DNA sequencing involves analyzing the order of nucleotides in DNA. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. DNA is found in the nucleus and the amount is constant in somatic cells but half in gametes. Nucleotides are the subunits of DNA and RNA and contain a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base. A nucleoside contains a sugar and base while a nucleotide additionally contains a phosphate group. The structures of nucleotides involve the phosphate group bonding to the sugar, the sugar-phosphate backbone formed by phosphodiester linkages between sugars, and various nitrogenous bases including purines and pyrimidines bonding to the sugar.
DNA
history
structure
X-Ray diffraction image of DNA
base pairing principle
base pairs
bonding patterns of DNA
base stacking different conformations of DNA
different forms of DNA
function of DNA
replication
encoding information
mutation/recombination
gene expression
Application of DNA
DNA
history
structure
X-Ray diffraction image of DNA
base pairing principle
base pairs
bonding patterns of DNA
base stacking different conformations of DNA
different forms of DNA
function of DNA
replication
encoding information
mutation/recombination
gene expression
Application of DNA
Chap-7 Nucleic acid Power point presentationMegersa4
Nucleic acids
Get their name because they were first found in the nucleus of cells, but they have since been discovered also to exist outside the nucleus (cytoplasm).
Are the molecules within a cell that are responsible for ability to produce exact replicas of themselves. It is called ‘molecules of heredity’.
Are the principle genetic materials of all living organisms.
It contains C, H, O, N (10%) and P (15%).
Are condensation polymers of nucleotides.
Are the polynucleotides having high molecular weight.
It is a polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides.
Nucleotides: Phosphoric acid esters of nucleosides.
Nucleotides = nucleoside + phosphate
Nucleotides are carbon ring structures containing nitrogen linked to a 5-carbon sugar.
5-carbon sugar is either a ribose or a deoxy-ribose making the nucleotide either a ribonucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide.
Nucleosides are compounds in which nitrogenous bases (purines and pyrimidines) are conjugated to the pentose sugars (ribose or deoxyribose) by a β-glycosidic linkage.
Ribose (RNA) is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule.
Deoxyribose (DNA) is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom.
In both types of nucleotides the pentoses exist in their ß-furanose (closed five-membered ring) forms.
Both molecules may be represented by the symbol:
Despite the complexity and diversity of life the structure of DNA is dependent on only 4 different nucleotides.
Diversity is dependent on the nucleotide sequence.
All nucleotides are 2 ring structures composed of:
Despite the complexity and diversity of life the structure of DNA is dependent on only 4 different nucleotides.
Diversity is dependent on the nucleotide sequence.
All nucleotides are 2 ring structures composed of:
A nucleoside consists of a nitrogen base linked by a glycosidic bond to C1’ of a ribose or deoxyribose.
Nucleosides are named by changing the nitrogen base ending to -osine for purines and –idine for pyrimidines
A nucleotide is a nucleoside that forms a phosphate ester with the C5’ OH group of ribose or deoxyribose
Nucleotides are named using the name of the nucleoside followed by 5’-monophosphate
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
Chap-7 Nucleic acid Power point presentationMegersa4
Nucleic acids
Get their name because they were first found in the nucleus of cells, but they have since been discovered also to exist outside the nucleus (cytoplasm).
Are the molecules within a cell that are responsible for ability to produce exact replicas of themselves. It is called ‘molecules of heredity’.
Are the principle genetic materials of all living organisms.
It contains C, H, O, N (10%) and P (15%).
Are condensation polymers of nucleotides.
Are the polynucleotides having high molecular weight.
It is a polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides.
Nucleotides: Phosphoric acid esters of nucleosides.
Nucleotides = nucleoside + phosphate
Nucleotides are carbon ring structures containing nitrogen linked to a 5-carbon sugar.
5-carbon sugar is either a ribose or a deoxy-ribose making the nucleotide either a ribonucleotide or a deoxyribonucleotide.
Nucleosides are compounds in which nitrogenous bases (purines and pyrimidines) are conjugated to the pentose sugars (ribose or deoxyribose) by a β-glycosidic linkage.
Ribose (RNA) is a sugar, like glucose, but with only five carbon atoms in its molecule.
Deoxyribose (DNA) is almost the same but lacks one oxygen atom.
In both types of nucleotides the pentoses exist in their ß-furanose (closed five-membered ring) forms.
Both molecules may be represented by the symbol:
Despite the complexity and diversity of life the structure of DNA is dependent on only 4 different nucleotides.
Diversity is dependent on the nucleotide sequence.
