This document discusses blood, blood products, and blood transfusion. It defines blood and its components and functions in transportation, protection, and regulation. Blood products include whole blood, packed red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and cryoprecipitate. Indications for transfusion of specific products are provided. The document also discusses the maximum surgery blood order schedule, blood transfusion reactions and their management, complications of transfusion, hemovigilance, and important takeaways regarding proper transfusion procedures.
Autologous Blood Transfusion (ABT) means reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
ABT is not a new concept, fear of transfusion- transmitted diseases stimulated the growth of autologous programme
Blood products topic is very important for Medical students as they have to know which blood product will be much beneficial to patients when they go into clinical practice. This PPT provides all of them.
Blood, Blood transfusion and Blood products bijay19
This presentation give idea about blood, blood transfusion importance and things to note during transfusion...It shows various blood products, its indications and contraindications. the complication of blood transfusion
Autologous Blood Transfusion (ABT) means reinfusion of blood or blood products taken from the same patient
ABT is not a new concept, fear of transfusion- transmitted diseases stimulated the growth of autologous programme
Blood products topic is very important for Medical students as they have to know which blood product will be much beneficial to patients when they go into clinical practice. This PPT provides all of them.
Blood, Blood transfusion and Blood products bijay19
This presentation give idea about blood, blood transfusion importance and things to note during transfusion...It shows various blood products, its indications and contraindications. the complication of blood transfusion
Blood products Transfusion and related complications,
Types of cell salvage, blood warming and autologous blood,
With intraoperative blood lots monitoring and transfusion
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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1. Blood, Blood Products and Blood
Transfusion
By;
SITI AFIFAH
MARDHIYYAH
Supervisor;
DR SALEHUDIN
2. Contents
• Definition
• Functions of the blood
• Blood products
• Indication for transfusion
• Maximum surgery blood order schedule (MSBOS)
• blood transfusion: hemovigilance
• Blood transfusion reaction and its management
• Other complications of blood transfusion
• Take home massage
3. Definition:
• Blood - connective tissue (fluid) consisting of
plasma and cellular component.
• 8% of total BW
4. Functions of the blood
• supplies o2 and substances absorbed from the GIT to
the tissues.
• returns co2 to the lungs, and other products of body
metabolism to the kidneys.
• Transport hormones produced by respective glands of
endocrine systems
Transportation
• White cells- preotection of the body againts pathogen
• Platelets- limiting blood lossProtection
• Body temperature
• blood pressure
• pH balanceRegulation
5. Blood product & Blood Transfusion
• Blood product- A blood product is any
component of the blood which is collected
from a donor for use in a blood transfusion
• Blood transfsusion-is the process of
transferring blood or blood components from
one person into the circulatory system of
another
6. WHOLE BLOOD
CELLULAR FRESH
COMPONENTS PLASMA
• RED CELLS
• PLATELETS
• WHITE
BLOOD CELLS
FRESH FROZEN PLASMA
CRYOPERCIPITATE
CRYOSUPERNATANT
FACTOR VIII
CONCENTRATE
•ALBUMIN
•IMMUNOGLOBULIN
•OTHER
CONCENTRATES
Blood products
7. Blood products
Whole blood
• Blood taken from a suitable donor using a pyrogen
free anticoagulant container. The major use is used
for blood component separation.
Packed red
cells
• A component derived by removing part of the
plasma from whole blood
Platelet
• A component derived from fresh whole blood by
centrifugation which contain majority of the
platelets content in theraputically effective form.
8. Fresh frozen
plasma
• A component prepared either from fresh whole blood or from plasma
collected by apheresis, frozen at an appropiate temperature to preserve
the activity of labile coagulation factors.
Cryoprecipitate
• A component containing the cryoglobulin fraction of plasma obtained by
further processing of fresh frozen plasma prepared from hard spun cell
free plasma and concentrated to a final volumes required.
Cryosupernatqant
• A component prepared from plasma by removal of cryoprecipitate
10. 2. Platelet
Hematological malignancies To maintain platelet > 20x 109
Massive transfusion Acute bleeding, multiple trauma
DIVC Acute DIC, aim to maintain platelet
>50x109
CABG/ Ruptured AAA Reserved for post op bleeding
Immune thrombocytopaenia
Platelet function disorders If all other measures fail to control the
bleeding
13. Maximum surgery blood order
schedule (MSBOS)
• Reference used to guide clinicians in ordering
blood before surgery.
• The Maximum Surgical Blood Order Schedule
(MSBOS) is a table of elective surgical
procedures which lists the number of units of
blood routinely requested, and cross-matched
for them pre-operatively.
14. MSBOS
• For cases where blood;
–Not likely to be transfused – GSH is
perfomed.
–Likely to be transfused – GXM is performed.
*However when antibody screen is positive,
compatible blood must be made available in all cases
before surgery
15. Group Crossmatch
• The patient's serum is
screened and tested
directly for
compatibility with the
red cells of the units of
blood to be transfused.
• Crossmatched blood
will retained for
48hours in blood bank.
Group, Screen, Hold
• Consist of process ABO,
Rh D grouping and
antibody screen
• Serum/plasma is
retained for 48 hours in
the blood bank.
