foundation methods, foundation types, foundation construction process, all type of fundation details, foundation assessment of settlement , raft foundation , mat foundation
foundation methods, foundation types, foundation construction process, all type of fundation details, foundation assessment of settlement , raft foundation , mat foundation
DEEP FOUNDATIONS - definition, when are they used, forms of construction, pile foundation - types, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages, selection of type of piles, causes of failure, pile driving, cofferdams, types of cofferdams, caisson foundation ad its types and all the information regarding deep foundations.
Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles, pile cap and pile
shoe, pile driving methods, micro piling, causes of failures of piles,
Heaving of piles
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
DEEP FOUNDATIONS - definition, when are they used, forms of construction, pile foundation - types, uses, applications, advantages and disadvantages, selection of type of piles, causes of failure, pile driving, cofferdams, types of cofferdams, caisson foundation ad its types and all the information regarding deep foundations.
Introduction, uses, selection of pile, types of piles, pile cap and pile
shoe, pile driving methods, micro piling, causes of failures of piles,
Heaving of piles
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. Function of Foundation
Reduction of load intensity:- intensity of load should not
exceed the safe bearing capacity of sub-soil.
Even distribution of load:- it distributes non uniform load
from super structure evenly on sub-soil.
Provision of level surface:- it provides level & hard surface
over which super structure can be built.
Lateral Stability:- it provide anchoring support to super
structure, giving stability to building against sliding & overturning.
Safety against undermining:- provides safety against
undermining & scouring due to borrowing of animals or flood water.
Protection against soil movement:- safety against
expansion or contraction of sub soil.
3. Requirement of a foundation
Sustain & transmit all the load coming on foundation
Minimize differential settlement
Guard building against damage due to shrinkage &
swelling of soil
6. Spread Footing
Spread footing is those which spreads the super-
imposed load of wall or columns over a large area.
Single footing for wall/column
Stepped footing for wall/column
Sloped footing for wall/column
Grillage foundation
7.
8. Simple spread footing:- when the wall/column carries
light load & safe bearing capacity of soil is high.
Stepped footing:- when wall carry heavy load or safe
bearing capacity of soil is less.
Sloped footing:- the thickness at junction & at base
varies.
9. Grillage Foundation
It is a special type of isolated footing, generally
provided for heavily loaded steel stanchions, when
bearing capacity of soil is poor.
The depth of foundation is limited to 1 to 1.5m
The heavy load is distributed to a large area by means
of layers or tiers of joist
Grillage foundation are of two types
Steel grillage foundation
Timber grillage foundation
12. Combined footing
Spread footing which supports two column is called
combined footing.
Combined footing are provided when
The columns are very near two each other so that their
footings overlap.
When bearing capacity of soil is less and require more area
under single column
When end column is near property line and footing cannot be
spread in that direction.
The design of combined footing is done such that centre of
gravity of column loads coincide with the centroid of the
footing area.
14. Strap Footing
Strap footing comprises of two or
more footing of individual column,
connected by a beam, called strap.
15. Raft/Mat Foundation
A raft is a combined footing that covers the entire area beneath a
structure & supports all columns.
When allowable soil pressure are low or structure loads are
heavy, the use of spread footing covers more than half of the
area.
They are also used in area where soil mass contains compressible
lenses so that differential settlement is controlled.
A raft may undergo double settlement without causing harmful
differential settlement. Because of this double settlement of that
permitted for footing is acceptable to raft footing.
When hard soil is not available within 1.5 to 2.5m depth raft
foundation are adopted.
16.
17. Deep foundation are those in which depth of
foundation is very large compare to its width
18. •Pile is a column support type of foundation which may be cast in situ
or precast.
•Piles may be placed separately or they may be placed in cluster
•Pile foundation is adopted where load of structure is heavy and
distribution is uneven.
•Top soil has poor bearing capacity
•Subsoil water level is high
•If deep strip foundation is attempted, timbering of sides is difficult
to maintain soil of sides
•Structure is situated on the sea shore or river bed, where there is
danger of scouring action.
