Deep foundations are used when the bearing capacity of soil near the surface is insufficient or space is restricted for shallow foundations. Deep foundations extend below the shallow soil layers to reach stronger soil at depth. Common types include pile foundations, caisson foundations, and cofferdams. Pile foundations transmit structural loads to the ground through end bearing on a hard layer or side friction along the pile. Piles can be made of timber, concrete, steel, or a composite of materials. The type of pile used depends on factors like soil conditions, structural loads, material availability, and cost.
General Information of Retaining Walls about its type, design and functionality; This file does not comprise of detail study of the Retaining Walls but for a startup it may help students!!!
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
house foundation types
foundation types for building
raised foundation types
small building foundation types
types of building foundations pdf
commercial building foundation types
home building foundation types
how to build a house foundation
types of foundations in construction
types of house foundations
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DEEP FOUNDATIONS - definition, when are they used, forms of construction, pile foundation - types, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages, selection of type of piles, causes of failure, pile driving, cofferdams, types of cofferdams, caisson foundation ad its types and all the information regarding deep foundations.
General Information of Retaining Walls about its type, design and functionality; This file does not comprise of detail study of the Retaining Walls but for a startup it may help students!!!
Definition,
functions,
types of foundations,
foundation loads,
selection criteria for foundations based on soil conditions,
bearing capacity of soil,
methods of testing,
method of improving bearing capacity of soil,
settlement of foundations,
precautions against settlement,
shallow and deep foundations,
different types of foundations – wall footing (strip footing), isolated footing, combined footing, raft foundation, pile foundation etc.
house foundation types
foundation types for building
raised foundation types
small building foundation types
types of building foundations pdf
commercial building foundation types
home building foundation types
how to build a house foundation
types of foundations in construction
types of house foundations
how to build a foundation
DEEP FOUNDATIONS - definition, when are they used, forms of construction, pile foundation - types, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages, selection of type of piles, causes of failure, pile driving, cofferdams, types of cofferdams, caisson foundation ad its types and all the information regarding deep foundations.
Project Controls Expo - 31st Oct 2012 - Delay Analysis Letting the Evidence S...Project Controls Expo
Corporate Overview
o Hill International (NYSE:HIL) is a publicly traded construction consulting firm providing project management, construction management and construction claims services to public and private clients in every major construction market sector around the world.
o Knowles is a wholly owned subsidiary of Hill International. Together, our combined resources of over 3,300 professionals in 110 offices across 5 continents form the world’s largest construction claims consultancy.
o As a global leader in construction disputes, with a portfolio of some of the world’s largest and most prestigious projects in every major construction market sector; we continue our commitment to excellence, providing an unrivalled range of resources, experience and services, including construction claims, construction management and project management
- The Caissons is used for the purpose of placing a foundation in correct position under water.
- Three types of Caissons
1) Open Caisson
2) Box Caisson
3) Pneumatic Caisson
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely. Generally, the foundation can be classified into two, namely shallow foundation and deep foundation.
Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles, pile cap and pile
shoe, pile driving methods, micro piling, causes of failures of piles,
Heaving of piles
Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete, or sometimes timber.
PILE FOUNDATIONS. This layer cannot support the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise structure, bridge, or water tank.
pile foundation design
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interesting civil engineering topics
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HOSPITAL
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment..
Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organizations (for profit or nonprofit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct charitable donations.
Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders.
Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding religious orders or by volunteers.
Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore, in the departments (or "wards") they have. They may have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist trauma centre, burn unit, surgery, or urgent care. These may then be backed up by more specialist units such as:
Emergency department
Cardiology
Intensive care unit
Pediatric intensive care unit
Neonatal intensive care unit
Cardiovascular intensive care unit
Neurology
Oncology
Obstetrics and gynecology
Adolescent medicine Allergy/Immunology Anesthesia
Cardiac Surgery
Center for Communication Enhancement Critical Care medicine
Dentistry
Dermatology
Division of Developmental medicine Division of Developmental medicine Emergency medicine
Endocrinology Gastroenterology/Nutrition.