17. C:T Ratio
• Crossmatch : transfusion ratio
• An indicator to assess the appropriateness of
cross matching of blood to the units of blood
transfused
• Standard value ≤2.5
18. C: T ratio
• C: T ratio surgical department for the year
2013
JAN FEB MAC APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OKT NOV DIS
GXM 467 497 626 341 569 550 495 538 509 315 270 547
TRANSFUSIO
N
231 235 379 158 289 280 260 280 253 301 231 268
RATIO 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.0 1.2 2.0
19. Consent of blood transfusion
• Written consent
• Patient should be explained regarding the
benefits and risks of blood transfusion
• Explain:
– Indication
– Complications
• Infection
• Reaction
• The patient’s consent should be obtained for the
planned transfusion and recorded in the patient’s
medical chart.
20.
21. Hemovigilance
• Haemovigilance is a system of surveillance and
alarm, from blood collection to the follow-up
of the recipients.
1. Blood taking
2. Giving blood
26. Management of transfusion reaction
ADVERSE EFFECT
STOP
TRANSFUSION
Pruritus
Urticaria, Rashes
Chest pain, pain at
infusion site,
respiratory distress,
loin/back pain
Hypotension,
hematuria, DIC
Anxiety, SOB,
Palpitation,
Headache
Flushing, Rigor,
Fever, Tachycardia,
Restless
• Antihistamine
• If symptoms
subside : resume
transfusion at
slower rate
• Maintain A, B, C
• Adrenaline
Furosemide/
corticosteroid/
bronchodilator/
antibiotic
• Antihistamine
and/or
Antipyretic
• Withold
transfusion
LIFE
THREATENINGMODERATEMILD
27. Investigations
• Blood reaction kit
(immediate & post 24hr)
• 4ml in plain tube for antibody identification
• 2ml in EDTA tube for FBP
• >10ml urine sample- may have haemoglobin and
albumin
• The remaining blood bag, containing the partially
transfused blood, and all the blood bags cross-matched
for the same patient at the same time of the request
should be examined for the presence of free
haemoglobin or discolouration before being sent to the
laboratory.
28. • The “Report of Reaction to Blood or Plasma
Transfusion” form must be completed.
• Fill up the “Transfusion Adverse Event” form
in duplicate and send to the blood bank. Send
also a copy of this form to the National Blood
Centre.
29.
30.
31.
32. • Other adverse transfusion reactions include:
– Fluid overload
– Metabolic disturbances e.G. Hyperkalaemia and
hypocalcaemia.
– Hypothermia
– Embolism
– Iron overload
– Alloimmunisation to red cell, white cell or platelet
antigen.
– Immunosuppression and immunomodulation
– Transmission of viral infection
33. Transmitted Infection Incident
HIV 1 : 1,900,000
Hep A 1 : 1,000,000
Hep B 1 : 1,800,000
Hep C 1 : 1,600,000
Bacteria Infection 1 : 3,000
34. Take home massages
1. Blood product mainly consist of cellular
component and fresh plasma.
2. The decision to transfuse depends on many
factors such as haemoglobin level, anemic
symptoms and risk of bleeding.
3. MSBOS used to guide clinicians in ordering
blood before surgery.
4. The patient’s consent should be obtained for the
planned transfusion and recorded in the
patient’s medical chart.
35. Take home massage
4. 1 person take blood and label- confirm
patient’s name and identification before
label.
5. Confirm patient’s name and identification
with patient’s note, compatibility label and
request form before transfusion.
6. If an adverse transfusion reaction is
suspected, the transfusion should be stopped
immediately and must be reported.
36. References
1. Transfusion Practice Guidelines for Clinical
and Laboratory Personnel 3rd edition March
2008. National Blood Centre, Ministry of
Health Malaysia
2. Guidelines for the rational use of blood and
blood products. National Blood Centre,
Ministry of Health Malaysia
3. Blood Transfusion guideline (2006), National
Users’ Board Sanquin Blood Supply
Editor's Notes
The circulatory system: the transport system that supplies o2 and substances absorbed from the GIT to the tissues, returns co2 to the lungs, and other products of body metabolism to the kidneys, functions in the regulation of the body temperature, and distribute hormones and other agents that regulate cell functions. Blood id the carries of these subsntances.
An important factor
that can be considered in the establishment of an MSBOS is the
identification of those procedures that can be accommodated
performed. Where blood by the group, antibody screen and hold
(GSH) procedure. For cases where blood is likely to be transfused, a
group screen and hold is likely to be transfused, a full cross-match is
done. However when antibody screen is positive, compatible blood
must be made available in all cases before surgery.
Developing MSBOS
Data on blood request for all procedures for 6 months is analysed.
For each procedure, indicate the number of units cross-matched and the number of units transfused.
Calculate the percentage of blood usage:
Total No. of Units transfused x 100 = %
Total No. of Units cross-matched
In procedures where blood usage is less than 30%, GSH are performed. Other procedures are allotted a tariff based on the average number of blood transfused.
How the schedule is generated is basically based on 6months data of all blood requests.
The decision to transfuse is complex and depends on many factors e.g. the cause of anaemia, its severity, chronicity, the patient’s ability
to compensate for the anaemia, the likelihood for further blood loss and the need to provide some reserve before the onset of tissue hypoxia.