depth up to 5m and is normally convenient above the water table. The base of the structure is enlarged or spread to provide individual support. Sines spread foundation are constructed in open excavation, therefore they are termed as open foundation
  • 12. Shallow foundation This type of foundation is provided for structures of moderate height built on sufficient firm dry ground. The various typed of shallow foundation. Spread footing Combined footing Grillage foundation Mat or raft foundation
  • 13. Spread footing The base of the member transmitting load to the soil is wider so as to distribute the load over wider area. Broadly speaking, all type of foundation mentioned above can be covered under the term spread. Type of spread footing Wall footing Isolated footing Inverted arch footing Continuous footing Cantilever footing
  • 15. Wall footing It consists of several courses of brick. The lowest course being usually twice the breadth of the wall above. The increased base width of the wall is achieved by providing 5cm (1/2 brick length)offsets on either side of the wall. The depth of each course is usually 10cm(thickness of one brick). In some case, however the bottom courses are made 20cm(depth of two brick) deep The footing of various wall thickness have been 90cm, 80cm, 70cm etc.. In case of footing for stone walls, the size of offset is slightly more than that of the brick wall footing
  • 16. Wall footing A bed of lean concrete of uniform thickness is first spread over the entire length of the wall The depth of the lean concrete bed is normally not more than 15 cm and its projection on either side of the wall base varies between 10 to 15 cm
  • 17. Isolated footing They are used to support individual. They can be either of stepped type or have projection in the concrete base. Incase of heavy loaded columns, e steel reinforcement is provided in both the direction in concrete bed. Generally, 15 cm offset is provided on all sides of concrete bed. In case of brick masonry columns, an offset of 5cm is provided on all the four sides in regular layers. The footing of concrete columns may be a slab, stepped or sloped type
  • 20. Inverted arch footing This type of construction is used on soft soils to reduce the depth of foundation. Load above an opening are transmitted from supporting wall through inverted arches to the soil. In this type of footing the end column must be stable enough to resist the outward pressure caused by the arch action This type of foundation used to be provided for multistoried building in olden times. However with the advent of reinforced cement concrete construction practice One of the drawbacks in this type of construction is that the end column must be strong enough to resist the outward pressure caused by the earth action.
  • 22. Continues footing In this type of footing a single continuous R.C. slab is provided as foundation of two or three or more columns in a row. This types of footing is suitable at location liable to earthquake activities. This also prevent differential settlement in the structure. In order to have better stability in the deeper beam is constructed in between the column
  • 24. Cantilever footing or strap Strap footing consists of two or more individual footings connected by a beam called a strap. Its also called as cantilever footing or pump handle foundation This type of footing may be used where the distance between the columns is so great that a combined trapezoidal footing become quite narrow with high bending moments. The strap beam does not remain in contact with the soil, so a strap does not transfer any pressure to the soil however, because the strap is infinitely stiff, hence it serves to transfer column loads on to the soil with equal and uniform soil pressure under both footing
  • 27. Combined footing  A combined footing supports tow or more columns in row. The combined footing can be rectangular in shape if both the columns carry equal loads, or can be trapezoidal if there are space limitation and they carry unequal loads generally, they are constructed of reinforced concrete. In the design of footing When the columns are very near to each other so that their footings overlap.  When the bearing capacity of the soil is less, requiring more area under individual footing. When the end column is near a property line so that its footing cannot spread in that direction.  Combined columns footing are the footing which connects two columns and if we connect more than two columns it's called continuous footing. The combined footing is of three types. They are •Rectangular combined footing •Trapezoidal combined footing
  • 30. Grillage foundation This type of footing is used to transmit heavy loads from steel columns to the soils having low bearings power. This type of arrangement avoids deep excavation and provides necessary area at the base to reduce the intensity of pressure. Grillage footing is made up of rolled steel joists known as grillage beam provided in single or double tiers. In double tire arrangement the top tire is laid perpendicular to the bottom one. The grillage beams of each tier are held in position by 20mm diameter. Spacer bars or 25mm diameter Pipe separators
  • 31. Grillage footing Generally a minimum clearance of 8 cm is kept between the grillage beam so as to provide facility for placing concrete. The distance between the flanges of grillage beam should not be more than one and half to two times the flange width so that the concrete filling acts monolithically with the beam A minimum cover of 10 cm is provided on the outer sides of the external beam as well as above the upper flange of the top tier In case of lower beam, the concrete cover under the beam should ne more than 15 to 20 cm The concrete filling keeps the joists in position and prevent them from corrosion
  • 33. Mat or raft foundation: A raft foundation is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a structure and supports all the columns. Raft foundation is actually a thick concrete slab resting on a large area of soil reinforced with steel, supporting columns or walls and transfer loads from the structure to the soil. Usually, mat foundation is spread over the entire area of the structure it is supporting When the allowable soil pressure is low or the structure loads are heavy, the use of spread footing would cover more than half of the building area, and it may prove more economical to use raft-foundation. They are also used where the soil mass contains compressible lenses so that the differential settlement would be difficult to control.
