Data collection - Statistical data are a numerical statement of aggregates. Data, generally, are obtained through properly organized statistical inquiries conducted by the investigators. Data can either be from primary or secondary sources.
Data collection - Statistical data are a numerical statement of aggregates. Data, generally, are obtained through properly organized statistical inquiries conducted by the investigators. Data can either be from primary or secondary sources.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Research methodology - Analysis of DataThe Stockker
Processing & Analysis of Data, Data editing, Benefits of data editing, Data coding, Classification of data, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING THE ATTRIBUTES, CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INTERVAL, TABULATION of data, Types of tables, Graphing of data, Bar chart, Pie chart, Line graph, histogram, Polygon / ogive, Analysis of Data, Descriptive Analysis, Uni-Variate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multi-Variate Analysis, Causal Analysis, Inferential Analysis, PARAMETRIC TESTS, Non parametric Test,
Probability Sampling and Types by Selbin Babuselbinbabu1
The presentation will cover probability sampling and all the types of probability sampling like Random sampling , systematic random sampling, strtified random sampling, cluster random sampling and multi stage sampling.
Methods of data collection (research methodology)Muhammed Konari
Included all types of data collection.Includes primary data collection and secondary data collection. Described each and every classification of Data collections which are included in KTU Kerala.
Research methodology - Analysis of DataThe Stockker
Processing & Analysis of Data, Data editing, Benefits of data editing, Data coding, Classification of data, CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING THE ATTRIBUTES, CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF INTERVAL, TABULATION of data, Types of tables, Graphing of data, Bar chart, Pie chart, Line graph, histogram, Polygon / ogive, Analysis of Data, Descriptive Analysis, Uni-Variate Analysis, Bivariate Analysis, Multi-Variate Analysis, Causal Analysis, Inferential Analysis, PARAMETRIC TESTS, Non parametric Test,
Probability Sampling and Types by Selbin Babuselbinbabu1
The presentation will cover probability sampling and all the types of probability sampling like Random sampling , systematic random sampling, strtified random sampling, cluster random sampling and multi stage sampling.
Weakness and strength of Primary and secondary dataMfaume
Diagnosis is a critical process that involves data collection, interpretation and identification of problem area. Critically discuss the method of data collection and provide their strength and weakness in diagnosis process.
Different Methods of Collection of DataP. Veeresha
Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data.
Data are the basic inputs to any decision making process in any fields like education, business, industries…. etc
The primary data are those which are collected afresh and for the first time, and thus happen to be original in character. It is real time data and which are collected by the researcher himself.
Secondary data means data that are already available i.e., they refer to the data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else.
This Power Point Presentation has been made while referring to the research books written by eminent, renowned and expert authors as mentioned in the references section. The purpose of this Presentation is to help the research students in developing an insight about the Data in Research. I hope the students will find this presentation useful for them.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Department of Economics
1.0 Introduction
Data collection is a term used to describe a
process of preparing and collecting data,
Systemic gathering of data for various sources,
that has been systematically observed, recorded,
organized.
Data are the basic inputs to any decision making
process in business.
3. Department of Economics
1.1 Objectives
After going through this unit, you will be able to:
Need of Data collection;
Factors to be considered for Data collection;
Classification of Data;
Describe the method of Data Collection;
Merits and Demerits of Primary Data Secondary Data ; and
Difference between Primary and Secondary Data.
4. Department of Economics
1.2 Need of Data Collection
Why is Data Collection needed ?
• To get information for analysis
• To get idea about real time situation.
• For comparison between two situation
6. Department of Economics
1.4 Meaning of Primary Data
1.4.2 Primary Research Methods
• Focus Groups
• Observation
• Experiment
1.4.3 Method of Collecting Primary Data
1. Direct personal Investigation
2. Indirect oral investigation
3. Investigation through local reporters Questionnaire
4. Investigation through mailed Questionnaire
5. Investigation through Observation
• Non-personal survey
• Personal Interview
• Official Records
1.4.1 Primary Data
Raw data or primary data is a term for data collected at source. This type of information
is obtained directly from first hand sources by means of surveys, observations and
experimentation and not subjected to any processing or manipulation and also called
primary data.
