foundation methods, foundation types, foundation construction process, all type of fundation details, foundation assessment of settlement , raft foundation , mat foundation
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which transfer loads to depths of less than 3 meters, including spread footings, strip foundations, mat foundations, and combined footings. It also describes deep foundations, which transfer loads to depths greater than 3 meters, including pile foundations and caisson foundations. Key factors for determining the appropriate foundation type include the soil bearing capacity and required load capacity of the structure.
This document discusses pile foundations. It begins by listing the topics that will be covered, including types of piles, pile spacing, pile caps, load testing, and failures. It then defines a pile foundation as using slender structural members like steel, concrete or timber that are installed in the ground to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. The document goes on to classify piles based on their function, material, and installation method. It describes common pile types such as precast concrete, driven steel, and cast-in-place piles. The document provides details on pile uses, selection factors, and installation procedures.
Footings are structural members that support columns and walls and transmit their loads to the soil. Different types of footings include wall footings, isolated/single footings, combined footings, cantilever/strap footings, continuous footings, rafted/mat foundations, and pile caps. Footings must be designed to safely carry and transmit loads to the soil while meeting code requirements regarding bearing capacity, settlement, reinforcement, and shear strength. A proper footing design involves determining loads, allowable soil pressure, reinforcement requirements, and assessing settlement.
The document discusses retaining walls and includes:
- Definitions of retaining walls and their parts
- Common types of retaining walls including gravity, semi-gravity, cantilever, counterfort and bulkhead walls
- Earth pressures like active, passive and at rest pressures
- Design principles for stability against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity
- Drainage considerations for retaining walls
- Theories for analyzing earth pressures like Rankine and Coulomb's theories
- Sample design calculations and problems for checking stability of retaining walls
This document provides an overview of different types of retaining walls, including gravity, cantilever, counterfort, sheet pile, and diaphragm walls. It discusses the key components and design considerations for gravity and cantilever retaining walls. Gravity walls rely on their own weight for stability, while cantilever walls consist of a vertical stem with a heel and toe slab acting as a cantilever beam. The document also covers lateral earth pressures, drainage of retaining walls, uses of sheet pile walls, and construction methods for diaphragm walls.
Raft foundations are used when buildings have heavy loads, compressible soil, or require minimal differential settlement. A raft foundation is a continuous concrete slab that supports all building columns. It can be designed using either a rigid or flexible approach. The rigid approach assumes the raft bridges soil variations, while the flexible approach models soil-structure interaction. Key considerations for raft design include bearing capacity, settlement, stress distribution, and structural component sizing.
This document discusses different types of footings used in building construction. It describes strip footings, which are continuous strips of concrete under walls. It also discusses raft/mat footings, which are continuous footings that support an entire structure. Finally, it covers isolated/pad footings, which are independent slabs of concrete that support individual columns or piers. The document provides details on when each type of footing would be used based on soil conditions, structural loads, and other factors. It also lists variations of pad footings and references additional resources on foundations.
Retaining walls are used at the Shraddha Vivanta Residency construction site in Mumbai for two main purposes. Cantilever retaining walls around 3.5 meters deep allow for a basement and four floors of stacked parking underneath the residential building. Additional retaining walls surround underground water tanks for suction and firefighting. The walls are located along the building perimeter and around the tank areas. Proper waterproofing of the retaining walls is important given their underground locations.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which transfer loads to depths of less than 3 meters, including spread footings, strip foundations, mat foundations, and combined footings. It also describes deep foundations, which transfer loads to depths greater than 3 meters, including pile foundations and caisson foundations. Key factors for determining the appropriate foundation type include the soil bearing capacity and required load capacity of the structure.
Pile foundations transmit structural loads to deeper, more stable soil strata when surface soils have insufficient bearing capacity. Piles are classified by load transfer method and installation technique. Common pile types include timber, precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, composite, and steel piles which are installed using methods like driving, vibrating, jetting, boring, or jacking. Drilled pier foundations are large-diameter bored piles that may transfer load through end bearing, side friction, or both. Caisson foundations are prefabricated enclosed structures that can be sunk to provide dry working areas below water or soft soils.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
Building foundations are broadly classified as shallow and deep foundations. Types of shallow foundations include individual footings, combined footings, strip foundations, and raft or mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations and drilled shafts or caissons. Combined footings are used when column footings are close together, while raft foundations are used for high structural loads. Drilled shafts can transfer larger loads than piles and are used when hard soil is 10-100m deep.