•Top soil of expansive nature.
19. piles
function
End bearing pile
Friction pile
Screw pile
Compaction
pile
Uplift pile
Batter pile
Sheet pile
material
Cement
concrete pile
Timber pile
Steel pile
Sand pile
Composite
pile
20. End bearing pile Friction pile
These pile penetrate through
soft soil and their bottom or
tips rest on a hard stratum.
The soil gives lateral support
and increases load carrying
capacity of pile
When loose soil extend greater
depth, piles are driven up to such
a depth that frictional resistance
developed at side of piles equals
the load coming on the pile.
Frictional resistance can be
increased by
Increasing dia of pile
By driving pile to greater depth.
By making surface of pile rough
By placing pile closely & grouping
it.
21. Screw piles Compaction piles
It consist of hollow cast-iron
or steel cylinder with one or
more blades
They are used to compact
loose granular soil in order to
increase their bearing
capacity.
These piles themselves do not
carry any load
22.
23. Uplift piles
The piles anchor down the
structure subjected to
uplift pressure due to
overturning movements
24. Batter piles
They are used to resist large
horizontal or inclined forces.
Sheet piles
They are used as bulk head or
impervious cut off to reduce
seepage & uplift
25.
26.
27. Cement concrete piles
Precast concrete piles
Manufactured in factories
Square, round or octagonal in shape.
Having parallel or tapered sides.
Can bear maximum design load of 80
tones.
Require place for casting & storage
More time required to set & cure
before installation.
Large cost incurred in cutting or
adding of extra length.
Can be driven under water
Have proper control over composition
& design of pile.
Any defect in casting of pile can be
repaired.
High resistance to biological &
chemical actions of ground.
Cast-in-situ concrete piles
Piles are easy to handle
Do not require extra
reinforcement to resist stressed
developed due to handling &
driving of pile.
No wastage of material
Transportation cost eliminated.
Difficult to maintain
reinforcement in correct
position.
Can not be constructed under
water .
Not possible to have proper
control over the composition &
design.
28.
29.
30. Timber piles
•Prepared from trunk of
trees.
•Circular or square in shape.
•30 to 50cm dia with length
not exceeding 20times top
width.
•Cast iron shoe is provided at
the bottom & steel plate at
top is fixed.
•Group of piles are provided
with concrete caps to have
common platform.
•Have small bearing capacity.
•Impossible to drive piles in
hard ground.
•Temporary until treated.
31. Steel Piles
H-piles:- suitable for trestle type of pier in which pile extend above ground level. & also
act as column.
Used as long piles
High bearing capacity
Can be easily driven in soil in which it is difficult to drive ordinary pile.
Box Piles:- rectangular or octagonal in shape filled with concrete.
Used when not possible to drive H piles.
Tube Piles:- tube or steel pipes are driven in ground & filled with concrete.
Piles are easy to handle & drive in ground due to circular section.
Advantage of steel piles:
Easily withstand the stresses due to driving .
Easily lengthened & cutter.
Bearing capacity is very high
Can take impact stresses & resist lateral forces.
Corrosion is the disadvantage in steel piles
32.
33. Sand Piles
Piles are formed by making holes in ground & filling it
with sand.
Top is filled with concrete to prevent sand ejecting
upward due to lateral pressure.
Piles are spaced at 2 to 3m.
Length of pile is 12 times of dia.
Easy to construct
Can be used for any position of water table.
Not suitable for place where there is danger of scour.
Earthquake prone.
34. Composite pile
•Composition of bored +
driven pile.
•Composition of two
different material.
•Economical & easy to
construct.
•Suitable where the upper
part of pile is to project
above the water table.
35. Piers
•Consist of cylindrical column of large
diameter to support and transfer
imposed load on it to firm strata
below.
•Transfers load through bearing.
•Shallow in depth than pile
foundation.
•Preferred in location where the top
strata consist of decomposed rocks
overlying a strata of sound rock.
