Colloids have particle sizes between 1 nm and 1000 nm. They are classified as lyophilic, lyophobic, or association colloids based on particle interactions with the dispersion medium. Lyophilic colloids readily disperse in the medium while lyophobic colloids do not. Association colloids form micelles above a critical micelle concentration. Colloids demonstrate optical properties like Tyndall effect and can be imaged with electron microscopes. They also exhibit kinetic properties including Brownian motion, diffusion, osmotic pressure, and sedimentation. Colloidal particles are often electrically charged, leading to electrokinetic phenomena like electrophoresis and electroosmosis. Stability is important for preventing
Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.
Classification of dispersed systems & their general characteristics, size & shapes of colloidal particles, classification of colloids & comparative account of their general properties. Optical, kinetic & electrical properties. Effect of electrolytes, coacervation, peptization& protective action.
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage formMuhammad Jamal
This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
Surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage formMuhammad Jamal
This presentation is very much helpful for the medical students,pharmacists, researchers and other health care providers. i hope it will provide important information regarding surfactants and their applications in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
In this presentation:
Surface Tension
Interfacial Tension
Definition of inerfacial tension in different ways
Measurement of interfacial and surface tesion
Colloidal Dispersion, Its Types and Method of PreparationChitralekhaTherkar
Dispersion
Definition of Colloids
Shapes and Sizes of Colloids
Classification of Colloids
Properties of Colloids
1. Optical Properties.
2. Electrical Properties.
3. Kinetic Properties
Purification of Colloids
Method of Preparation of Colloids.
Physical Stability of Colloids.
Factors affecting Colloidal Dispersion.
Colloids are crucial to both ordinary living and pharmacological formulations. the study of both big molecules
and intricately divided multiphase systems is known as colloidal science. the intersection of colloid and
surface science is the multi-phase system. a colloid is a mixture in which one material is suspended within
another substance and has insoluble particles scattered over a tiny scale. between genuine solutions and
suspensions, colloidal solutions or colloidal dispersions represent a middle ground. the dispersed phase of
colloids is distributed throughout the dispersion medium. in many facets of chemistry, colloidal chemistry
knowledge is necessary. this article provides information on what colloids are, their types, sizes, forms,
qualities, and uses.
Here almost full every topics interrelated with colloid chemistry has been discussed.The slides have been made showing question pattern taking Begum Rokeya University Chemistry Department previous year questions to appear the slides easy towards the viewers.Stay join with me.Thank you.
A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance.
The word colloid comes from a Greek word 'kolla', which means glue thus colloidal particles are glue like substances.
These particles pass through a filter paper but not through a semipermeable membrane.
Colloids can be made settle by the process of centrifugation.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. Dispersed Systems:
Dispersed systems consist of particulate matter (dispersed phase),
distributed throughout a continuous phase (dispersion medium).
They are classified according to the particle diameter of the
dispersed material:
1- Molecular dispersions (less than 1 nm)
- Particles invisible in electron microscope
- Pass through semipermeable membranes and filter paper
- Particles do not settle down on standing
- Undergo rapid diffusion
- E.g. ordinary ions, glucose
3. Dispersed Systems:
2- Colloidal dispersions (1 nm - o.5 um)
- Particles not resolved by ordinary microscope, can be detected by
electron microscope.
- Pass through filter paper but not pass through semipermeable
membrane.
- Particles made to settle by centrifugation
- Diffuse very slowly
- E.g. colloidal silver sols, naural and synthetic polymers
3- Coarse dispersions (> 0.5 um)
- Particles are visible under ordinary microscope
- Do not pass through filter paper or semipermeable membrane.
- Particles settle down under gravity
- Do not diffuse
- E.g. emulsions, suspensions, red blood cells
5. Size and shape of colloids:
Particles lying in the colloidal size have large surface
area when compared with the surface area of an equal
volume of larger particles.
Specific surface: the surface area per unit weight or
volume of material.
The possession of large specific surface results in:
1- platinium is effective as catalyst only when found in colloidal form
due to large surface area which adsorb reactant on their surface.
2- The colour of colloidal dispersion is related to the size of the
paticles
e.g. red gold sol takes a blue colour when the particles increase in
size
6. Size and shape of colloids:
- The shape of colloidal particles in dispersion is important:
The more extended the particle the greater its specific
surface the greater the attractive force between the
particles of the dispersed phase and the dispersion
medium.
Flow, sedimentation and osmotic pressure of the colloidal
system affected by the shape of colloidal particles.
Particle shape may also influence the pharmacologic
action.
9. Purification of colloidal
solutions:
When a colloidal solution is prepared is often contains
certain electrolytes which tend to destabilize it. The
following methods are used for purification:
1- Dialysis:
- Semipermeable cellophane
membrane prevent the
passage of colloidal particles,
yet allow the passage of
small molecules or electrolytes.