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
What Is A Slab? And What Are The Different Types Of Slab?PoojaGurnule
https://civiltech-p.blogspot.com/2021/05/whatisslabandtypeofslab.html
The article is related to what is the slab? And the different types of slab in construction. Different Types of Concrete Slabs in Construction 1. Flat Slab 2. Flat Plates 3.Conventional Slab( I. One Way Slab II.Two Way Slab) 4. Hallow Core Slab 5. Hardy Slab 6. Dome Slab 7. Pitch Roof Slab 8. Slab With Arches 9. Post Tension Slab 10. Pre-Tension Slab 11. Cable Suspension Slab 12. Low Roof Slab 13. Projected Slab 14. Grad Slab / Slab On Grade ( I. Slab On Ground II. Stiffened Raft Slab III. Waffle Raft Slab 15. Bubble Deck Slab 16. Composite Slab
17. Sunken Slab
A reinforced concrete mat foundation is a common type of foundation system used in many buildings. They are a specific type of shallow foundation that uses bearing capacity of the soil at or near the building base to transmit the loads to the soil. Compared to an ordinary slab on grade, a reinforced concrete mat is much thicker and is subjected to more substantial loads from the building.
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil types and are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Strip foundations are used for light structures on stable soil. Raft foundations spread loads over a large area for structures on low bearing soils. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper soils using columns when suitable shallow foundations are not possible. The document also outlines functions of foundations and materials used, namely concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is insufficient or space is restricted for shallow foundations. Deep foundations extend below the shallow soil layers to reach stronger soil at depth. Common types include pile foundations, caisson foundations, and cofferdams. Pile foundations transmit structural loads to the ground through end bearing on a hard layer or side friction along the pile. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite of materials. The type of pile used depends on factors like soil conditions, structural loads, material availability, and cost.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
This document defines and describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage foundations, and raft foundations. Spread footings distribute a structure's load over a large area and can be single, stepped, or sloped. Combined footings are used when columns are close together to avoid interference. Strap footings connect independent column footings with a beam. Grillage foundations use layers of steel beams in concrete to distribute loads in poor soil. Raft foundations use a thick concrete slab covering the entire building area for structures on very poor soils.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. ... Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.
Retaining walls are designed to retain soil at an angle greater than its natural slope, usually in a near-vertical position. They work by either their own mass or through leverage to prevent overturning, sliding, or soil overload. Design considerations include the subsoil type and water table level, as they can impact bearing capacity and hydrostatic pressure. Common wall types are gravity, cantilever, counterfort, precast concrete, and precast crib walls. Proper design is needed to ensure stability based on the wall height, materials, and subsurface conditions.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
The document discusses foundations and their purpose of distributing structural loads over a large area to prevent soil failure. It describes shallow foundations like spread footings, strip footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations discussed are pile foundations, which are used when soil is very soft and increase load capacity. Piles are classified by function as bearing, friction, or friction/bearing piles depending on if they rest on hard soil or transfer loads through soil friction.
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.
Pile foundations transmit structural loads to deeper, more stable soil strata when surface soils have insufficient bearing capacity. Piles are classified by load transfer method and installation technique. Common pile types include timber, precast concrete, cast-in-place concrete, composite, and steel piles which are installed using methods like driving, vibrating, jetting, boring, or jacking. Drilled pier foundations are large-diameter bored piles that may transfer load through end bearing, side friction, or both. Caisson foundations are prefabricated enclosed structures that can be sunk to provide dry working areas below water or soft soils.
The document discusses different types of shallow foundations. It describes spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat or raft foundations. For spread footings, it provides details on single, stepped, sloped, wall, and grillage footings. Foundations are also discussed for black cotton soils, including strip footings, pier foundations, and under-reamed pile foundations. Finally, potential causes of foundation failure are listed such as unequal settlement, subsoil moisture movement, and lateral soil pressures.
