This document provides information about blood transfusion, including its definition, purposes, components, blood grouping and cross matching, types of transfusions, general instructions, and complications. Blood transfusion involves collecting blood from a donor and administering it to a recipient. It can be used to treat anemia, restore blood volume after hemorrhaging, and provide antibodies or clotting factors. Blood components include whole blood, packed red blood cells, plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Cross matching must ensure compatibility of blood types and Rh factor. Potential complications include acute and delayed hemolytic reactions, circulatory overload, and infections.
Iv fluid therapy (types, indications, doses calculation)kholeif
Â
All what you need to know intravenous fluids, types, indications, contraindications, how to calculate fluid rate and drug dosages.
Embed code (http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/16138690)
this topic is on bed sores. discusses the definition, etiology , pathophysiology of bed sore development as well as prevention and managemene of pressure sores
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patientâs perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
A brief awareness and knowledge about the insertion of NGT nasogastric Tube and feeding through it.
It contains an introduction, procedure, equipment needed, method of feeding etc
This PPT is basically based on the topic - Blood transfusion in Bailey & Love and mainly very useful for Final MBBS students.during their course as well as their in clinical practice.
Iv fluid therapy (types, indications, doses calculation)kholeif
Â
All what you need to know intravenous fluids, types, indications, contraindications, how to calculate fluid rate and drug dosages.
Embed code (http://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/embed_code/16138690)
this topic is on bed sores. discusses the definition, etiology , pathophysiology of bed sore development as well as prevention and managemene of pressure sores
Collecting blood samples and other biological specimens is crucial to the understanding, prevention, and treatment of disease. However, from the patientâs perspective, it can also be painful, unnerving, frightening, and inconvenient.
A brief awareness and knowledge about the insertion of NGT nasogastric Tube and feeding through it.
It contains an introduction, procedure, equipment needed, method of feeding etc
This PPT is basically based on the topic - Blood transfusion in Bailey & Love and mainly very useful for Final MBBS students.during their course as well as their in clinical practice.
Define blood transfusion
Enlist the purpose of blood transfusion
Brief the history of blood transfusion
Describe various component of blood
Understand types of blood transfusion
Perform the steps of the procedure
Recognize the adverse reaction of blood transfusion
Blood Transfusion | Understanding the Essentials of Blood TransfusionGul Saba
Â
From understanding the types of blood products to the intricacies of compatibility testing and transfusion reactions, this presentation covers all essential aspects. Gain insights into the significance of blood transfusion in medical practice, ensuring safety, efficacy, and optimal patient outcomes.
blood transfusion is a life saving procedure. so role of nurse here while transfused the blood in the ward is important. in this slide role of nurse is given here. if you like kindly give your comment and share it to others. follow my account to know more.
Blood transfusion therapy
âĸ A Blood Transfusion is the infusion of whole blood or a blood
component such as plasma, red blood cells, or platelets into
the patientâs venous circulation.
âĸ A blood transfusion is given because of red blood cell loss,
such as with haemorrhage or when the body is not
adequately produce in a cells such as platelets. The person
receiving the blood is the Recipient.
information regarding psychopharmacology especially for nursing students and community. covers all group like anti psychotic, anti anxiety, antidepressants, mood stabilizing agents etc.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
Â
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
Â
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
Â
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
Â
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
Â
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Â
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Â
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
3. Definition
Blood transfusion is the transfusion of the
whole blood or its component such as
blood cells or plasma from one person to
another person.
Blood transfusion involves two procedure that is â
ī¨ Collection of blood from donor
And
ī¨ Administration of blood to the recipient.
4. Purposes
ī¨ To restore the blood volume when there is sudden loss
of blood due to hemorrhage.
ī¨ To raise the Hb level in cases of severe anemia
ī¨ To treat deficiencies of plasma protein, clotting factors
or hemophilic globulin etc.
ī¨ To provide antibodies to those persons who are sick
and having lowered immunity.
