The document outlines various methods of data collection and processing, including experiments, surveys, interviews, questionnaires, and case studies. It emphasizes the importance of accurate data collection for research integrity and describes data processing operations such as editing, coding, classification, and tabulation. The conclusions highlight that effective data processing is crucial for scientific studies to facilitate relevant comparisons and analyses.

1. Data Collection and Processing
Methods
Presented by
Sajad Ahmad Rather
Research Scholar
Department of Computer Science
School of Engineering And Technology
Pondicherry University
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2. Table Of Contents
• Data Collection
• Interview Method
• Questionnaires
• Schedules
• Case Study
• Pilot Study
• Data Processing
• Tabulation
• Conclusion
• References
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3. Data Collection
• The task of data collection begins after a
research problem has been defined and
research design/plan chalked out.
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4. Collection of Primary Data
Experiment
• An experiment refers to an investigation in
which a factor or variable under test is
isolated and its effect(s) measured.
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5. Survey
• Survey refers to a technique of gathering
information regarding a variable under study,
from the respondents of the population.
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6. Interview Method
• The interview method of collecting data
involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli
and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.
Types of Interview Methods
o Personal Interview method
o Telephonic Interview method
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7. Personal Interview
• Personal interview method requires a person
known as the interviewer asking questions
generally in a face-to-face contact to the other
person or persons.
Telephonic Interview
• This method of collecting information consists
in contacting respondents on telephone itself.
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8. Questionnaires
• A questionnaire consists of a number of
questions printed or typed in a definite order
on a form or set of forms.
Main aspects of a questionnaire
o General form
o Question sequence
o Question formulation and wording
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9. Essentials of a good questionnaire
• Personal and intimate questions should be left
to the end.
• There should be some control questions in the
questionnaire which indicate the reliability of
the respondent.
• There should always be provision for
indications of uncertainty, e.g., “do not know,”
“no preference” and so on.
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10. Schedules
• This method of data collection is very much
like the questionnaire, with little difference
which lies in the fact that schedules (proforma
containing a set of questions) are being filled
in by the enumerators who are specially
appointed for the purpose.
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11. Enumerator
o A person employed in taking a census of the
population.
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12. Case Study
• The case study method is a very popular form
of qualitative analysis and involves a careful
and complete observation of a social unit, be
that unit a person, a family, an institution, a
cultural group or even the entire community.
• Best example: Writing the Biography of a
person.
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13. Pilot Study
• The term 'pilot study' refers to mini version or
pre-testing of a full-scale study, e.g. Software
testing.
OR
• A small-scale test of the methods and
procedures to be used on a larger scale, e.g.
implementation of a government scheme.
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“The fundamental purpose of
conducting a pilot study is to
examine the feasibility of an
approach that is intended to
ultimately be used in a larger
scale study”.

16. Data Processing
• The term processing refers to the searching
for patterns of relationship that exist among
data-groups.
Processing operations
o Editing
o Coding
o Classification
o Tabulation
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17. Editing
oEditing of data is a process of examining
the collected raw data to detect errors
and omissions and to correct these when
possible.
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18. Coding
o Coding refers to the process of assigning
numerals or other symbols to answers so that
responses can be put into a limited number of
categories or classes.
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19. Classification
o It is the process of arranging data in groups or
classes on the basis of common
characteristics.
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20. Tabulation
• The process of organization of data in a
concise and logical order is known as
tabulation.
• In a broader sense, tabulation is an orderly
arrangement of data in columns and rows.
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21. Types of Tabulation
o One-way Tabulation
o Two-way Tabulation
o Complex Tabulation
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22. One-way Tabulation
o When the data are tabulated to on characteristic, it
is said to be a simple tabulation or one-way
tabulation. For Example;
o Tabulation of data on the population of the world
classified by one characteristic like religion is an
example of a one-way tabulation.
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23. Two-way Tabulation
o When the data are tabulated according to two
characteristics at a time, it is said to be a double
tabulation or two-way tabulation. For example;
o Tabulation of data on the population of the world
classified by two characteristics like religion and
gender is an example of a one-way tabulation.
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24. Complex Tabulation
o When the data are tabulated according to two
characteristics at a time, it is said to be a double
tabulation or two-way tabulation. For Example;
o Tabulation of data on the population of the world
classified by two characteristics like religion, gender,
and literacy, etc. is an example of a complex
tabulation.
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25. Conclusion
• Accurate data collection is essential to
maintaining the integrity of research.
• Data processing is essential for a scientific
study and for ensuring that we have all
relevant data for making contemplated
comparisons and analysis.
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26. References
• Research Methodology: Methods and
Techniques by C. R. Kothari.
• Data Collection and Analysis By Dr. Roger Saps
ford.
• Research Techniques in Human Engineering by
Weimer.
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28. ANY QUESTIONS?
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29. Thank You
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