A colloid is a substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance.
The word colloid comes from a Greek word 'kolla', which means glue thus colloidal particles are glue like substances.
These particles pass through a filter paper but not through a semipermeable membrane.
Colloids can be made settle by the process of centrifugation.
Type of adsorption- Pharmaeutical Physical ChemistrySanchit Dhankhar
Adsorption
Adsorption versus absorption, Desorption
Types of adsorption: Physisorption and Chemisorption
Factors affecting adsorption
Adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir
Gibbs adsorption isotherm
Bet equation and its use in surface area determination
Applications
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is the process in which matter is extracted from one phase and concentrated at the surface of a second phase. (Interface accumulation). This is a surface phenomenon as opposed to absorption where matter changes solution phase, e.g. gas transfer. This is demonstrated in the following schematic.
Type of adsorption- Pharmaeutical Physical ChemistrySanchit Dhankhar
Adsorption
Adsorption versus absorption, Desorption
Types of adsorption: Physisorption and Chemisorption
Factors affecting adsorption
Adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir
Gibbs adsorption isotherm
Bet equation and its use in surface area determination
Applications
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is the process in which matter is extracted from one phase and concentrated at the surface of a second phase. (Interface accumulation). This is a surface phenomenon as opposed to absorption where matter changes solution phase, e.g. gas transfer. This is demonstrated in the following schematic.
Definition
Application
Difference between molecular and Colloidal dispersion
Characteristics of dispersed phase
Classification of colloidal dispersion
Purification of colloidal dispersion
In 1945 Robert Burns Woodward gave certain rules for correlating λmax with molecular structure. In 1959 Louis Frederick Fieser modified these rules with more experimental data, and the modified rule is known as Woodward-Fieser Rules
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorpho...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER-TYPES-DYNAMICS OF ELECTRON TRANSFER-MARCUS THEORY-TUNNELING - BUTLER VOLMER EQUATIONS-TAFEL EQUATIONS-POLARIZATION AND OVERVOLTAGE-CORROSION AND PASSIVITY-POURBAIX AND EVAN DIAGRAM-POWER STORAGE-FUEL CELLS
polymerization is a process of bonding monomer, or "single units" together through a variety of reaction mechanisms to form longer chains named Polymer.
Definition
Application
Difference between molecular and Colloidal dispersion
Characteristics of dispersed phase
Classification of colloidal dispersion
Purification of colloidal dispersion
In 1945 Robert Burns Woodward gave certain rules for correlating λmax with molecular structure. In 1959 Louis Frederick Fieser modified these rules with more experimental data, and the modified rule is known as Woodward-Fieser Rules
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-7)(Solid-crystalline, Amorpho...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
CRYSTALLINE SOLID, Types of Crystalline solid, AMORPHOUS SOLID, Difference between crystalline solid and amorphous solid, Why does the amorphous form of drug have better bioavaibility that crystalline couterpaerts?, Polymorphism,
TYPES OF POLYMORPHISM, PROPERTY OF POLYMORPHS, Methods of preparation of Polymorphs, Methods to determine Polymorphism Characterization of Polymorphs, Pharmaceutical Application
ELECTRICAL DOUBLE LAYER-TYPES-DYNAMICS OF ELECTRON TRANSFER-MARCUS THEORY-TUNNELING - BUTLER VOLMER EQUATIONS-TAFEL EQUATIONS-POLARIZATION AND OVERVOLTAGE-CORROSION AND PASSIVITY-POURBAIX AND EVAN DIAGRAM-POWER STORAGE-FUEL CELLS
polymerization is a process of bonding monomer, or "single units" together through a variety of reaction mechanisms to form longer chains named Polymer.
Colloids are crucial to both ordinary living and pharmacological formulations. the study of both big molecules
and intricately divided multiphase systems is known as colloidal science. the intersection of colloid and
surface science is the multi-phase system. a colloid is a mixture in which one material is suspended within
another substance and has insoluble particles scattered over a tiny scale. between genuine solutions and
suspensions, colloidal solutions or colloidal dispersions represent a middle ground. the dispersed phase of
colloids is distributed throughout the dispersion medium. in many facets of chemistry, colloidal chemistry
knowledge is necessary. this article provides information on what colloids are, their types, sizes, forms,
qualities, and uses.
Here almost full every topics interrelated with colloid chemistry has been discussed.The slides have been made showing question pattern taking Begum Rokeya University Chemistry Department previous year questions to appear the slides easy towards the viewers.Stay join with me.Thank you.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. AIAS
COLLOIDS
A colloid is a substance microscopically
dispersed throughout another substance.
The word colloid comes from a Greek
word 'kolla', which means glue thus
colloidal particles are glue like
substances.