ī¨ To replace the blood with hemolytic agents with fresh
blood
ī¨ To improve the leukocyte count in blood as in
agranulocytosis.
ī¨ To combat infection in leucopenia
5. Components of blood
(for transfusion)
ī¨ Each unit of blood is tested for evidence of hepatitis-b,
hepatitis-c, human immuno deficiency virus I&II and
syphilis.
ī¨ The blood is then processed into sub-components.
These are-
īŧ Whole blood
īŧ Packed cell volume
īŧ Fresh frozen plasma
īŧ Platelets
īŧ Cryoprecipitate
6. Components of blood
(for transfusion)
Whole blood
ī¨ Whole blood is unseparated blood containing an
anticoagulant â preservative solution.
ī¨ One unit of whole blood contains-
âĸ 450 ml of donor blood.
âĸ 50 ml of anticoagulant-preservative solution.
âĸ Hemoglobin approx.12g/ml & haematocrit 35%-
45%.
âĸ No functional platelets.
7. Components of blood
(for transfusion)
Whole blood
ī¨ Stored between +2 and +6 degrees centigrade in a
blood bank refrigerator.
ī¨ Transfusion should be started within 30 minutes of
removal from the refrigerator and completed within
4 hours of commencement because changes in the
composition may occur due to red cell metabolism.
8. Components of blood
(for transfusion)
Packed Red Cells
ī¨ Packed red cells are cells that are spun down and
concentrated.
ī¨ One unit of packed red cells is approx. 330 ml and
has a haematocrit of 50-70%.
ī¨ They are stored in a SAG-M (saline-adenine-
glucose-mannitol) solution to increase their shelf
life to 5weeks at 2-6degrees centigrade.
9. Components of blood
(for transfusion)
Fresh frozen plasma
ī¨ Fresh frozen plasma is rich in coagulation factors.
ī¨ It is separated from whole blood and stored at-40 to
-50 degrees centigrade with a 2year shelf-life.
ī¨ It is the first line therapy in the treatment of
coagulopathic haemorrhage
10. Components of blood
(for transfusion)
Cryoprecipitate
ī¨ Cryoprecipitate is a supernatant precipitate of fresh frozen
plasma and is rich in factor VIII and fibrinogen.
ī¨ It is stored at -30 degrees centigrade with a 2 years shelf life.
ī¨ Indicated in low fibrinogen states (<1g/l) or in cases of
factor VIII deficiency (hemophilia-a), von will brand's
disease and as a source of fibrinogen in disseminated
intravascular coagulation.
ī¨ Pooled units containing 3-6 gms fibrinogen in 200-500 ml
raises the fibrinogen level by approx. 1g/L.
ī¨ Must be infused within 6 hours.
12. Blood grouping and cross matching
âĸ Each person has one of the following blood types:
A, B, AB, or O.
âĸ O can be given to anyone but can only receive
O.
âĸ AB can receive any type but can only be given to
AB.
âĸ Also, every person's blood is either
ī¨ Rh-positive or Rh-negative.
13. Blood grouping and cross matching
ī¨ The blood used in a transfusion must be compatible
with the patient's blood type.
ī¨ Type O blood is called the universal donor
ī¨ People with type AB blood are called universal
recipients
ī¨ People with Rh-positive blood can get Rh-positive
or Rh-negative blood. But people with Rh-negative
blood should get only Rh-negative blood.
16. General instruction
Selection of donor
ī¨ Donor should be free from diseases such as TB,
cancer, jaundice or any other transmissible disease.
ī¨ Make sure that donor has not donated the blood
within previous 90 days.
ī¨ Physically active, between the age of 18 to 65
years with an average height and weight
ī¨ Donor must have normal vital signs
ī¨ Must not have been pregnant within the last 6
months
17. General instruction
Selection of donor
ī¨ Hb level must be above 12gm%
ī¨ Donor should be disqualified who have history of
recent dental surgery, major surgery, receipt of blood
or blood component, immunization etc.