  • 34. Mat or raft foundation The raft tends to bridge over the erratic deposits and eliminates the possibility of differential settlement. Raft tends to bridge over the differential settlement. Raft foundation is also used to reduce settlement above highly compressible soils by making the weight of structure and raft approximately equal to the weight of soil excavated. A raft may undergo large settlement without causing harmful differential settlement. For this reason, almost double the settlement of the permitted for footing is acceptable for raft Usually when hard soil is not available within 1.5 to 2.5m, a raft foundation is adopted. The raft is composed of reinforced concrete beams with a relatively thin slab underneath.
  • 35. Raft or mat foundation
  • 36. Raft or mat foundation
  • 37. Raft and mat foundation
  • 38. Raft or mat foundation
  • 40. DEEP FOUNDATION These foundations carry loads from a structure through weak compressible soil or fills onto the stronger and less compressible soils or rocks at depth. These foundations are in general used as basements, buoyancy rafts, Caissons:, cylinders, shaft and piles.
  • 41. PILE FOUNDATION the pile foundation is a construction supported on pile. A pile is an element of construction composed of timber, concrete or steel or combination of them Pile foundation may be define as a column support type of foundation which may be cast insitu or precast . The lode of the structure is transmitted by the pile to the hard stratum bellow or it is resisted by the friction developed on the side of piles
  • 43. CLASSIFICATION OF PILE CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE FUNCTION CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MATERIAL AND COMPOSITION CLASSIFICTION BASED ON THE FUNCTION BEARING PILE FRICTION PILE COMPANIED END BEARING AND FRICTION PILE COMPACTION PILE UPLIFT PILE BATTER PILE
  • 44. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MATERIAL AND COMPOSITION CEMENT CONCRETE PILE PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILE CAST IN SITU CONCRETE PILE UNDER REAM PILE FOUNDATION PIER FOUNDATION STEEL PILE WELL FOUNDATION OR CAISSONS TIMBER PILE
  • 45. BEARING PILE These pile penetrate through the soft soil and their bottoms or tips rest on a hard stratum. The soft ground through which the piles pass also gives some lateral support and this increases the load carrying capacity of the bearing piles. These piles act as columns.
  • 46. Friction pile When loose soil extends to a great depth, pile are driven up to such a depth that friction resistance developed at the side of the piles equal the load coming on the piles. The total friction resistance of piles is obtained by multiplying frictional resistance of soil with the area of pile in contact with the soil  By increasing the diameter of the pile By driving the pile to a grater depth By making the surface of the pile rough By placing the pile closely By grouping the pile
  • 47. COMPANIED END BEARING AND FRICTION PILE Transfer the superimposed load both through side friction as well as end bearing pile
  • 48. Compaction pile They are used to compact loose granular soils in order to increase their bearing capacity. These piles themselves do not carry any load.
  • 49. PILE
  • 50. Timber piles are prepared from trunks of trees. They may be circular or square they are 30 to 50 cm in diameter with a length not exceeding 20 times its top width At the bottom a cast-iron shoe is provided and at the top, a steel plate is fixed. Timber pile
  • 52. Steel pile TYPE OF STEEL PILE •H-PILE •Box pile •Tube pile THE ADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE •These piles can easily withstand the stresses due to driving •These piles can be easily lengthened by welding and can also be cut off easily •These piles can resist lateral force in a better way •The bearing capacity of these piles is comparatively high •These piles can take up impact stresses and can resist lateral force THE DISADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE •The only disadvantage of steel pile is their corrosion
  • 54. These piles are manufactured in factory. they may be tapered or parallel sided. They may be square octagonal or round in shape The precast concrete piles are generally used for a maximum design load of about 80 tones They may be reinforced to withstand handling stresses The concrete in the pile should be controlled concrete and should correspond to M200 PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILES
  • 58. In this type a bore is dug into the ground by inserting a casing. This bore is then filled with cement concrete after placing reinforcement They may be either cased cast in-situ concrete pile or uncased cast in-situ concrete pile depending upon weather the casing is kept in position or is withdrawn afterwards CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE PILE