•Pier foundation is of two types
•1.masonry or concrete pier
•2.drilled caisson
•When good bearing strata exists
upto 5m below ground level, brick,
masonry, or concrete foundation pier
is excavated.
36. Box Caisson
•It is opened at top &
closed at bottom.
•Made up of timber,
reinforced concrete or
steel.
•Built on land and then
floated to place requoired.
•Used for shallow depth
where bearing strata is
available.
37. Open Caisson
It is opened at both the end.
Made up of timber, reinforced concrete or steel.
Used for building or bridge foundation
It is also called as well foundation & this are most
common type of foundation for bridges in India.
Used on sandy or soft bearing stratum liable to scour
and where no firm bed is available for larger depth
below
40. Timbering of foundation
When depth of trenches is large or sub soil is loose,
the sides of trenches may cave in. this problem can be
solved using method of timbering.
Timbering can be done with help of following method
Stay bracing
Box sheeting
Vertical sheeting
Runner system
Sheet piling
41. Stay Bracing
•Used for supporting sides or
benches in fairly firm soil when
depth of excavation is 2m.
•It consists of placing vertical
sheets (sheathing/polling boards)
opposite to each other against two
wall of the trench & holding them
in position by one or two rows of
struts.
•Sheet are placed at an interval of 2
to 4 m , extended to full height of
trench.
•Polling board size:- width 200mm
, thickness 40 to 50mm.
•Strut:- (100*100)mm for 2m wide
trench
(200*200)mm for 4m wide trench
42. Box sheeting
•This method is adopted in loose
soil, when depth of excavation is not
more than 4m.
•In this the sheathing are provided
vertical & very close or next to each
other which are further supported
longitudinally by Wales.
•Struts are than provided across the
Wales.
•For very loose soil
•the sheathing are provided
longitudinally & very close or next to
each other which are further
supported by verticalWales.
43. Vertical sheeting Runner system
This method is used deep
trenches ( up to. 10m depth)
It is similar to box sheathing ,
excavation is carried out in
stages at end of each stage an
offset is provided
So that width of trench goes on
decreasing with increase in
depth.
Each stage is limited to 3m
height and offset vary from 25 to
50cm per stage.
For each stage separate vertical
sheathing & support by
horizontal wailing & strut is
provided.
This is used for extremely
loose or soft ground.
In place of vertical sheeting ,
runner made up of long thick
wooden sheets or plank with
iron shoe at end is provided
Runner are driven 30cm in
advance of the progress of the
work by hammering.
44.
45. Failure of foundation & remedial measurements
Reasons of failure Due to Remedial
measures
Cause of failure
Unequal settlement
of soil
1) Non uniform
nature of sub-
soil.
2) Unequal load
distribution
3) Eccentric loading
1) Resting of
foundation on
hard ground.
2) Proper design of
base of footing.
3) Limiting pressure
on soil.
4) Avoiding
eccentric loading
May lead to crack in
structure and
rotation of
foundation
Unequal settlement
of masonry unit
Shrinking or
compression of
masonry joints
1) Using mortar of
proper strength.
2) Using thin
mortar joints.
3) Restricting
height of
masonry.
4) Properly watering
the masonry
Crack in super
structure
46. Sub-soil moisture
movement
Cause due to
fluctuation of
water table
Pile foundation Leads to failure of
footing crack in
footing & super
structure
Lateral pressure on
walls
Lateral pressure
coming form pitched
roofs or arches or
winds
Proper design
consideration
Overturning of
foundation or by
generation of tensile
stresses on one side
& compressive on
other side of footing
Lateral movement of
sub-soil
Soft soil liable to
move or slide under
vertical load. Sloping
ground
Sheet piles should be
driven to prevent
lateral movement in
soil.
Excessive settlement
& structure may
collapse
Weathering of soil
due to trees & shrubs
Growing of tree or
shrubs near to
structure
Proper planning Depression of
structure.
Crack in wall or
foundation
Atmospheric action Atmospheric agent
like sun, wind, rain
Filling trenches with
good soil
Providing gentle
Decrease in strength
of structure.