ī¨ Explain the procedure to the donor
ī¨ Blood should not be collected empty stomach, should
not be dehydrated.
ī¨ Following the donation donor should be offered
sweetened drink and asked to take rest at least for 1-2
hrs. to prevent fain
18. General instruction
Selection of donor
ī¨ Before leaving the collection centre donor must be
observed for any giddiness, color changes.
ī¨ Check vital signs frequently
19. General instruction
Collection, storage and transportation of blood
ī¨ Donorâs blood immediately after it is withdrawn should be
placed in the refrigerator.
ī¨ Stored blood should be inspected daily and before use for
evidence of hemolysis or bacterial contamination
ī¨ The transportation of blood in the hospital should be done
within 30 minutes after it is taken from the place of storage.
ī¨ If the blood is kept at room temperature the temperature of
blood will rise above 10 degree C in 30 minutes.
ī¨ If blood is not used it should be returned to the refrigerator
within half an hour
ī¨ When blood is transported to distant place use precooled
insulated bags to keep the temperature of blood below 10
degree C
20. General instruction
Collection, storage and transportation of blood
ī¨ Collection of blood from the donor is done in
laboratory by laboratory technician.
ī¨ Donorâs blood is collected in a sterile container
containing anticoagulant solution (ACD)
ī¨ All the articles used for the collection of blood must
be sterile
ī¨ Each donor unit must be labeled clear readable letters
i.e.- name, donor no. ABO grouping, Rh typing, date
of drawing, date of expiry and result of tests for
hepatitis, and syphilis
21. General instruction
Administration of the blood to the recipient
ī¨ When sending the recipientâs blood sample for
grouping and cross matching, it must be clearly
labeled with name, IP number, bed number, ward no.
ī¨ Fresh sample taken within four hrs. should be used for
typing and cross matching
ī¨ A request form should accompany with blood sample
and form should contain- name, IP no. bed no. ward
no. name of the physician, exact amount of blood
component required, diagnosis of the patient, any
blood transfusion given earlier, if so, the group and
type of blood administered any reaction observed
22. General instruction
Administration of the blood to the recipient
ī¨ It is essential that the physician writes all orders for typing, cross
matching and administration of whole blood or blood products.
ī¨ Prior to administration of blood two registered nurse or a
physician and a registered nurse should verify all informations on
the report of the cross match, unit label, and the patientâs
identifications. If there is any discrepancies the unit should be
returned to the blood bank with remarks.
ī¨ Whole blood or blood should be transfused through an
appropriate, sterile transfusion set containing a filter.
ī¨ Transfusion set should be free from air
ī¨ Use 18 gauge needle for transfusion
ī¨ No medications or other additives should be given the same IV
route or should not be mixed with blood
23. General instruction
Administration of the blood to the recipient
ī¨ Keep the patient warm and comfortable if
necessary.
ī¨ Offer bedpan before starting the procedure and as
necessary.
ī¨ Record the amount of blood, type and group, rate
of flow, any reaction and any medication
administered
24. General instruction
Administration of the blood to the recipient
ī¨ If IV infusion is to be given before, after or during the
transfusion always use the normal saline.
ī¨ Prior to transfusion record the vital signs of the patient
to provide the baseline for further observation.
ī¨ Adjust the rate of flow to 5-10 ml per minute during
the first 30 minutes of transfusion to detect any
complications as early as possible.
ī¨ Allow the blood to remain at room temperature prior
to administration of blood
ī¨ Watch for any complications throughout the procedure
25. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Definition-
Blood transfusion reaction is a systemic response by
the body to blood incompatible with that of
recipient
It is mainly caused due to-
ī¨ ABO incompatibility
ī¨ Allergic reactions to the WBCs, platelets, or
plasma protein components of the transfused blood
ī¨ Potassium or citrate preservative in the blood
27. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Complications of blood transfusion-
ī¨ Circulatory overload
ī¨ Hyperkalemia
ī¨ Hypocalcemia
ī¨ Haemosiderosis
ī¨ Infiltration and Hematoma
ī¨ Thrombophlebitis
ī¨ Pulmonary embolism
28. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
ī¨ Develops during the first 5-15 minutes.