10. Purification of colloidal
solutions:
2- Electrodialysis:
- In the dialysis unit, the movement of ions across the
membrane can be speeded up by applying an electric
current through the electrodes induced in the solution.
- The most important use of dialysis is the purification of
blood in artificial kidney machines.
- The dialysis membrane allows small particles (ions) to
pass through but the colloidal size particles
(haemoglobin) do not pass through the membrane.
12. Applications of colloidal solutions:
1- Therapy--- Colloidal system are used as therapeutic
agents in different areas.
e.g- Silver colloid-germicidal
Copper colloid-anticancer
Mercury colloid-Antisyphilis
2- Stability---e.g. lyophobic colloids prevent flocculation in
suspensions.
e.g- Colloidal dispersion of gelatin is used in coating over
tablets and granules which upon drying leaves a
uniform dry film over them and protect them from
adverse conditions of the atmosphere.
13. Applications of colloidal solutions:
4- Absorption--- As colloidal dimensions are small
enough, they have a huge surface area. Hence, the
drug constituted colloidal form is released in large
amount.
e.g- sulphur colloid gives a large quantity of sulphur and
this often leads to sulphur toxicity
5-Targeted Drug Delivery--- Liposomes are of colloidal
dimensions and are preferentially taken up by the liver
and spleen.
14. Applications of colloidal solutions:
6- Photography:
A colloidal solution of silver bromide in gelatine is applied
on glass plates or celluloid films to form sensitive plates
in photography.
7- Clotting of blood:
- Blood is a colloidal solution and is negatively charged.
- On applying a solution of Fecl3 bleeding stops and blood
clotting occurs as Fe+3
ions neutralize the ion charges on
the colloidal particles.
15. Types of colloids
Colloids are usually classified according to:
1- The original states of their constituent parts
16. Types of colloids:
2-The nature of interaction between dispersed phase and
dispersion medium.
A-Lyophilic colloids (solvent attracting) (solvent
loving) – The particles in a lyophilic system have a
great affinity for the solvent.
If water is the dispersing medium, it is often known as a
hydrosol or hydrophilic.
readily solvated (combined chemically or physically,
with the solvent) and dispersed, even at high
concentrations.
More viscid
17. Types of colloids:
Examples of lyophilic sols include sols of gum, gelatin, starch, proteins and
certain polymers (rubber) in organic solvents.
the dispersed phase does not precipitate easily
the sols are quite stable as the solute particle surrounded by two stability
factors: a- negative or positive charge
b- layer of solvent
If the dispersion medium is separated from the dispersed phase, the sol can
be reconstituted by simply remixing with the dispersion medium. Hence,
these sols are called reversible sols.
Prepared simply by dissolving the material in the solvent being used e.g.
dissolution of acacia in water.
18. Types of colloids:
B-lyophobic (solvent repelling) (solvent hating) - The particles
resist solvation and dispersion in the solvent.
- The concentration of particles is usually relatively low.
- Less viscid
- These colloids are easily precipitated on the addition of small
amounts of electrolytes, by heating or by shaking
- Less stable as the particles surrounded only with a layer of positive
or negative charge
- Once precipitated, it is not easy to reconstitute the sol by simple
mixing with the dispersion medium. Hence, these sols are called
irreversible sols.
- Examples of lyophobic sols include sols of metals and their insoluble
compounds like sulphides and oxides.
e.g. gold in water
charge
19. Types of colloids:
Prepared by:
I. Physical method (Bridge‘s arc method)
- This method is employed for obtaining colloidal solutions of metals
e.g. silver, gold, platinum
ice
Dispersion medium
(Water + kOH)
20. I. Physical method (Bridge‘s arc method)
An electric current is struck between two metallic
electrodes placed in a container of water.
The intense heat of the arc converts the metal into
vapours which condensed immediately in the cold water
bath.
This results in the formation of particles of colloidal size.
21. Types of colloids:
II. Chemical method :by oxidation
- Sulphur solution is obtained by bubbling H2S gas through
the solution of an oxidizing agent like HNO3 or Br2 in
water , according to the following equations:
- Br2 + H2S S + 2 HBr
- HNO3 + H2S H2O + NO2 + S
22. Types of colloids:
C- Association / amphiphilic colloids
- Certain molecules termed amphiphiles or surface active
agents, characterized by two regions of opposing
solution affinities within the same molecule.