This document provides an overview of foundations for building construction. It discusses the importance of foundations in distributing building loads to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow foundations include spread footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, stepped foundations, and mat/slab foundations. Deep foundations transfer loads deep into the earth and include drilled caissons, driven piles, and precast concrete piles. Foundation design considers factors like soil type, structural requirements, construction requirements, site conditions, and cost. The document also discusses waterproofing, drainage, and underpinning foundations.
Building foundations are broadly classified as shallow and deep foundations. Types of shallow foundations include individual footings, combined footings, strip foundations, and raft or mat foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations and drilled shafts or caissons. Combined footings are used when column footings are close together, while raft foundations are used for high structural loads. Drilled shafts can transfer larger loads than piles and are used when hard soil is 10-100m deep.
The document describes the design of a stepped footing to support a column with an unfactored load of 800 kN. A square footing with dimensions of 2.1m x 2.1m is designed with two 300mm steps. Reinforcement of #12 bars at 150mm c/c is provided. Checks are performed for bending moment, one-way shear, two-way shear, and development length which all meet code requirements. Therefore, the stepped footing design is adequate to support the given column load.
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
A foundation is the lowest part of the building structure. It is the engineering field of study devoted to the design of those structures which support other structures, most typically buildings, bridges or transportation infrastructure. It is at the periphery of Civil, Structural and Geo-technical Engineering disciplines and has distinct focus on soil-structure interaction.
What Is A Slab? And What Are The Different Types Of Slab?PoojaGurnule
https://civiltech-p.blogspot.com/2021/05/whatisslabandtypeofslab.html
The article is related to what is the slab? And the different types of slab in construction. Different Types of Concrete Slabs in Construction 1. Flat Slab 2. Flat Plates 3.Conventional Slab( I. One Way Slab II.Two Way Slab) 4. Hallow Core Slab 5. Hardy Slab 6. Dome Slab 7. Pitch Roof Slab 8. Slab With Arches 9. Post Tension Slab 10. Pre-Tension Slab 11. Cable Suspension Slab 12. Low Roof Slab 13. Projected Slab 14. Grad Slab / Slab On Grade ( I. Slab On Ground II. Stiffened Raft Slab III. Waffle Raft Slab 15. Bubble Deck Slab 16. Composite Slab
17. Sunken Slab
A reinforced concrete mat foundation is a common type of foundation system used in many buildings. They are a specific type of shallow foundation that uses bearing capacity of the soil at or near the building base to transmit the loads to the soil. Compared to an ordinary slab on grade, a reinforced concrete mat is much thicker and is subjected to more substantial loads from the building.
This document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes pad, strip, raft, and pile foundations. Pad foundations are suitable for most subsoil types and are usually constructed of reinforced concrete. Strip foundations are used for light structures on stable soil. Raft foundations spread loads over a large area for structures on low bearing soils. Pile foundations transmit loads to deeper soils using columns when suitable shallow foundations are not possible. The document also outlines functions of foundations and materials used, namely concrete composed of cement, aggregates, and water.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is insufficient or space is restricted for shallow foundations. Deep foundations extend below the shallow soil layers to reach stronger soil at depth. Common types include pile foundations, caisson foundations, and cofferdams. Pile foundations transmit structural loads to the ground through end bearing on a hard layer or side friction along the pile. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite of materials. The type of pile used depends on factors like soil conditions, structural loads, material availability, and cost.
Deep foundations are used when the bearing stratum is located at a significant depth below the surface. The most common types of deep foundations are pile foundations, cofferdams, and caisson foundations. Pile foundations support structures using vertical piles that transfer loads either through end bearing or skin friction. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite. Cofferdams are temporary structures used to exclude water from a construction site to allow work below the water level. Common types include earthfill, rockfill, single-walled, and cellular cofferdams. Caissons are watertight structures that become part of the permanent foundation. Types are open caissons, box caissons
This document defines and describes different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, grillage foundations, and raft foundations. Spread footings distribute a structure's load over a large area and can be single, stepped, or sloped. Combined footings are used when columns are close together to avoid interference. Strap footings connect independent column footings with a beam. Grillage foundations use layers of steel beams in concrete to distribute loads in poor soil. Raft foundations use a thick concrete slab covering the entire building area for structures on very poor soils.
