blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
Blood transfusion -procedure,precaution and complicationPRANATI PATRA
medical and surgical,introduction,blood and blood products,GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR GIVING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS,Nursing Implications -Before transfusion:
Check physician’s orders
Review hospital policy
Ensure informed and written consent is provided
Check laboratory values
Understand the indications and rationale
Verification procedure occurs with
two nurses
Before transfusion (con’t):
Compatibility of blood type and Rh factor
Inspect the blood product for discolouration, clots, leaking, or presence of bubbles
Check the unit number on the unit of blood and on the form
Check the expiration date and time on unit of blood
Ask client to state first and last name
Check patient’s identification number on wristband and record
Nursing Implications in a Reaction
Stop transfusion
Remove tubing that contains blood product
Infuse with 0.9% normal saline
Monitor vital signs
Notify physician
Notify blood bank and return blood component
Administer medication depending on type of reaction
Epinephrine, antihistamines, antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids
Define blood transfusion
Enlist the purpose of blood transfusion
Brief the history of blood transfusion
Describe various component of blood
Understand types of blood transfusion
Perform the steps of the procedure
Recognize the adverse reaction of blood transfusion
A PowerPoint presentation outlining the physiology of blood transfusion, and clinical precautions to take in preventing and managing blood transfusion reactions.
Lecture By:
Dr Hisham Fakher
Consultant Hematology
Medical Director of Regional Laboratory and Central Blood Bank
Ministry of Health –Almadinah Almonawarah
Blood transfusion is the process through which blood and blood products are transferred to circulation intravenously. Early transfusions used whole blood but modern medical practice commonly used components of blood.It helps to replace blood lost during injury or surgery. It is a life saving procedure. before transfusion of blood it is necessary to know your blood group type. As blood group o is considered as universal donor and blood group AB considered as universal accepter.
Blood transfusion are relatively safe but can be fatal if incorrectly administered. Donated blood can be processed into components such as PCV, FFP, Platelets, Cryoprecipitate. Doctors and nurses plays a major role in blood transfusion. They should follows all safety precautions throughout all steps of administrating procedure.
Blood transfusion therapy
• A Blood Transfusion is the infusion of whole blood or a blood
component such as plasma, red blood cells, or platelets into
the patient’s venous circulation.
• A blood transfusion is given because of red blood cell loss,
such as with haemorrhage or when the body is not
adequately produce in a cells such as platelets. The person
receiving the blood is the Recipient.
Blood transfusion -procedure,precaution and complicationPRANATI PATRA
medical and surgical,introduction,blood and blood products,GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR GIVING BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS,Nursing Implications -Before transfusion:
Check physician’s orders
Review hospital policy
Ensure informed and written consent is provided
Check laboratory values
Understand the indications and rationale
Verification procedure occurs with
two nurses
Before transfusion (con’t):
Compatibility of blood type and Rh factor
Inspect the blood product for discolouration, clots, leaking, or presence of bubbles
Check the unit number on the unit of blood and on the form
Check the expiration date and time on unit of blood
Ask client to state first and last name
Check patient’s identification number on wristband and record
Nursing Implications in a Reaction
Stop transfusion
Remove tubing that contains blood product
Infuse with 0.9% normal saline
Monitor vital signs
Notify physician
Notify blood bank and return blood component
Administer medication depending on type of reaction
Epinephrine, antihistamines, antibiotics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids
Define blood transfusion
Enlist the purpose of blood transfusion
Brief the history of blood transfusion
Describe various component of blood
Understand types of blood transfusion
Perform the steps of the procedure
Recognize the adverse reaction of blood transfusion
A PowerPoint presentation outlining the physiology of blood transfusion, and clinical precautions to take in preventing and managing blood transfusion reactions.
Lecture By:
Dr Hisham Fakher
Consultant Hematology
Medical Director of Regional Laboratory and Central Blood Bank
Ministry of Health –Almadinah Almonawarah
Blood transfusion is the process through which blood and blood products are transferred to circulation intravenously. Early transfusions used whole blood but modern medical practice commonly used components of blood.It helps to replace blood lost during injury or surgery. It is a life saving procedure. before transfusion of blood it is necessary to know your blood group type. As blood group o is considered as universal donor and blood group AB considered as universal accepter.
Blood transfusion are relatively safe but can be fatal if incorrectly administered. Donated blood can be processed into components such as PCV, FFP, Platelets, Cryoprecipitate. Doctors and nurses plays a major role in blood transfusion. They should follows all safety precautions throughout all steps of administrating procedure.