These particles pass through a filter paper
but not through a semipermeable
membrane.
Colloids can be made settle by the process
of centrifugation.
3. AIAS
SOLUTIONS
Made up of particles or solutes and a solvent
The solvent part of the solution is usually a
liquid, but can be a gas.
The particles are atoms, ions, or molecules that
are very small in diameter.
COLLOIDAL MIXTURE
Has particles that are not as small as a solution
and not as large as a suspension.
The particles are intermediate in size.
SUSPENSIONS
Made up of particles and a solvent
its particles are larger than those found in a
solution.
The particles in a suspension can be distributed
throughout the suspension evenly by shaking the
mixture.
4. AIAS
CLASSIFICATION OF COLLOIDS
Based of physical state of dispersed phase an dispersion medium.
Based of nature of interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion
medium.
Based on molecular size in the dispersed phase.
Based on appearance of colloids.
Based on electric charge on dispersion phase.
5. AIAS
BASED ON NATURE OF INTERACTION BETWEEN DISPERSED PHASEAND DISPERSION MEDIUM
LYOPHILIC COLLOIDS
Colloidal solution in which the dispersed phase has a
great affinity for the dispersion medium.
They are also termed as intrinsic colloids.
Such substances have tendency to pass into colloidal
solution when brought in contact with dispersion
medium.
If the dispersion medium is water, they are called
hydrophilic or emulsoids.
The lyophilic colloids are generally self- stabilized.
Reversible in nature and are heavily hydrated.
Example of lyophilic colloids are starch, gelatin,
rubber, protein etc.
6. AIAS
LYOPHOBIC COLLOIDS
Colloidal solutions in which the dispersed phase has no
affinity to the dispersion medium.
These are also referred as extrinsic colloids.
Such substances have no tendency to pass into colloidal
solution when brought in contact with dispersion medium.
The lyophobic colloids are relatively unstable.
They are irreversible by nature and are stabilized by
adding small amount of electrolyte.
They are poorly hydrated.
If the dispersion medium is water, the lyophobic colloids
are called hyrophobic or suspenoids.
Examples: sols of metals like Au, Ag, sols of metal
hyroxides and sols of metal sulphides.
7. AIAS
Based on molecular size in the dispersed phase.
MULTIMOLECULAR COLLOIDS
Individual particles of the dispersed phase consists of aggregates of atoms
or small molecules having diameter less than 10-7cm . The particles are
held by weak vander waal’s forces.
Example; gold sol, sulphur sol
MACROMOLECULAR COLLOIDS
The particles of dispersed phase are sufficiently large in size enough to be
of colloidal solution. These are called Natural Polymers.
8. AIAS
ASSOCIATED COLLOIDS
These colloids behave as normal electrolytes
at low concentrations but behave as colloids
at higher concentrations.
These associated colloids are also referred to
as micelles.
Sodium stearate (C18H35NaO2)behave as
electrolyte in dilute solution but colloid in
higher concentrations.
Examples: Soaps , higher alkyl sulphonates ,
polythene oxide.
9. AIAS
BASED ON ELECTRICAL CHARGE ON DISPERSION PHASE
POSITIVE COLLOIDS When
dispersed phase in a colloidal solution
carries a positive charge.
Examples : Metal hyroxides like Fe(OH)3,
Al(OH)2, methylene blue sol etc.
NEGATIVE COLLOIDS
When dispersed phase in a colloidal
solution carries a negative charge.
Examples : Ag sol, Cu sol
11. AIAS
A) Mechanical dispersion:
In this method,
The substance is first ground to coarse particles.
It is then mixed with the dispersion medium to get
a suspension.
The suspension is then grinded in colloidal mill.
It consists of two metallic discs nearly touching
each other and rotating in opposite directions at a
very high speed about 7000 revolution per minute.
The space between the discs of
the mill is so
adjusted that coarse suspension is subjected to great
shearing force giving rise to particles of colloidal size.
Colloidal solutions of black ink, paints, varnishes,
dyes etc. are obtained by this method.
12. AIAS
(B) By electrical dispersion or Bredig’s arc method:
This method is used to prepare sols of
platinum, silver, copper or gold.
The metal whose sol is to be prepared is made
as two electrodes which immerge in dispersion
medium such as water etc.
The dispersion medium is kept cooled by ice.
An electric arc is struck between the
electrodes.
The tremendous heat generated by this
method
give colloidal solution.
The colloidal solution prepared is stabilized by
13. AIAS
(C) By peptisation:
The process of converting a freshly prepared precipitate into colloidal form
by the addition of suitable electrolyte is called peptisation.
Cause of peptisation is the adsorption of the ions of the electrolyte by the
particles of the precipitate.