Joints are easy to maintain and are less detrimental than uncontrolled or uneven cracks. Concrete expands & shrinks with variations in moisture and temp. The overall affinity is to shrink and this can cause cracking at an early age. Uneven cracks are unpleasant and difficult to maintain but usually do not affect the integrity of concrete.
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A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to the earth. Foundations are generally broken into two categories: shallow foundations and deep foundations. ... Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the building superstructure.
Retaining walls are designed to retain soil at an angle greater than its natural slope, usually in a near-vertical position. They work by either their own mass or through leverage to prevent overturning, sliding, or soil overload. Design considerations include the subsoil type and water table level, as they can impact bearing capacity and hydrostatic pressure. Common wall types are gravity, cantilever, counterfort, precast concrete, and precast crib walls. Proper design is needed to ensure stability based on the wall height, materials, and subsurface conditions.
1. Load-settlement curves for footings on dense sand or stiff clay show a pronounced peak and failure occurs at very small strains, with sudden sinking or tilting and surface heaving of adjoining soil.
2. For medium sand or clay, failure starts at a localized spot and migrates outward gradually, with large vertical strains and small lateral strains. Failure planes are not clearly defined.
3. Failure zones for footings on slopes do not extend above the horizontal plane through the base, and failure occurs when downward and upward pressures are equal.
This document discusses raft/mat foundations, including:
- A raft foundation is a thick reinforced concrete slab that supports columns and transmits loads into the soil. It is used for structures with large or uneven column loads.
- Types of raft foundations include flat plate, thickened under columns, beam and slab, box structures, and mats on piles.
- Construction involves soil testing, excavation, reinforcement placement, forming, concrete pouring, and curing. Raft foundations are economic and reduce differential settlement but require treatment for point loads.
This document provides an overview of 30 different types of brick bonding used in masonry construction. It defines what a brick is and explains each type of bonding in 1-3 sentences, noting their typical uses and strength/load bearing capabilities. The types discussed include stretcher bond, running bond, English bond, garden wall bond, Flemish bond, herringbone bond, Dutch bond, and zig-zag bond among others.
The document provides information on the basics of civil engineering foundations. It discusses the objectives and types of foundations, including shallow foundations like isolated and combined footings, and deep foundations such as pile and pier foundations. Pile foundations can be friction piles or load bearing piles. Factors that determine the size and bearing capacity of foundations are also covered. The document contains diagrams to illustrate foundation components and construction methods.
The document discusses foundations and their purpose of distributing structural loads over a large area to prevent soil failure. It describes shallow foundations like spread footings, strip footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations discussed are pile foundations, which are used when soil is very soft and increase load capacity. Piles are classified by function as bearing, friction, or friction/bearing piles depending on if they rest on hard soil or transfer loads through soil friction.
A shallow foundation is a type of building foundation that transfers building loads to the earth very near to the surface, rather than to a subsurface layer or a range of depths as does a deep foundation. Shallow foundations include spread footing foundations, mat-slab foundations, slab-on-grade foundations, pad foundations, rubble trench foundations and earthbag foundations.
The document discusses different types of foundations used in construction. It describes shallow foundations including spread footings, grillage foundations, combined footings, strap footings, raft/mat foundations. It also describes deep foundations including pile foundations, piers, caissons. It provides details on the functions, materials, and installation methods for various foundation types. The key functions of foundations are to distribute load evenly and provide stability. Foundations need to sustain and transmit loads while minimizing differential settlement.
This document discusses different types of foundations. It describes shallow foundations, which are placed immediately below the structure and distribute loads over a wide area near the surface. Spread footings, combined footings, and mat/raft foundations are types of shallow foundations. Spread footings are used to support columns and walls. Combined footings support two or more closely spaced columns. Mat foundations consist of a thick concrete slab covering the entire bottom of the structure. The document also outlines some limitations and advantages of shallow foundations.
This document discusses different types of building foundations. It begins by explaining the functions and requirements of foundations. It then describes factors that influence foundation design such as bearing capacity and settlement of soils. Different types of shallow foundations are presented including isolated footings, strip footings, combined footings, raft/mat foundations, etc. Deep foundations including pile foundations and well foundations are also summarized. The document provides details on analyzing soil properties, bearing capacity, and settlement for foundation design.