Blood transfusion therapy
• A Blood Transfusion is the infusion of whole blood or a blood
component such as plasma, red blood cells, or platelets into
the patient’s venous circulation.
• A blood transfusion is given because of red blood cell loss,
such as with haemorrhage or when the body is not
adequately produce in a cells such as platelets. The person
receiving the blood is the Recipient.
Blood Transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or blood based products from one person into the circulatory system of another. Safe blood transfusion should be safe to both the donor and the recipient. Blood transfusions can be life saving in some situations such as -Massive blood loss due to trauma or can be used to replace blood lost during surgery.BT may also be used to treat a severe anemia orThrombocytopenia caused by a blood disease.People suffering from hemophilia or sickle disease may require frequent transfusion.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
4. DEFINITION
Blood transfusion is the transfusion of the whole
blood or its component such as blood cells or plasma
from one person to another person. Blood
transfusion involves two procedure that is –
• Collection of blood from donor and
• Administration of blood to the recipient.
6. PURPOSES
To restore the blood volume when there is sudden
loss of blood due to hemorrhage.
To raise the Hb level in cases of severe anemia
To treat deficiencies of plasma protein, clotting
factors etc.
7.
8. CONT...
• To provide antibodies to those persons who are sick and
having lowered immunity.
• To replace the blood with hemolytic agents with fresh
blood .
• To improve the leukocyte count in blood as in
agranulocytosis.
• To reduce infection in leucopenia
10. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (FOR
TRANSFUSION)
• Each unit of blood is tested for evidence of hepatitis-
b, hepatitis-c, human immuno deficiency virus I&II
and syphilis.
• The blood is then processed into sub-components.
• These are- Whole blood ,Packed Red cells , Fresh
frozen plasma , Platelets ,Cryoprecipitate
12. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (FOR
TRANSFUSION) WHOLE BLOOD
Whole blood is unseparated blood containing an anticoagulant –
preservative solution.
One unit of whole blood contains-
450 ml of donor blood
50 ml of anticoagulant-preservative solution.
Hemoglobin approx.12g/ml & haematocrit 35%- 45%.
No functional platelets.
13. CONT...
• Stored between +2 and +6 degrees centigrade in a
blood bank refrigerator.
• Transfusion should be started within 30 minutes of
removal from the refrigerator and completed within
4 hours of commencement because changes in the
composition may occur due to red cell metabolism.
15. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (FOR
TRANSFUSION) PACKED RED CELLS
• Packed red cells are cells that are spun down and
concentrated.
• One unit of packed red cells is approx. 330 ml and has a
haematocrit of 50-70%.
• They are stored in a SAG-M (saline-adenine- glucose-
mannitol) solution to increase their shelf life to 5weeks at
2-6degrees centigrade.
17. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (FOR TRANSFUSION)
FRESH FROZEN PLASMA
• Fresh frozen plasma is rich in coagulation factors.
• It is separated from whole blood and stored at-40 to
-50 degrees centigrade with a 2year shelf-life.
• It is the first line therapy in the treatment of
coagulopathic haemorrhage
19. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (FOR TRANSFUSION)
CRYOPRECIPITATE
• Cryoprecipitate is a supernatant precipitate of fresh
frozen plasma and is rich in factor VIII and fibrinogen.
• It is stored at -30 degrees centigrade with a 2 years
shelf life.
20. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD (FOR TRANSFUSION)
CRYOPRECIPITATE
• Indicated in low fibrinogen states (<1g/l) or in cases
of factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia-a), and as a
source of fibrinogen in disseminated intravascular
coagulation.
• Must be infused within 6 hours.
22. BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSS MATCHING
• Each person has one of the following blood types: A,
B, AB, or O.
• O can be given to anyone but can only receive O.
• AB can receive any type but can only be given to AB.
• Also, every person's blood is either -
Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
23. BLOOD GROUPING AND CROSS MATCHING
Type O blood is called the universal donor
People with type AB blood are called universal
recipients
People with Rh-positive blood can get Rh-positive or
Rh-negative blood. But people with Rh-negative
blood should get only Rh-negative blood.
30. GENERAL INSTRUCTION SELECTION OF
DONOR
Donor should be free from diseases such as TB, cancer,
jaundice or any other transmissible disease.
Make sure that donor has not donated the blood within
previous 90 days.
Physically active, between the age of 18 to 65 years with an
average height and weight
Donor must have normal vital signs
Must not have been pregnant within the last 6 months
Hb level must be above 12gm%
32. CONT...
Explain the procedure to the donor
Blood should not be collected empty stomach, should not be
dehydrated.
Following the donation ,donor should be offered sweetened
drink and asked to take rest at least for 1-2 hrs.