The electrolyte used for this purpose is called peptizing agent or stabilizing
agent.
Important peptizing agents are sugar, gum, gelatin and electrolytes.
14. AIAS
(D) Condensation method
In condensation method, the smaller
particles of the dispersed phase are
aggregated to form larger particles of
colloidal dimensions.
Some important condensation
methods are described below:
a) Solutions of substances like mercury
and sulphur are prepared by passing
their vapours through a cold water
containing a suitable stabilizer such as
ammonium salt or citrate.
15. AIAS
b)By excessive cooling:
A colloidal solution of ice in an organic solvent like ether or
chloroform can be prepared by freezing a solution of water in
solvent.
The molecules of water which can no longer be held in solution, separately combine to
form particles of colloidal size.
c) By exchange of solvent:
Colloidal solution of certain substances such as sulphur, phosphorus which are soluble
in alcohol but insoluble in water can be prepared by pouring their alcoholic solution in
excess of water.
For example alcoholic solution of sulphur on pouring into water gives milky colloidal
solution of sulphur.
16. AIAS
d) Chemical methods:
Colloids can be prepared by following chemicals methods..
1) Oxidation:
Addition of oxygen and removal of hydrogen is called oxidation.
For example: Colloidal solution of sulphur can be prepared by oxidizing an aqueous
solution of H2S with a suitable oxidizing agent such as bromine water.
H2S + Br2 → 2HBr + S
2H2S + SO2 → 2H2O+ 3S
17. AIAS
2)Reduction:
Addition of hydrogen and removal of oxygen is called
reduction.
For example: Gold sol can be obtained by reducing a
dilute aqueous solution of gold with stannous chloride.
2AuCl3 + 3SnCl2 → 3SnCl4 + 2Au
3) Hydrolysis:
It is the break down of water.
Sols of ferric hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide can be
prepared by boiling the aqueous solution of the
corresponding chlorides.
For example.
FeCl3 + 3H2S → Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
18. AIAS
4) Double Decompostion
The sols of inorganic insoluble salts such as arsenous sulphide, silver halide
etc may be prepared by using double decomposition reaction.
For example: Arsenous sulphide sol can be prepared by passing H2S gas
through a dilute aqueous solution of arsenous oxide.
As2O3 + 3H2S → As2S3(OH)3 + 3H2O
19. AIAS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
• Heterogeneity: Colloidal solutions consist of two phases-dispersed phase
and dispersion medium.
• Visibility of dispersed particles: The dispersed particles present in
them are not visible to the naked eye and they appear homogenous.
• Filterability: The colloidal particles pass through an ordinary filter paper.
However, they can be retained by animal membranes, cellophane
membrane and ultrafilters.
• Stability: Lyophilic sols in general and lyophobic sols in the absence of
substantial concentrations of electrolytes are quite stable.
• Colour: The colour of a colloidal solution depends upon the size of colloidal
particles present in it. Larger particles absorb the light of longer wavelength
and therefore transmit light of shorter wavelength.
20. AIAS
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OFCOLLOIDS
• TYNDALL EFFECT
• When an intense converging beam of light is passed
through a colloidal solution kept in dark, the path of
the beam gets illuminated with a bluish light.
• This phenomenon is called Tyndall effect and the
illuminated path is known as Tyndall cone.
• The Tyndall effect is due to the scattering of light by
colloidal particles.
• Tyndall effect is not exhibited by true solutions. This is
because the particles present in a true solution are too
small to scatter light.
• Tyndall effect can be used to distinguish a colloidal
solution from a true solution. The phenomenon has
also been used to devise an instrument known as ultra
microscope. The instrument is used for the detection
of the particles of colloidal dimensions.
21. AIAS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
• BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
• The continuous zigzag movement of the colloidal
particles in the dispersion medium in a colloidal
solution is called Brownian movement.
• Brownian movement is due to the unequal
bombardments of the moving molecules of
dispersion medium on colloidal particles.
• The Brownian movement decreases with an
increase in the size of colloidal particle. This is why
suspensions do not exhibit this type of movement.
22. AIAS
ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
• ELECTROPHORESIS
• The movement of colloidal particles
towards a particular electrode under the
influence of an electric field.
• If the colloidal particles carry positive
charge, they move towards cathode when
subjected to an electric field and vice
versa.
23. AIAS
• ELECTROSMOSIS
• The movement of dispersion medium under the influence of an electric
field in the situation when the movement of colloidal particles is
prevented with the help of a suitable membrane.
• During electrosmosis, colloidal particles are checked and it is the
dispersion medium that moves towards the oppositely charged electrode.