Pile foundations are used to transfer structural loads to deeper, stronger soil layers when shallow soils cannot adequately support a structure. The main types of piles are end bearing piles, friction piles, and soil compactor piles. Piles can be made of concrete or steel. Piles support structures by end bearing on deep soil or rock layers or through friction along their sides. Plinth beams are used to connect foundation columns and distribute loads across the foundation.
Traditional construction involves assembling building parts on-site to construct buildings from the ground up. This includes creating foundations, walls, roofs, etc. at the construction site. Common construction methods include concrete, masonry, and wood framing. Foundations transfer loads from the structure to the soil and come in shallow and deep varieties. Different foundation types include pads, raft slabs, piles, which can be made of materials like concrete, steel, or wood. Formwork and scaffolding provide temporary structures to support concrete and crews during construction.
Structural system of Buildings(sub-structure+ super structure)Kaiserin Tania
The document summarizes the structural system of buildings, focusing on foundations and substructures. It defines foundations as the part of the structure that transfers loads from the building to the soil. Substructures are the parts of buildings located underground, transferring loads from the superstructure above ground to the soil. There are different types of shallow foundations, including spread footings, wall footings, combined footings, and raft/mat foundations, as well as deep pile foundations, classified based on function, materials, and installation methods. Foundations are designed according to soil conditions and building loads to distribute weight effectively while preventing settlement.
Building foundation: Types, Conditions, and Safety PrecautionsJames Tolentino
The document discusses different types of building foundations, including shallow foundations which are used when the soil close to the surface can safely support the load, and deep foundations which are used when shallow foundations are insufficient. It describes various foundation systems like individual, combined, strip and raft foundations, and also different types of deep foundations including pile, drilled shaft, and pier foundations. The document also covers considerations for different soil types and provides safety guidelines for working on construction sites.
Building construction 3 Steel Joints & Footingaayush koolwal
This document provides information on various types of foundations used in construction, including isolated footings, grillage foundations, raft foundations, and rebar (reinforcing steel). Isolated footings are independent footings used to support single columns. Grillage foundations consist of steel beams in tiers to distribute loads over a large area for heavy structures. Raft foundations are concrete slabs that extend across a building footprint to spread loads. Rebar is steel reinforcement embedded in concrete to increase its tensile strength. The document discusses construction details and reinforcement for these foundation types.
1. Shallow foundations can be constructed in soils up to around 1-1.5 meters deep. They include spread footings, isolated/pad footings, combined footings, inverted arch footings, and grillage foundations.
2. Grillage foundations are used for heavily loaded columns or walls, and consist of tiers of steel or timber beams that distribute the load over a large area. Steel grillage foundations use RSJ beams embedded in concrete, while timber uses planks and beams.
3. Inverted arch footings reduce foundation depth by transmitting loads through arches to the soil. They are commonly used for bridges, reservoirs, and other structures.
Shallow foundations transfer structural loads to soil near the surface and are suitable when soil has good bearing capacity. They include spread, combined, and mat/raft foundations. Spread footings are most common, supporting individual columns or walls. Combined and mat foundations are used when loads overlap or are very high. Shallow foundations are simpler and cheaper than deep foundations but have limitations regarding soil conditions and structural loads.
This document provides information on different types of shallow foundations that can be used to support buildings, including strip footings, pad footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft foundations. It also discusses considerations for foundations in expansive black cotton soil, such as using pier foundations or under-reamed pile foundations to anchor the structure below the depth of moisture movement in the soil.
The document discusses different types of foundations for buildings. It describes shallow foundations, which are near the surface, and deep foundations, which are deeper. Shallow foundations include spread footings, combined footings, strap footings, and mat/raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer load through friction or end bearing, and pier foundations. The document provides details on different types of piles based on material, function, and construction method.
Raft foundations are large concrete slabs laid on the ground to support buildings. They spread the building load over a wide area, lowering pressure on the soil. This makes raft foundations suitable for unstable soils, areas with soil movement, and buildings with high loads or closely spaced supports. Raft foundations can serve as both the foundation and floor slab. They are used for heavy commercial buildings, in low bearing soils, and where footing overlap would otherwise occur. Advantages include reduced excavation needs and differential settlement.