General Pediatrics
Genetics
Gynecology
Infectious Diseases
Nephrology
Neurology
Neurosurgery
Newborn medicine
Ophthalmology
Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Plastic and Oral Surgery Psychiatry
Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases
Radiology
Rheumatology
Ophthalmology
Surgery
Urology
Some hospitals will have outpatient departments and some will have chronic treatment units such as behavioral health services, dentistry, dermatology, ward, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.
Common support units include a dispensary or pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, and on the non-medical side, there often are medical records departments, release of information departments, Information Management (IM)(aka IT or IS), Clinical Engineering (aka Biomed), Facilities Management, Plant Ops (aka Maintenance), Dining Services, and Security departments
Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute housing shortage.
Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide affordable housing.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
Housing is one of the basic necessities of life and the right to housing and adequate shelter is guaranteed in the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India.
The rapid pace of urbanisation in India has resulted in severe shortage of housing and basic services like potable water, well laid out drainage system, sewerage network, sanitation facilities, electricity, roads and appropriate disposal of solid waste.
AREA OF SCHEME MINIMUM 5 ACRE, MAXIMUM 100 ACRES.
MINIMUM 60% AREA SHALL BE USED FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING & CARPET AREA OF DWELLING UNIT SHALL NOT EXCEED 75 SQM.
40% AREA MAY BE UTILIZED FOR HIG, COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL,
RECREATIONAL & COMMUNITY FACILITIES.
MINIMUM 20% HOUSES SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR EWS & UG AGAINST HIG UNITS BUT NOT COMPULSARY IN AN EXCLUSIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING SCHEME.
CEILING COST OF AFFORDABLE HOUSE IN NCR-RS.3000 PER SQ. FT., METRO CITIES-RS.2800 PER SQ.FT. & TOWNS-RS.2500 PER SQ.FT. ON SUPER BUILD UP AREA (TO BE REVISED BASED ON COST INDEX)
Green architecture defines an understanding of environment-friendly architecture under all classifications, and contains some universal consent, It may have many of these characteristics:
x Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling
x Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
x Water-saving plumbing fixtures
x Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy
x Minimal harm to the natural habitat
x Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
x Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials
x Locally-obtained woods and stone
x Responsibly-harvested woods
x Adaptive reuse of older buildings
x Use of recycled architectural salvage
x Efficient use of space1.Interaction
The relationships between construction site and architecture, green space and architecture, and also with people and form are emphasized here.
2.Form
With the new design thinking and process, concern for sustainable needs and computer aided technology, the form of architecture, or the use of building envelops may be redefined in the digital-green environment.
3.Construction:
With the aid of computer technology and 3D modelling techniques
Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute housing shortage.
Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide affordable housing.
India needs about 19 million low-cost homes - roughly defined as costing a million rupees ($16,700) and below - to shelter an urban population expected to nearly double to 600 million by 2030 from 2011.
Samajwadi Awas Yojana is one the most popular and affordable government scheme which is launched for urban areas for full filling the needs of Houses in very affordable price for different categories of Uttar pradesh.
Uttar pradesh government initiated this samajwadi avas yojana by the help of Public private partnership. Chief Minister of uttar pradesh has already given there approval regarding the Samajwadi Avas Vikas Yojana.
Environment has positive
effects on human behaviour.
The Environment we live in
provides us all the natural
resources necessary for human
survival for instance-food,
minerals, water, land ,air etc.
amount of energy used is equal to amount of renewable energy created on the site
reduce carbon emissions & reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year are called “Energy Surplus Buildings”
During the last 20 years more than 200 reputable projects claiming net zero energy balance have been realized all over the world.
NZEB buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount. Traditional buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in all over the world and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases.
More from Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi (20)
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
2. DEFINITION
1.
Deep Foundations are those
in which the depth of the foundation is very large
in comparison to its width.
Which are not constructed by ordinary methods
of open pit excavations.