24. AIAS
• Flocculation value: The coagulating power of an electrolyte is usually
expressed in terms of its flocculation value which may be defined as the
minimum concentration (in millimoles per litre) of an electrolyte required to
cause the coagulation of a sol.
• A smaller flocculation value indicates the greater coagulating power of
the electrolyte. Thus,
Coagulating power α 1
Flocculation value
• The coagulation of colloidal solution can also be achieved by any of the
following methods.
By electrophoresis
By mixing two oppositely sols By persistent dialysis
26. AIAS
DEFINITION :
“ Micro-emulsions is homogenous,
transparent, thermodynamically stable
dispersions of water and oil, stabilized by
a surfactant, usually in combination with a
co-surfactant.”
4
28. AIAS
COMPOSITION OF MICRO-EMULSION :
Microemulsions is defined as transparent
dispersion consisting of,
1.Oil
2.Surfactant
3.Co-surfactant
4.Water
6
29. AIAS
MAJOR GOALS :
⚫To delivery of Hydrophilic as well as
Lipophilic drug as drug carriers because
of it’s
1)Improved drug solubilization capacity
2)Long shelf life
3)Easy of preparation and
4)Improvement of bio-availability
7
30. AIAS
ADVANTAGES :
⚫Increase the rate of absorption
⚫Increase bio-availability
⚫Helpful in taste masking
⚫Eliminates variability in absorption
⚫Helps in solubilizing lipophilic drugs
8
31. AIAS
DISADVANTAGES :
⚫Use of large concentration of surfactant
and co-surfactant necessary for the
stabilizing micro droplets.
⚫Limited solubilizing capacity for high
melting substances.
⚫Microemulsion stability is influenced by
environmental parameters such as,
temperature & pH.These parameters
change upon microemulsion delivery to
the patients.
9
33. AIAS
FEATURES MACROEMULSIONS MICROEMULSIONS
Droplet diameter 1-20mm. 10-100nm.
Appearance Most of the emulsions are
opaque(white).
Microemulsions are
transparent.
Stability They are stable but
coalesce finally.
More thermodynamically
stable than macro
emulsions.
Preparation Require intense agitation
for their formation.
Generally obtained by
gentle mixing of
ingredients.
Surfactant
concentration
2-3% by weight. 6-8% by weight.
Interface contact Direct oil/water contact at
the interface.
No direct oil/water contact
at the interface.
11
34. AIAS
TYPES OF MICROEMULSIONS :
Microemulsions are of 3 types.They are :
1) O/W Microemulsion
2) W/O Microemulsion
3) Bi-continuous microemulsion
12
35. AIAS
⚫O/W Microemulsion where in droplets are
dispersed in the continuous aqueous phase.
⚫W/O Microemulsion where in water droplets
are dispersed in the continuous oil phase.
⚫Bi-continuous microemulsion where in
micro domains of oil & water are inter
dispersed within the system.
⚫In all the three types of microemulsions,the
interface is stabilized by an appropriate
combination of surfactants and/or co-
surfactants.
13
36. AIAS
PREPARATION METHODS OF MICROEMULSIONS :
Following are the different methods used for
the preparation of the microemulsions :
1)Phase titration method
2)Phase inversion method
14
37. AIAS
PHASE-TITRATION METHOD :
1. Dilution of an oil-surfactant mixture with
water.[W/O]
2. Dilution of a water surfactant mixture
with oil.[O/W]
3. Mixing of all components at once, in
some systems, the order of ingredients
addition may determine whether a
microemulsion forms are not.
15
38. AIAS
PHASE-INVERSION METHOD :
Temperature range in which an o/w microemulsions
inverts to a w/o type.
⚫ Using non-surfactants: polyoxyethylene are very
suspectible to temperature.
with increasing the temperature, the polyoxyethylene
group becomes dehydrated, altering critical packing
parameter which results in the phase inversion.
⚫ For ionic surfactants: increasing temperature,
increase the electrostatic repulsion between the
surfactant headgroups thus causing reversal of film
carvature.
Hence, the effect of temperature is opposite to the effect
seen with non-ionic surfactants.
16
39. AIAS
EQUIPMENTS USED FOR THE PREPARATION
OF MICROEMULSIONS :
⚫Colloidal mill
⚫Rotorstator
⚫Homogenizer
17
40. AIAS
FORMATION OF MICROEMULSION :
Microemulsion is formed when
⚫The interfacial tension at the
o/w inter phase are brought at very
low level.
⚫The interfacial tension is kept
at highly flexible and fluid.
18
43. AIAS
APPLICATIONS :
1) Oral delivery system
2) Parenteral delivery system
3) Ophthalmic delivery system
4) Microemulsions in detergency
5) Microemulsions in cosmetics
6) Microemulsions in foods
21