A foundation spreads the load of a building over the subsoil to prevent uneven settling. Common types include pad foundations for individual loads, strip foundations for walls, and raft foundations that cover the whole floor area. Foundations must be deep enough to avoid movement from frost or swelling ground, with a minimum depth of 1 meter for clay soil. Reinforced concrete distributes loads effectively and prevents bending in wide or stepped foundations.
This document discusses foundations for structures. It defines foundations as the lowest part of a structure that transfers loads to the soil below ground level. Foundation engineering involves evaluating soil bearing capacity and determining the proper type, size, and depth of footings. The purpose of foundations is to transfer structural loads to the underlying soil without causing failure or excessive settlement. Shallow foundations spread loads laterally near the surface, while deep foundations distribute loads vertically to deeper soil layers using piles, piers or caissons when the upper soil cannot support the loads. Different types of shallow and deep foundations are described, along with their uses in different soil and load conditions.
The document provides information on different types of shallow foundations. It defines a foundation as the lowest supporting layer of a structure that transfers loads to the ground. Shallow foundations are used when surface soils can sufficiently support imposed loads. Types of shallow foundations discussed include spread footings (single, stepped, sloped, wall), combined footings, strap footings, and mat foundations (solid slab, beam slab, cellular). Spread footings can be pad/isolated footings for columns or wall/strip footings for continuous walls. Stepped and sloped footings are used for heavier loads. Grillage foundations use a grid of wooden or steel beams to distribute loads over a large area for structures on soils with low bearing capacity.
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2. Foundations:
A foundation is that part of the structure which is
in direct contact with the ground. It transfers the
load of the structure to the soil below so as to
avoid over loading of the soil beneath
It prevents the differential settlement by evenly
loading the sub-strata
It provides a level surface for building operation
It also increases stability of structure by tacking the
structure deep into the ground
4. Foundations
Foundation are generally built of
Bricks
Stones
Concrete
Steel
Timber etc…
The selection of material and type of
foundation depends upon the type of structure
and the nature of underlying soil.
6. Foundation:
Foundation is the lowest part of a structure which
provides a base for the super structure proper.
This term includes the portion of the structure
below the ground level as well as the artificial
arrangement of concrete block, pile, raft grillage,
etc…
Foundation provided to transmit the loads on the
structure including the dead weight of the
structure itself to the soil below
7. Purpose of foundation:
It is often misunderstood that the foundation is
provided to support the load of the structure. In
fact it is a device to transmit the load of the
structure to the soil below
To distribute the weight of the structure over large
area so as to avoid over – loading of the soil beneath
To load the sub-stratum evenly and thus prevent
unequal settlement
To provide a level surface for building operation
To take the structure deep into the ground and thus
increase its stability, preventing overturning
9. Shallow foundation:
This is the most common type of foundation and
can be laid using open excavation by allowing
natural slopes on all sides.
This type of foundation is practicable for a depth
up to 5m and is normally convenient above the
water table.
The base of the structure is enlarged or spread to
provide individual support. Sines spread foundation
are constructed in open excavation, therefore
they are termed as open foundation
12. Shallow foundation
This type of foundation is provided for structures of
moderate height built on sufficient firm dry ground.
The various typed of shallow foundation.
Spread footing
Combined footing
Grillage foundation
Mat or raft foundation
13. Spread footing
The base of the member transmitting load to the soil
is wider so as to distribute the load over wider area.
Broadly speaking, all type of foundation mentioned
above can be covered under the term spread.
Type of spread footing
Wall footing
Isolated footing
Inverted arch footing
Continuous footing
Cantilever footing
15. Wall footing
It consists of several courses of brick. The lowest course
being usually twice the breadth of the wall above.
The increased base width of the wall is achieved by
providing 5cm (1/2 brick length)offsets on either side of
the wall.
The depth of each course is usually 10cm(thickness of
one brick). In some case, however the bottom courses
are made 20cm(depth of two brick) deep
The footing of various wall thickness have been 90cm,
80cm, 70cm etc..