For example: Interviewing People of your organization.
7. Department of Economics
1.4.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Primary Data
Primary Data
Advantages → Disadvantages →
• Subjective bias is eliminated • Expensive methodology
• Data is not affected by past behaviour
or future intentions
• Information provided is limited
• Natural behaviour of the group can be
recorded
• Unforeseen factors may interfere with
the observational task
• Addresses specific research issues • Time Consuming
8. Department of Economics
1.5 Meaning of Secondary Data
A researcher can obtain secondary data from various sources. Secondary data may either be
published data or unpublished data. It refers to the data collected by someone other than the
user i.e. the data is already available and analysed by someone else. Common sources of
secondary data include various published or unpublished data, books, magazines,
newspaper, trade journals etc.
For Example: Publications of government b. technical and trade journals c. reports of
various businesses, banks etc. d. public records statistical or historical documents.
1.5.1 Secondary Data
1.5.2 Methods of Collecting Secondary Data
1. Published Sources
International Publication
Government Publications
Publications
Commercials Research, Education institute, Unions, Organizations
2. Unpublished Sources
9. Department of Economics
1.5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of
Secondary Data
Secondary Data
Advantages → Disadvantages →
• Ease of Access • Quality of research
• Low cost to acquire • Not specific to researcher’s needs
• Clarification of Research question • Not timely
10. Department of Economics
1.6 Difference between Primary Data and
Secondary Data
Basis for Comparison Primary Data Secondary Data
Meaning
Primary data refers to the first
hand data gathered by the
researcher himself.
Secondary data means data
collected by someone else
earlier.
Data Real time data Past data
Process Very involved Quick and easy
Source
Surveys, observations,
experiments, questionnaire,
personal interview, etc.
Government publications,
websites, books, journal
articles, internal records etc.
Cost effectiveness Expensive Economical
Collection time Long Short
Specific
Always specific to the
researcher's needs.
May or may not be specific to
the researcher's need.
Available in Crude form Refined form
Accuracy and Reliability More Relatively less
11. Department of Economics
1.7 Data Collection Flow
Data
Sources
Primary
data source
Secondary
data source
Internal Records
External Records
• Store audits
• Warehouses withdrawal services
• Consumer purchase panels
• Multimedia services
Published Data
Standardized
sources of
marketing
Internet
• Cost information
• Distributor reports and feedback
• Customer feedback
Electronic
Printed
• Government
• Trade Associations
• Periodicals
• Newspapers
• Books
• Annual Reports
• Private Studies
12. Department of Economics
1.8 Let us Sum up
In present era people must have some knowledge of Data, how to collect data ,
what are the methods of collection of data so keeping that in mind after the
study of this unit we know about collection of data , sources of data, need of
collecting data, method of collecting data. Advantages and Disadvantages of
Primary data and Secondary data and difference between Primary and
secondary data . As can be seen from the above discussion that primary data is
an original and unique data, which is directly collected by the researcher from
a source according to his requirements. As opposed to secondary data which is
easily accessible but are not pure as they have undergone through many
statistical treatments.
13. Department of Economics
1.9 Unit End Questions
1. What do you understand by ‘Primary Data’? Mention the various sources of
Primary data?
2. What do you understand by ‘Secondary Data’? Mention the various sources of
secondary data?
3. Distinguish between Primary Data and Secondary Data and discuss the
various methods used in the collection of Primary Data
4. Classify the methods generally employed in the collection of statistical data.
Which of these is most reliable and why and state brief their respective merits
and demerits.
14. Department of Economics
1.10 Suggested Readings
Asthana H.S, and Bhushan, B.(2007) Statistics for Social Sciences (with SPSS
Applications). Prentice Hall of India
B.L.Aggrawal (2009). Basic Statistics. New Age International Publisher, Delhi.
Gupta, S.C.(1990) Fundamentals of Statistics. Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai
Elhance, D.N: Fundamental of Statistics
Singhal, M.L: Elements of Statistics
Nagar, A.L. and Das, R.K.: Basic Statistics
Croxton Cowden: Applied General Statistics
Nagar, K.N.: Sankhyiki ke mool tatva
Gupta, BN : Sankhyiki