23. Types of colloids:
- At low concentration: amphiphiles exist separately
(subcolloidal size)
- At high concentration: form aggregates or micelles (50 or
more monomers) (colloidal size)
25. Types of colloids:
Critical micelle concentration (C.M.C) : the concentration
at which micelle form
- The phenomenon of micelle formation can be
explained:
1- below C.M.C: amphiphiles are adsorbed at the air/water
interface
2- As amphiphile concentration is raised: both the
interphase and bulk phase become saturated with
monomers (C.M.C)
3- any further amphiphile added in excess: amphiphiles
aggregate to form micelles
26. Types of colloids:
- In water: the hydrocarbon chains face inwards into the
micelle forming hydrocarbon core and surrounded by
the polar portions of the amphiphile associated with
water molecules.
- In non-polar liquid: the polar heads facing inward and
the hydrocarbon chains are associated with non-polar
liquid.
- At concentrations close to C.M.C spherical
micelles
- At higher concentrations lamellar micelles
29. Types of colloids:
The formation of association colloids is spontaneous,
provided the concentration of amphiphile in solution
exceed C.M.C.
30. Comparison of colloidal sols
Lyophilic Associated Lyophobic
Dispersed phase
(large organic mole.
With colloidal size)
Dispersed phase
(micelles of organic
molec. Or ion –size
below the colloidal
range)
Dispersed phase
(Inorganic particles as
gold)
Molec. of dispersed
phase are solvated
Formed
spontaneously
Hydrophilic and lyophilic
portion are solvated ,
Formed at conc. above
CMC
Not formed
spontaneously
The viscosity ↑ with ↑
the dispersed phase
conc.
The viscosity ↑ with ↑
the micelles conc.
Not greatly increase
Stable dispersion in
presence of
electrolytes
CMC↓ with electrolytes Unstable dispersion in
presence of
electrolytes
31. Optical Properties of Colloids
1-Faraday-Tyndall effect
– when a strong beam of light is
passed through a colloidal
sol, the path of light is
illuminated (a visible cone
formed).
- This phenomenon resulting
from the scattering of light by
the colloidal particles.
32. Optical Properties of Colloids
The same effect is noticed when a beam of sunlight
enters a dark room through a slit when the beam of
light becomes visible through the room.
This happens due to the scattering of light by particles
of dust in the air.
33.
34. Optical Properties of Colloids
2- Electron microscope
- Ultra-microscope has declined in recent years as it
does not able to resolve lyophilic colloids.
- so electron microscope is capable of yielding pictures
of actual particles size, shape and structure of colloidal
particles.
- Electron microscope has high resolving power, as its
radiation source is a beam of high energy electrons,
while that of optical microscope is visible light.
36. Optical Properties of Colloids
3- Light Scattering
- depend on tyndall effect.
- used to give information about particle size and shape and for
determination of molecular weight of colloids.
- Used to study proteins, association colloids and lyophobic sols.
- Scattering described in terms of turbidity, T
- Turbidity: the fractional decrease in intensity due to scattering as
the incident light passes through 1 cm of solution.
- Turbidity is proportional to the molecular weight of lyophilic colloid
37. Optical Properties of Colloids
Hc / T = 1/M + 2Bc
T: turbidity
C: conc of solute in gm / cc of solution
M: molecular weight
B: interaction constant
H: constant for a particular system
38. Kinetic Properties of Colloids
1-Brownian motion
- The zig-zag movement of colloidal
particles continuously and randomly.
This brownian motion arises due to the
uneven distribution of the collisions
between colloid particle and the solvent
molecules.
- Brownian movement was more rapid for
smaller particles.
- It decrease with increase the viscosity of
the medium.
39. Kinetic Properties of Colloids
2- Diffusion
- Particles diffuse spontaneously from a region of higher
conc. To one of lower conc. Until the conc. of the
system is uniform throughout.
- Diffusion is a direct result of Brownian motion.
- Fick's first law used to describe the diffusion:
(The amount of Dq of substance diffusing in time dt
across a plane of area A is directly proportional to the
change of concentration dc with distance traveled
dq = -DA (dc / dx) dt
40. Kinetic Properties of Colloids
D diffusion coefficient
the amount of the material diffused per unit time across
a unit area when dc/dx (conc. gradient) is unity.
- The measured diffusion coeffecient can be used to
determine the radius of particles or molecular weight.
41. Kinetic Properties of Colloids
3- Osmotic pressure
- van 't hoff equation:
π = cRT
- Can be used to determine the molecular weight of
colloid in dilute solution.
- Replacing c by C / M (where C = the grams of solute /
liter of solution, M = molecular weight)
π/C = RT/M
42. Kinetic Properties of Colloids
π = osmotic pressure
R= molar gas constant
4- Sedimentation
- The velocity of sedimentation is given by Stokes‘ Law:
v = d2 (ρi-ρe)g/18η
V = rate of sedimentation
D = diameter of particles
ρ = density of internal phase and external phase
g = gravitational constant
η = viscosity of medium
43. Kinetic Properties of Colloids
5- Viscosity:
- It is the resistance to flow of system under an applied stress. The
more viscous a liquid, the greater the applied force required to
make it flow at a particular rate.