Before leaving the collection centre donor must be observed
for any giddiness, color changes.
Check vital signs frequently
34. GENERAL INSTRUCTION ADMINISTRATION OF
THE BLOOD TO THE RECIPIENT
When sending the recipient’s blood sample for grouping and cross
matching, it must be clearly labeled with name, IP number, bed
number, ward no.
Fresh sample taken within four hrs. should be used for typing and
cross matching
A request form should accompany with blood sample and form should
contain- name, IP no. bed no. ward no. name of the physician, exact
amount of blood component required, diagnosis of the patient, any
blood transfusion given earlier.
36. CONT...
It is essential that the physician writes all orders for typing, cross
matching and administration of whole blood or blood products.
Prior to administration of blood two registered nurse or a physician and a
registered nurse should verify all information on the report of the cross
match, unit label, and the patient’s identifications.
If there is any discrepancies the unit should be returned to the blood bank
with remarks.
Whole blood or blood should be transfused through an appropriate,
sterile transfusion set containing a filter.
37. CONT...
Transfusion set should be free from air
Use 18 gauge needle for transfusion
No medications or other additives should be given the same IV
route or should not be mixed with blood
Keep the patient warm and comfortable if necessary.
Offer bedpan before starting the procedure and as necessary.
Record the amount of blood, type and group, rate of flow, any
reaction and any medication administered
38. CONT...
o If IV infusion is to be given before, after or during the transfusion always
use the normal saline.
o Prior to transfusion record the vital signs of the patient to provide the
baseline for further observation.
o Adjust the rate of flow to 5-10 ml per minute during the first 30 minutes
of transfusion to detect any complications as early as possible.
o Allow the blood to remain at room temperature prior to administration of
blood
o Watch for any complications throughout the procedure
40. GENERAL INSTRUCTION COLLECTION, STORAGE
AND TRANSPORTATION OF BLOOD
Donor’s blood immediately after it is withdrawn should be placed in the
refrigerator.
Stored blood should be inspected daily and before use, for the evidence of
hemolysis or bacterial contamination
The transportation of blood in the hospital should be done within 30 minutes
after it is taken from the place of storage.
If the blood is kept at room temperature the temperature of blood will rise above
10 degree C in 30 minutes.
If blood is not used it should be returned to the refrigerator within half an hour
41. CONT...
When blood is transported to distant place use pre cooled insulated bags
to keep the temperature of blood below 10 degree C
Collection of blood from the donor is done in laboratory by laboratory
technician.
Donor’s blood is collected in a sterile container containing anticoagulant
solution (ACD)
All the articles used for the collection of blood must be sterile
Each donor unit must be labeled clear readable letters i.e.- name, donor
no. ABO grouping, Rh typing, date of drawing, date of expiry and result of
tests for hepatitis, and syphilis
44. ACUTE HEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION
REACTION
Develops during the first 5-15 minutes.
In hemolytic transfusion reaction circulating RBCs
are ruptured with the release of hemoglobin
45. CAUSES OF ACUTE HEMOLYTIC REACTION-
ABO incompatibility
Rh incompatibility
Improper storage of blood
Uncontrolled refrigeration of blood resulting in freezing
Storage beyond 21 days limit
Warming of blood above 40 degree C
46. CLINICAL FEATURES OF ACUTE HEMOLYTIC
REACTION-
o Onset of fever
o Chills, headache, dyspnea, cynosis, chest pain
o Nausea, vomiting
o Increased heart rate and respiratory rate
o Hemoglobinuria
49. NURSING MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE
HEMOLYTIC REACTION-
Closely observe the patient for the first ten minutes
of the transfusion.
Since these reactions occur very rapidly, the rate of
flow should be minimal.
Discontinue the transfusion immediately when
reaction is assessed.
Inform the physician and implement the treatment
as prescribed by the physician
50. CONT…
Inform the laboratory to do the cross matching and grouping of the
blood
Maintain IV infusion with 5% glucose or saline using a new IV set
Large quantities of fluid is given to promote diuresis and counteract
shock
Monitor vital sign every 15 min. to assess shock and collapse
Record fluid intake and output to assess the kidney function
Oxygen inhalation is given to relieve dyspnea
52.
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE
HEMOLYTIC REACTION-
Large quantities of fluids
Mannitol
Heparinization
Oxygen and adrenaline
Sedation
Blood transfusion
Hemodialysis
53. DELAYED HEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTION
Occurs due to incompatibility of RBC antigens other than
ABO group
It develops days to weeks after transfusion
It is featured by persistent decrease in Hb level and low
grade fever
Many time this reaction is missed, if known inform the
physician and blood blank
55. PYROGENIC REACTIONS
It develops immediately or within 6 hrs of infusion.