All nucleotides are 2 ring structures composed of:
Despite the complexity and diversity of life the structure of DNA is dependent on only 4 different nucleotides.
Diversity is dependent on the nucleotide sequence.
All nucleotides are 2 ring structures composed of:
A nucleoside consists of a nitrogen base linked by a glycosidic bond to C1’ of a ribose or deoxyribose.
Nucleosides are named by changing the nitrogen base ending to -osine for purines and –idine for pyrimidines
A nucleotide is a nucleoside that forms a phosphate ester with the C5’ OH group of ribose or deoxyribose
Nucleotides are named using the name of the nucleoside followed by 5’-monophosphate
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
Biochemistry of nucleic acids DNA RNA structures with the comparison chart between them chemistry of nucleic acids structures and composition and protein synthesis nucleotides and nucleosides
DNA and RNA molecules are linear polymers built from individual units called nucleotides connected by bonds called phosphodiester linkages. DNA and RNA are used to store and pass genetic information from one generation to the next.
Similar to Basics of DNA & RNA (Nucleic acid) (20)
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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optics at visible wavelengths.
3. Two types of nucleic acid are found
• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
4.
5.
6. DNA as genetic material: The circumstantial
evidence
1. Present in all cells and virtually restricted to the nucleus
2. The amount of DNA in somatic cells (body cells) of any given species is constant (like
the number of chromosomes)
3. The DNA content of gametes (sex cells) is half that of somatic cells.
In cases of polyploidy (multiple sets of chromosomes) the DNA content increases by a
proportional factor
7. Nucleotides
• Nucleotides are the subunits of DNA and RNA.
• They participate in numerous biological processes,
convey energy, are part of essential coenzymes, and
regulate numerous metabolic functions.
8. Three integral part of nucleotides
• a phosphate group,
• a sugar (pentose),
• and a purine or pyrimidine base (nitrogenous base).
Nucleoside
• The molecule without the phosphate group is called a nucleoside
9. Nucleosides vs nucleotides
• A nucleoside is a compound of a sugar residue (ribose or deoxyribose) and a
nucleotide base. The bond is between the C atom in position 1 of the sugar and
an N atom of the base (N-glycosidic bond).
• A nucleotide is a compound of a five-C-atom sugar residue (ribose or
deoxyribose) attached to a nucleotide base (pyrimidine or purine base) and a
phosphate group. The nucleosides of the various bases are grouped as
ribonucleosides or deoxyribonucleosides, e.g., adenosine or deoxyadenosine,
guanosine or deoxyguanosine, uridine (occurs only as a ribonucleoside), cytidine
or deoxycy tidine. Thymidine occurs only as a deoxynucleoside.
13. A. Phosphate groups
Phosphate groups occur in nucleic acids and nucleotides as
monophosphates (one P atom), diphosphates (2), or
triphosphates (3).
14.
15. Phosphate group
• It consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.
Phosphate groups are found in every nucleotide and frequently carry
a negative charge, which makes DNA acidic. The phosphate is always
bonded to the 5-carbon atom of the sugar in a nucleotide
16. SUGAR
• The carbohydrate residues in nucleotides are usually derived from
either ribose (in ribonucleic acid, RNA) or deoxyribose (in deoxy ribo
nucleic acid, DNA)
• (ribonucleoside or deoxyribonucleoside).
19. Ribose vs Deoxyribose
• This minor chemical difference is recognized by all the cellular
enzymes that interact with DNA or RNA, thus yielding specific
functions for each nucleic acid.
• Further, the additional oxygen atom in the RNA nucleotide makes it
more reactive and less chemically stable than DNA. For this reason,
DNA is better suited to serve as the long-term repository of genetic
information.
21. Nitrogenous Bases
Nucleotide bases of pyrimidine
• Cytosine (C), thymine (T), and uracil (U) are the three pyrimidine nucleotide bases. They differ
from each other in their side chains (—NH2 on C4 of cytosine,—CH3 on C5 in thymine,and O on
C4 in uracil). In addition, cyotsine has a double bond between N3 and C4.
Nucleotide bases of purine
• Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are the two nucleotide bases of purine. They differ in their side
chains and in having a double bond between N1 and C6 (present in adenine, absent in guanine).
• Note; Free pyrimidines and purines are weakly basic compounds and are thus called base
25. Glycosidic Bond
The nitrogen atom in position 9 of a purine or in position 1 of a
pyrimidine is bound to the carbon in position 1 of the sugar (N-
glycosidic bond).
The glycosyl bond is formed by removal of the elements of water (a
hydroxyl group from the pentose and hydrogen from the base), as in O-
glycosidic bond formation