3. When Used?
In cases where
The strata of good bearing capacity is not available near the
ground
The space is restricted to allow for spread footings
In these cases the foundation of the structure has to be
taken deep with the purpose of attaining a bearing stratum
which is suitable and which ensures stability and durability
of a structure.
The bearing stratum is not the only case. There may be
many other cases. For example, the foundation for a bridge
pier must be placed below the scour depth, although
suitable bearing stratum may exist at a higher level.
4. Forms of Construction
Most common forms of construction pertaining to deep
foundations are:
Pile Foundation
construction)
(more
Cofferdams
Caisson or Well Foundation
commonly
used
in
building
5. Pile Foundations
The term ‘Pile Foundation’ denotes a construction for the
foundation of a wall or pier which is supported on piles.
Where Used :
stratum of required bearing capacity is at greater depth
steep slopes are encountered
Compressible soil or water-logged soil or soil of made-up type
Examples: Piles are used for foundation for buildings, trestlebridges and water front installations (piers, docks etc ).
Advantages:
Provides a common solution to all difficult foundation site
problems
Can be used for any type of structure and in any type of soil
6. Pile Foundations(contd.)
Situations Which Demand Pile Foundation :
Sub-soil water table is so high that it can easily affect the other foundations.
Load coming form the structure is heavy and non uniform.
Where grillage or raft foundations are either very costly or their adoption
impossible due to local difficulties.
When it is not possible to maintain foundation trenches in dry condition by
pumping, due to very heavy inflow of seepage or capillary water.
When it is not possible to timber the excavation trenches in the case of deep
strip foundation. (strip foundation- spread footing under wall ).
When overlay soil is compressible, and water-logged and firm hard bearing
strata is located at quite a large depth.
When structures are located on river-bed or sea-shore and foundations are
likely to be scoured due to action of water.
Large fluctuations in sub-soil water level.
Canal or deep drainage lines exist near the foundations.
In the construction of docks, piers and other marine structures they are used as
fender piles.
7. Types of Piles Based on Function
a) Classification based on Function or Use
1.
Bearing Piles or End Bearing Piles
2.
Friction Piles or Skin Friction Piles
3.
Sheet Piles
4.
Tension Piles or Uplift Piles
5.
Anchor Piles
6.
Batter Piles
7.
Fender Piles
8.
Compaction Piles
8. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Bearing Piles
Driven into the ground until a hard stratum is reached.
Acts
as
pillars
supporting
the
super-structure
and
transmitting the load to the ground.
Piles, by themselves do not support the load, rather acts
as a medium to transmit the load from the foundation to
the resisting sub-stratum.
9. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Friction Piles (Floating Piles)
Piles are driven at a site where soil is weak or soft to a considerable
depth and it is not economical or rather possible to rest the bottom
end of the pile on the hard stratum,
Load is carried by the friction developed between the sides of the pile
and the surrounding ground ( skin friction).
The piles are driven up to such a depth that skin friction developed at
the sides of the piles equals the load coming on the piles.
Skin friction should be carefully evaluated and suitable factor of safety
applied, as it is this which is supporting the whole of structure over its
head.
The load carrying capacity of friction pile can be increased by
increasing diameter of the pile
driving the pile for larger depth
grouping of piles
making surface of the pile rough
12. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Sheet Piles
Sheet piles are never used to provide vertical support but
mostly used to act as retaining walls. They are used for the
following purposes:
To construct retaining walls in docks, and other marine
works.
To protect erosion of river banks.
To retain the sides of foundation trenches.
To confine the soil to increase its bearing capacity.
To protect the foundation of structures from erosion by river
or sea.
To isolate foundations from adjacent soils.
13. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Figure: Sheet Piles
14. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Anchor Piles
Piles are used to provide anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet
piling wall or other pulling forces.
Batter piles:
Piles are driven at an inclination to resist large horizontal and inclined
forces.
Fender piles:
Piles are used to protect concrete deck or other water front structures
from the abrasion or impact caused from the ships or barges.
Ordinarily made up of timber.