It results from pyrogenic substances from the
tubings
56. CAUSES OF PYROGENIC REACTIONS-
Improper preparation of donor’s site
Not following proper aseptic technique
Antigen and antibody reactions to WBCs and
platelets contained in blood product.
Improper refrigeration
57. CLINICAL FEATURES-
1. Fever with chills
2. Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
3. Headache
4. Backache
5. Delirium, shock and renal failure
58. PREVENTION-
Proper screening of donor
Use of disposable and pyrogen free sterile syringes
and tubing for collecting and transfusing the blood.
Proper technique for storing the blood.
60. ALLERGIC REACTION
It develops any time or within one hour of transfusion
Allergic reactions are the result of sensitivity of the
individual to the plasma protein in the transfused blood.
It is characterized by itching, rashes, laryngeal edema
and bronchial spasm in severe cases.
Treatment normally include injections of antihistamines
and corticosteroids as necessary
61. ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS
Extremely rare but life threatening
develops immediately after transfusion of few ml. of
blood
It is caused by idiosyncratic reaction in clients with
IgA deficiency.
62. CONT…
It is characterized by sever cardio-respiratory
features such as- dyspnea, cyanosis, tachypnea,
tachycardia, hypotension and collapse.
Immediately transfusion is stopped and inform to
physician and resuscitative measures are started
Monitor the vital signs every 15. min until patient
recovers
63. COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD
TRANSFUSION-
I. Circulatory overload
II. Hyperkalemia
III. Hypocalcemia
IV. Haemosiderosis
V. Infiltration and Hematoma
VI. Thrombophlebitis
VII. Pulmonary embolism
64. CIRCULATORY OVERLOAD-
Giving whole blood to patient with severe anemia is
very dangerous as patient require the RBCs not the
other component of blood and may develop
circulatory overload
Condition of heart failure may also cause the
circulatory overload with blood transfusion.
65. PREVENTION OF CIRCULATORY
OVERLOAD-
Use packed RBCs instead of whole blood
Administer diuretics prior to blood transfusion to
reduce the plasma volume
Transfuse the blood at a slow rate
Check the patient’s pulse at every 15 minutes.
66. CONT…
Check the patient’s neck vein for fullness
Observe the CVP, if it is greater than 10 mmhg indicates
circulatory overload
Observe for the signs of respiratory distress
Give minimum quantity of blood at a time
Stop the transfusion and inform to the physician if patient
develops the sign and symptoms of circulatory overload.
67. HYPERKALEMIA-
• Stored blood may cause hyperkalemia
• Blood that is one day old has plasma potassium
content approximately 7mEq/litre and 21 days old
blood contains about 23mEq/litre.
68. HYPOCALCEMIA-
It develops due to citrate toxicity.
During massive transfusion citrate in the blood
combines with ionized calcium and tetany may result.
Higher level of citrate may cause cardiac arrest.
Treatment consist of administration of calcium
gluconate to prevent or eliminate the toxic effects by
neutralizing the acidosis
69. HEMOSIDEROSIS-
o It is also known as iron over load
o It may develop in clients receiving frequent blood
transfusion.
o Hemosiderosis is an abnormal deposition of iron
in various tissues in the form of hemosiderin which
is an iron rich pigment that is the product of
hemolysis.
OTHER COMPLICATIONS-
Thrombophlebitis Pulmonary embolism
71. NURSING MANAGEMENT REGARDING
COMPLICATIONS OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION , IF
OCCUR –
Stop the transfusion immediately
Notify the physician
Connect the IV line with 0.9% normal saline
72. CONT….
Be with the client, observe the sign and
symptoms and monitor the vital signs till they
become stable
Get ready the emergency drugs such as
vasopressors, antihistamine, steroids, and
fluids .
73. CONCLUSION
Blood transfusion is generally the process of
receiving blood or blood products into
one's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are
used for various medical conditions to replace
lost components of the blood. Early transfusions
used whole blood, but modern medical practice
commonly uses only components of the blood,
such as red blood cells, white blood
cells, plasma, clotting factors, and platelets.
74. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Suddarth and Brunner “Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing” 12th edition;
volume 1; published by Lipponcott;page no. 967-972.
2. Jacob Annamma “Clinical Nursing Procedures” 3rd edition; published by
jaypee; page no. 141-145.
3. Sethi Deepak “Medical Surgical Nursing” 2nd edition; published by JAYPEE;
page no. 356-360.
4.Internet- www. Pubmed .com