Data refers to values of variables that are collected and can be interpreted to derive meaning. There are two main types of data: primary data collected directly from respondents through surveys, observations, or experiments, and secondary data previously collected from sources like libraries, governments, or businesses. Data collection methods include interviews, questionnaires, schedules, and observation to gather information needed to answer a research problem.

2. DATA
 Data is a set of values of subjects with respect to qualitative
variables.
 Data is an information in raw or unorganized form (such as
alphabets, numbers, or symbols).
 Data and information or knowledge are often used
interchangeably; however data becomes information when it is
viewed in context or in post-analysis.
 Facts, statistics used for reference or analysis.
 Data must be interpreted, by a human or machine, to derive
meaning.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

4. TYPES OF DATA
 PRIMARY DATA: data observed and recorded or collected
directly from respondents.
 SECONDARY DATA: data compiled both inside and outside the
organization for some purpose other than the current
investigation.

5. SOURCES OF DATA
SOURCES OF DATA
 SOURCES OF PRIMARY DATA
--survey
*person
*telephone
*mail
--observation
*personal observation
*mechanical observation
--experimental
*laboratory experiment
*field experiment
 SOURCES OF
SECONDARY DATA
*library
*government
*trade, profession and
business
*private business firm
*advertising media
*university research
organization

6. DATA COLLECTION
 Data collection is a process by which the researcher collects the
information needed to answer the research problem.
 The task of data collection begins after a research problem has
been defined and research design chalked out.

7. METHODS OF DATA
COLLECTION
There are four methods of data collection
 interview method
 questionnaire method
 schedule method
 observation method

8. INTERVIEW METHOD
 This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-
verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.
 Interview method this is oral verbal communication. Where
interviewer asks questions (which are aimed to ger information
required for study) to respondent.
TYPES OF INTERVIEW METHOD:
 Personal interview
 Telephone interview

9. PERSONAL INTERVIEW
•Personal interviewer asks
questions generally in a face to
face contact to the other person
are persons
•Non response generally low
•Sample can controlled more
effectively
•Personal information can be
obtained.

10. TELEPHONIC INTERVIEW
•Contacting samples on telephone
•Uncommon method may be used
in developed regions
•Flexible compare to mailing
method
•Faster than other method
•Call backs are simple and
economical also

11. QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
 Questionnaires gives the researchers an
opportunity to carefully structure and
formulates the data collection plan with
precision
 Respondents can take these questionnaires at
the convenient time and think about the
answers at their own place
 The reach is theoretically limitless. The
questionnaire can reach every corner of the
globe if the medium for it.

12. SCHEDULE METHOD
 Schedule is one of the important methods for the study of social
problems
 Schedules like questionnaires but it filled by enumerators.
Enumerators are specifically appointed for filling questionnaire
enumerators explain the aim and objective to respondent and fill
the answers in space.

13. OBSERVATION METHOD
Observation is used in the
studies relating to behavioural
sciences
Information is collected by
investigator’s own observation
without asking from respondent.
e.g., study relating to consumer
behaviour