Compaction piles:
When piles are driven in granular soil with the aim of increasing the
bearing capacity of the soil, the piles are termed as compaction piles.
16. Types of Piles Based on Function
(contd)
Figure: Under-reamed Piles
17. Types of Piles Based on Materials
a) Classification based on Materials
1.
Timber Piles
2.
Concrete Piles
3.
Composite Piles
4.
Steel Piles
5.
Sand Piles
18. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
1. Timber Piles:
Transmission of load takes place by the frictional resistance
of ground and the pile surface.
Economical to support light structure.
Piles
made
from
timber
of
tree
like
Sal, Teak, Deodar, Babul, Khair etc.
Khair piles can stand action of sea water and thus used for
marine works.
May be circular, square in x-section.
Piles are driven with the help of pile driving machine in which
drop hammers delivers blows on the pile head.
Brooming of pile head is prevented by providing an iron ring
of less than 25mm in diameter than the pile head at the pile
top.
19. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
1. Timber Piles:
To facilitate driving, the lower end is pointed and provided with a cast iron
conical shoe.
Piles should not be spaced less than 60 cm center to center, the best
spacing is 90 cm c/c. closer spacing destroys frictional resistance.
Max load should not exceed 20 tonnes.
Piles are subjected to decay for alternate dry and wet condition (on
account of variation of ground water level)
As such , timber piles are cut a little below the lowest water-mark and
capped with concrete, steel grillage, stone or timber.
If timber capping is used, the cap should be permanently under water.
Diameter varies from 30 to 50cm.
Length should not be more than 20 times the least sectional dimension.
20. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
Advantages of Timber Piles:
Economical where timber is easily available.
Can be driven rapidly & as such saves time.
Because of elasticity, timber piles are recommended for sites
subjected to unusual lateral forces e.g. ship, ferry terminals.
Do not need heavy machinery and elaborate technical supervision.
Being light, they can be easily handled.
They can be easily withdrawn if needed.
21. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
Disadvantages of Timber Piles:
Timber piles must be cut off below the permanent ground water
level to prevent decay.
Liable to decay or deteriorate by salt water/insects.
Restricted length. It is rather difficult to procure piles in required
size and length.
Low bearing capacity.
They are not very durable unless suitably treated.
It is difficult or rather impossible to drive these piles into hard
stratum
23. Types of Piles Based on Materials
(contd)
Figure: Timber Pile
24. Types of Concrete Piles
Concrete Piles are of 3 types:
Pre-cast Piles
Cast in situ Piles
Prestressed Concrete Piles
25. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Pre-cast Piles:
Reinforced
concrete
piles,
molded
in
circular, square, rectangular or octagonal form.
Cast and cured in the casting yard, then transported to the
site of driving.
If space available it can be cast and cured near the work
site.
Driven in similar manner as timber piles with the help of
piles drivers.
Diameter normally varies from 35cm to 65cm, length varies
from 4.5m to 30m.
26. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Pre-cast Piles:
Function of reinforcement in a pre-cast pile is to resist the
stresses during handling, driving and final loading on the
pile rather than strengthen the pile to act as a column.
Longitudinal reinforcements usually 20mm to 50mm in
diameter, stirrups 6mm to 10mm in dia.
For 90 cm length at head and toe, stirrups spacing is 8cm
c/c and for remaining intermediate length it is about 30cm
c/c.
Circular piles are seldom tapered. When tapered piles
length is restricted to 12m.
A concrete cover of 5cm is maintained throughout, over the
main steel bars.
27. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Advantages of Pre-cast Piles:
Very effective
Simple quality control
Improves the entire area
Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles:
Limited in length
Difficult to transport
Not suitable for densely built up area
Requires costly equipment
29. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Cast-in-Situ Piles:
Cast in position inside the ground.
First of all a bore is dug by driving a casing pipe into the
ground.
Then the soil from the casing is jetted out and filled with
cement concrete after placing necessary reinforcement in
it.
Cast-in-situ piles are of two types:
I.