In case of footing for stone walls, the size of offset is
slightly more than that of the brick wall footing
16. Wall footing
A bed of lean concrete of uniform thickness is first
spread over the entire length of the wall
The depth of the lean concrete bed is normally not
more than 15 cm and its projection on either side of
the wall base varies between 10 to 15 cm
17. Isolated footing
They are used to support individual. They can be either of
stepped type or have projection in the concrete base.
Incase of heavy loaded columns, e steel reinforcement is
provided in both the direction in concrete bed. Generally,
15 cm offset is provided on all sides of concrete bed.
In case of brick masonry columns, an offset of 5cm is
provided on all the four sides in regular layers.
The footing of concrete columns may be a slab, stepped
or sloped type
20. Inverted arch footing
This type of construction is used on soft soils to reduce the
depth of foundation.
Load above an opening are transmitted from supporting
wall through inverted arches to the soil.
In this type of footing the end column must be stable
enough to resist the outward pressure caused by the arch
action
This type of foundation used to be provided for multistoried
building in olden times. However with the advent of
reinforced cement concrete construction practice
One of the drawbacks in this type of construction is that the
end column must be strong enough to resist the outward
pressure caused by the earth action.
22. Continues footing
In this type of footing a single continuous R.C. slab is
provided as foundation of two or three or more columns
in a row.
This types of footing is suitable at location liable to
earthquake activities.
This also prevent differential settlement in the structure.
In order to have better stability in the deeper beam is
constructed in between the column
24. Cantilever footing or strap
Strap footing consists of two or more individual footings
connected by a beam called a strap. Its also called as
cantilever footing or pump handle foundation
This type of footing may be used where the distance
between the columns is so great that a combined
trapezoidal footing become quite narrow with high
bending moments.
The strap beam does not remain in contact with the soil,
so a strap does not transfer any pressure to the soil
however, because the strap is infinitely stiff, hence it
serves to transfer column loads on to the soil with equal
and uniform soil pressure under both footing
27. Combined footing
A combined footing supports tow or more columns in row. The
combined footing can be rectangular in shape if both the columns
carry equal loads, or can be trapezoidal if there are space limitation
and they carry unequal loads generally, they are constructed of
reinforced concrete. In the design of footing
When the columns are very near to each other so that their footings
overlap.
When the bearing capacity of the soil is less, requiring more area
under individual footing.
When the end column is near a property line so that its footing
cannot spread in that direction.
Combined columns footing are the footing which connects two
columns and if we connect more than two columns it's called
continuous footing.
The combined footing is of three types. They are
•Rectangular combined footing
•Trapezoidal combined footing
30. Grillage foundation
This type of footing is used to transmit heavy loads from
steel columns to the soils having low bearings power. This
type of arrangement avoids deep excavation and
provides necessary area at the base to reduce the
intensity of pressure.
Grillage footing is made up of rolled steel joists known as
grillage beam provided in single or double tiers.
In double tire arrangement the top tire is laid
perpendicular to the bottom one.
The grillage beams of each tier are held in position by
20mm diameter. Spacer bars or 25mm diameter Pipe
separators
31. Grillage footing
Generally a minimum clearance of 8 cm is kept between the
grillage beam so as to provide facility for placing concrete.
The distance between the flanges of grillage beam should
not be more than one and half to two times the flange width
so that the concrete filling acts monolithically with the beam
A minimum cover of 10 cm is provided on the outer sides of
the external beam as well as above the upper flange of the
top tier
In case of lower beam, the concrete cover under the beam
should ne more than 15 to 20 cm
The concrete filling keeps the joists in position and prevent
them from corrosion
33. Mat or raft foundation:
A raft foundation is a combined footing that covers the entire
area beneath a structure and supports all the columns.
Raft foundation is actually a thick concrete slab resting on a
large area of soil reinforced with steel, supporting columns or
walls and transfer loads from the structure to the soil. Usually,
mat foundation is spread over the entire area of the structure it
is supporting
When the allowable soil pressure is low or the structure loads
are heavy, the use of spread footing would cover more than
half of the building area, and it may prove more economical to
use raft-foundation. They are also used where the soil mass
contains compressible lenses so that the differential settlement
would be difficult to control.