- The viscosity of colloidal dispersion is affected by the shape of
particles of the disperse phase:
Spherocolloids dispersions of low viscosity
Linear particles more viscous dispersions
44. Electric Properties Of Colloids
The particles of a colloidal solution are electrically charged and carry
the same type of charge, either negative or positive.
The colloidal particles therefore repel each other and do not cluster
together to settle down.
The charge on colloidal particles arises because of the dissociation
of the molecular electrolyte on the surface.
E.g. As2S3 has a negative charge
During preparation of colloidal As2S3 , H2S is absorbed on
the surface and dissociate to H+
(lost to the medium) and
S-2
remain on the surface of colloid.
45. Electric Properties Of
Colloids
Fe(OH)3 is positively charged
Due to self dissociation and loss of OH-
to the medium,so
they become [Fe(OH)3] Fe+3
46. Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is the most known electrokinetic
phenomena. It refers to the motion of charged particles
related to the fluid under the influence of an applied
electric field.
If an electric potential is applied to a colloid, the charged
colloidal particles move toward the oppositely charged
electrode.
47. Electro-osmosis
It is the opposite in principal to that of electrophoresis.
When electrodes are placed across a clay mass and a
direct current is applied, water in the clay pore space is
transported to the cathodically charged electrode by
electro-osmosis.
Electro-osmotic transport of water through a clay is a
result of diffuse double layer cations in the clay pores
being attracted to a negatively charged electrode or
cathode. As these cations move toward the cathode,
they bring with them water molecules that clump around
the cations as a consequence of their dipolar nature.
49. Sedimentation Potential
The sedimentation potential also called the
(Donnan effect).
It is the potential induced by the fall of a charged
particle under an external force field.
It is analogous to electrophoresis in the sense that a
local electric field is induced as a result of its motion.
if a colloidal suspension has a gradient of concentration
(such as is produced in sedimentation or centrifugation),
then a macroscopic electric field is generated by the
charge imbalance appearing at the top and bottom of
the sample column.
51. Streaming Potential
Differs from electro-osmosis in that the potential is
created by forcing a liquid to flow through a bed or
plug of particles.
53. Stability of colloids
Stabilization serves to prevent colloids from
aggregation.
The presence and magnitude, or absence of a charge
on a colloidal particle is an important factor in the
stability of colloids.
Two main mechanisms for colloid stabilization:
1-Steric stabilization i.e. surrounding each particle with a
protective solvent sheath which prevent adherence due
to Brownian movement
2-electrostatic stabilization i.e. providing the particles with
electric charge
54. Stability of colloids
A- Lyophobic sols:
- Unstable.
- The particles stabilized only by the presence of electrical charges on
their surfaces through the addition of small amount of electrolytes.
- The like charges produce repulsion which prevent coagulation of the
particles and subsequent settling.
- Addition of electrolytes beyond necessary for maximum stability
results in accumulation of opposite ions and decrease zeta
potential coagulation precipitation of colloids.
56. Stability of colloids
- Coagulation also result from mixing of oppositely
charged colloids.
B- Lyophilic sols and association colloids:
- Stable
- Present as true solution
- Addition of moderate amounts of electrolytes not cause
coagulation (opposite lyophobic)
** Salting out:
Definition: agglomeration and precipitation of lyophilic
colloids.
57. Stability of colloids
This is obtained by:
1- Addition of large amounts of electrolytes
- Anions arranged in a decreasing order of precipitating
power: citrate > tartrate > sulfate > acetate > chloride>
nitrate > bromide > iodide
- The precipitation power is directly related to the hydration
of the ion and its ability to separate water molecules from
colloidal particles
2- addition of less polar solvent
- e.g. alcohol, acetone
58. Stability of colloids
- The addition of less polar solvent renders the solvent
mixture unfavourable for the colloids solubility
** Coacervation:
Definition: the process of mixing negatively and positively
charged hydrophilic colloids, and hence the particles
separate from the dispersion to form a layer rich in the
colloidal aggregates (coacervate)
59. Sensitization and protective
colloidal action:
Sensitization: the addition of small amount of
hydrophilic or hydrophobic colloid to a hydrophobic
colloid of opposite charge tend to sensitize
(coagulate) the particles.
Polymer flocculants can bridge individual colloidal
particles by attractive electrostatic interactions.
For example, negatively-charged colloidal silica
particles can be flocculated by the addition of a
positively-charged polymer.
60. Sensitization and protective
colloidal action:
Protection: the addition of large amount of hydrophilic
colloid (protective colloid) to a hydrophobic colloid tend
to stabilize the system.
This may be due to:
The hydrophile is adsorbed as a monomolecular layer on
the hydrophobic particles.