Cased Cast-in-Situ Piles: metallic shell is left inside
the ground along with the core
II.
Uncased Cast-in-Situ Piles: metallic shell is withdrawn
30. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Advantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
Not limited in length
Can be cast at any place
Requires less equipment
Cost is less and is depended on the size
Disadvantages of Cast-in-Situ Concrete Piles:
Quality control is difficult
Load carrying is mostly done through end bearing only
Skin frictional resistance is very low.
32. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Advantages of Concrete piles:
Durability is independent of ground water level.
For large size and greater bearing power number of piles
required is much less.
Can be cast to any length, size or shape.
Can be used to marine work without any treatment.
Material required for manufacture is easily obtainable.
Concrete piles can be monolithically bonded into pile cap
which is not possible in wooden piles.
33. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Disadvantages of Concrete piles:
Costlier than timber piles.
Can not be driven rapidly.
Required elaborate tech supervision and heavy driving
machines.
Must be reinforced to withstand handling stresses.
34. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Prestressed Concrete Piles
The greatest disadvantage of large weightt and difficulty in
handling of pre-cast pile is eliminated by prestressed
concrete piles.
The weight is reduced by casting 200mm to 300mm
diameter fiber tubes inside the piles at the time of
concreting.
The pre tensioning cables are subjected to required pull
(tension) in the casting bed.
The fiber tube is held in position inside the form work and
the piles reinforced with pre stressed cables are concreted
in a row.
35. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Prestressed Concrete Piles
Prestressed concrete piles are provided with lifting hooks
at 1/5th ( 0.2L, L= length of pile ) of pile length from each
end.
Piles length 50 times the thickness →single point pick up
More than 50 times the thickness →two point pick up at
0.2L from either end.
Piles 500 sq. mm and smaller→ cast solid.
Piles over 500 sq. mm may be cast with 200mm to 300mm
cored hole (void).
Pre stressed piles are always pre- cast.
36. Concrete Piles ( contd)
Advantages of Prestressed Concrete Piles
It has greater ability to withstand extremely hard driving.
It is more durable in sea water because of absence of
crack.
It has greater column capacity.
It has lesser handling costs because of light weight.
It requires lesser pick-up points.
It has larger moment of inertia than the conventional piles
of same dimension since the concrete is all in
compression.
37. Composite Piles (contd)
Piles of two different materials are driven one over the
other, so as to enable them to act together to perform the
function of a single pile.
This type of composite pile is used with the object of
achieving economy in the cost of piling work.
39. Selection of Type of Pile
The nature of the ground, where piling operation is to be
carried out, determines to a large extent the choice of type
of pile to be used.
In addition, the other important factors which must be
considered in this regard are:
The nature of the structure.
Loading conditions.
Elevation of the ground water level with respect to the pile
cap.
Probable length of pile required.
Availability of materials and equipment.
Factors which may cause deterioration of pile.
Probable cost of pile.
40. Causes of Failure of Piles
Load on the pile is more than the designed load.
Defective workmanship during casting of the pile.
Displacement of reinforcement during casting.
Bearing pile resting on a soft strata.
Improper classification of soil.
Improper choice of the type of pile.
Insufficient reinforcement in the pile.
Decay of timber piles due to attack by insects.
Buckling of piles due to inadequate lateral support.
Defective method adopted for driving the pile.
Incorrect assessment of the bearing capacity of the pile.
Lateral forces not considered in the design of piles.
42. Cof ferdams
Cofferdams may be defined as a temporary structure
constructed in a river or a lake or any other water bearing
surface for excluding water form a given site to enable the
building operation to be performed on dry surface.
Cofferdams may be divided into the following category based
on the materials used during construction:
Earthier cofferdam.
Rock fill cofferdam.
Single-walled cofferdam.
Double-walled cofferdam.
Crib V
Cellular cofferdam.(Circular or diaphragm type)
43. Earthen Cofferdams
It essentially consists of an earthen embankment built
around the area to be enclosed.