34. Mat or raft foundation
The raft tends to bridge over the erratic deposits and eliminates
the possibility of differential settlement.
Raft tends to bridge over the differential settlement.
Raft foundation is also used to reduce settlement above highly
compressible soils by making the weight of structure and raft
approximately equal to the weight of soil excavated.
A raft may undergo large settlement without causing harmful
differential settlement. For this reason, almost double the
settlement of the permitted for footing is acceptable for raft
Usually when hard soil is not available within 1.5 to 2.5m, a raft
foundation is adopted. The raft is composed of reinforced
concrete beams with a relatively thin slab underneath.
40. DEEP FOUNDATION
These foundations carry loads from a
structure through weak compressible soil or
fills onto the stronger and less compressible
soils or rocks at depth. These foundations are
in general used as basements, buoyancy
rafts, Caissons:, cylinders, shaft and piles.
41. PILE FOUNDATION
the pile foundation is a construction supported on pile.
A pile is an element of construction composed of
timber, concrete or steel or combination of them
Pile foundation may be define as a column support type
of foundation which may be cast insitu or precast .
The lode of the structure is transmitted by the pile to the
hard stratum bellow or it is resisted by the friction
developed on the side of piles
43. CLASSIFICATION OF PILE
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE FUNCTION
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MATERIAL AND
COMPOSITION
CLASSIFICTION BASED ON THE FUNCTION
BEARING PILE
FRICTION PILE
COMPANIED END BEARING AND FRICTION PILE
COMPACTION PILE
UPLIFT PILE
BATTER PILE
44. CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE MATERIAL AND
COMPOSITION
CEMENT CONCRETE PILE
PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILE
CAST IN SITU CONCRETE PILE
UNDER REAM PILE FOUNDATION
PIER FOUNDATION
STEEL PILE
WELL FOUNDATION OR CAISSONS
TIMBER PILE
45. BEARING PILE
These pile penetrate through the soft soil and their bottoms
or tips rest on a hard stratum.
The soft ground through which the piles pass also gives
some lateral support and this increases the load carrying
capacity of the bearing piles. These piles act as columns.
46. Friction pile
When loose soil extends to a great depth, pile are
driven up to such a depth that friction resistance
developed at the side of the piles equal the load
coming on the piles. The total friction resistance of
piles is obtained by multiplying frictional resistance
of soil with the area of pile in contact with the soil
By increasing the diameter of the pile
By driving the pile to a grater depth
By making the surface of the pile rough
By placing the pile closely
By grouping the pile
47. COMPANIED END BEARING AND
FRICTION PILE
Transfer the superimposed load both through side
friction as well as end bearing pile
48. Compaction pile
They are used to compact loose granular soils in
order to increase their bearing capacity. These
piles themselves do not carry any load.
50. Timber piles are prepared from trunks of trees. They may
be circular or square they are 30 to 50 cm in diameter with
a length not exceeding 20 times its top width
At the bottom a cast-iron shoe is provided and at the top,
a steel plate is fixed.
Timber pile
52. Steel pile
TYPE OF STEEL PILE
•H-PILE
•Box pile
•Tube pile
THE ADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE
•These piles can easily withstand the stresses due to driving
•These piles can be easily lengthened by welding and can also be cut off easily
•These piles can resist lateral force in a better way
•The bearing capacity of these piles is comparatively high
•These piles can take up impact stresses and can resist lateral force
THE DISADVANTAGE OF STEEL PILE
•The only disadvantage of steel pile is their corrosion
54. These piles are manufactured in factory. they may be
tapered or parallel sided.
They may be square octagonal or round in shape
The precast concrete piles are generally used for a
maximum design load of about 80 tones
They may be reinforced to withstand handling stresses
The concrete in the pile should be controlled concrete
and should correspond to M200
PRE-CAST CONCRETE PILES
58. In this type a bore is dug into the ground by inserting a
casing. This bore is then filled with cement concrete after
placing reinforcement
They may be either cased cast in-situ concrete pile or
uncased cast in-situ concrete pile depending upon
weather the casing is kept in position or is withdrawn
afterwards
CAST IN-SITU CONCRETE PILE