It is constructed where the depth of the water is not much
and the velocity of the current is very low.
The top width of the embankment is not less than 1 m and
the slopes vary from 1:1.5 to 1:2. The earth used to built
these cofferdams is a mixture od clay and sand or clay and
gravel
44.
45. Rockfill Cofferdam
If the depth of water to be retained by the embankment of
cofferdam is of order of 1.8 to 3 m, stone or rubble is used
for the embankment.
The stones are assembled in a required shape and the
voids ae partially fillled with earth and stone chips.
46. Single walled Cofferdams
This type of cofferdam is used in places where the area to
be enclosed is very small and he depth of water is more,
say 4.5 to 6m.
Timber piles known as guide piles are first driven in to the
river bed. Longitudinal runners called wales are then bolted
to these at suitable distance apart. Steel or wooden sheet
piles are then driven into the river bed along the wales and
secured to them by bolts.
To increase the stability the sheets on two faces are braced
by trussed arrangement of struts.
47.
48. Double walled Cofferdam
For cofferdams required to enclose large areas in deep
waters, single-walled type becomes uneconomical as large
sections of struts would be necessary to resist water, so
double walled cofferdams are used.
Their construction is similar except instead of one wall two
walls with a gap in between is used.
This can be used for waters with a depth of upto 12 m.
The thickness of the water is equal to the depth of water
when it is 3m, and 3m plus half the depth of water if it is
more.
49. Crib Cofferdam
In deep waters where it is difficult to insert the sheet piles or
guide piles into the hard bed below, Crib cofferdam is used.
A crib is a framework of horizontal timbers installed in
alternate courses to form pockets which can be filled with
earth and stones.
The size of the crib depends on the depth of water and the
velocity of water flow.
The crib is constructed on ground and then floated to the
water surface. Sand and other loose material overlying the
impervious hard bed is dredged out and the crib sunk to the
bed. The space inside the crib is filled with stone or other
materials to make it stable against sliding and overturning.
Timber and steel sheet piles are then driven around the crib.
50.
51. Cellular Cofferdam
When he height of the water is from 18 to 21 m, this type is
used to dewater the large areas.
They are commonly used during the construction of marine
structures like dams, whares etc.
They are constructed by driving straight web sheet piles
arranged in form of a series of inter connected cells. Finally
the cells are filled with clay to make them stable. The two
common shapes of cellular cofferdams are:
a) Circular type
b) Diaphragm type
52.
53. Caissons
Caissons are water light structures made up of wood, steel or
reinforced concrete, constructed in connection with excavation
for foundations of bridges, piers, abutments in river and lake
dock structure fore shore protection etc.
The caisson remains in its pose and ultimately becomes as
integral parts of the permanent structure.
Caisson can be broadly classified into the following three types:
Open Caisson
Box Caisson (Floating Caisson)
Pneumatic Caisson
54. Open Caissons
Depending on shape they are classified in to:
-Single wall open caisson: This is a box type structure with
no top or bottom mainly consisting of vertical walls.
-Cylindrical open caisson: This may be defined as a
cylindrical shell made up of timber, masonry, steel or
reinforced concrete shod with a cutting edge and which is
sunk by excavating the soil within the shell. It is also known
as well caisson.
-Open caisson with dredging walls: This type of caisson has
the distinction of being emoyed for the deepest foundation
for bridge piers, abutments etc. The caisson is square or
rectangular in pplan which is sub divided into smaller
sections from inside forming open walls
55.
56. Box Caisson
It is similar to open caisson except it is closed at the bottom.
Caisson is cast and cured on land and then launched in
water and towed to the site for sinking. They are used where
the strata of sufficient bearing capacity is available near the
ground.
57. Pneumatic Caisson
This type of caisson is closed at top and open at bottom.
The water is excluded from the caisson chamber by means
of compressed air. The working chamber and shafts are
made air tight. In order that the workmen can work
underneath the caisson and water may not find its way
inside from below, the pressure of the compressd air in the
shaft is just kept a little higher than the water at that depth.