ī¨ In hemolytic transfusion reaction circulating RBCs are
ruptured with the release of hemoglobin
ī¨ Causes of acute hemolytic reaction-
īŧ ABO incompatibility
īŧ Rh incompatibility
īŧ Improper storage of blood
īŧ Uncontrolled refrigeration of blood resulting in freezing
īŧ Storage beyond 21 days limit
īŧ Warming of blood above 40 degree C
īŧ Exposure of blood to dextrose solutions.
29. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
ī¨ Clinical features of acute hemolytic reaction-
īŧ Onset of fever
īŧ Chills, headache, dyspnea, cynosis, chest pain
īŧ Nausea, vomiting
īŧ Increased heart rate and respiratory rate
īŧ Hemoglobinuria
ī¨ Complications include-
īŧ Hypotension followed by shock
īŧ Oliguria then anuria followed by renal failure
30. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
ī¨ Nursing management of acute hemolytic reaction-
īŧ Closely observe the patient for the first ten minutes of the transfusion.
īŧ Since these reactions occur very rapidly, the rate of flow should be
minimal.
īŧ Discontinue the transfusion immediately when reaction is assessed.
īŧ Inform the physician and implement the treatment as prescribed by the
physician
īŧ Inform the laboratory to do the cross matching and grouping of the
blood
īŧ Maintain IV infusion with 5% glucose or saline using a new IV set
īŧ Large quantities of fluid is given to promote diuresis and counteract
shock
īŧ Monitor vital sign every 15 min. to assess shock and collapse
īŧ Record fluid intake and output to assess the kidney function
īŧ Oxygen inhalation is given to relieve dyspnea
31. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction
ī¨ Medical management of acute hemolytic
reaction-
īŧ Large quantities of fluids
īŧ Mannitol
īŧ Heparinization
īŧ Oxygen and adrenaline
īŧ Sedation
īŧ Blood transfusion
īŧ Hemodialysis
32. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
ī¨ Occurs due to incompatibility of RBC antigens
other than ABO group
ī¨ It develops days to weeks after transfusion
ī¨ It is featured by persistent decrease in Hb level and
low grade fever
ī¨ Many time this reaction is missed, if known inform
the physician and blood blank
33. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Pyrogenic reactions
ī¨ It develops immediately or within 6 hrs of infusion.
ī¨ It results from pyrogenic substances from the
tubings
ī¨ Causes of pyrogenic reactions-
īŧ Improper preparation of donorâs site
īŧ Not following proper aseptic technique
īŧ Antigen and antibody reactions to WBCs and
platelets contained in blood product.
īŧ Improper refrigeration
34. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Pyrogenic reactions
ī¨ Clinical features-
īŧ Fever with chills
īŧ Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
īŧ Headache
īŧ Backache
īŧ Delirium, shock and renal failure
ī¨ Prevention-
īŧ Proper screening of donor
īŧ Use of disposable and pyrogen free sterile syringes and
tubing for collecting and transfusing the blood.
īŧ Proper technique for storing the blood.
35. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Allergic reaction
ī¨ It develops any time or within one hour of
transfusion
ī¨ Allergic reactions are the result of sensitivity of the
individual to the plasma protein in the transfused
blood.
ī¨ It is characterized by itching, rashes, laryngeal
edema and bronchial spasm in severe cases.
ī¨ Treatment normally include injections of
antihistamines and corticosteroids as necessary.
36. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Anaphylactic reactions
ī¨ Extremely rare but life threatening
ī¨ develops immediately after transfusion of few ml. of
blood
ī¨ It is caused by idiosyncratic reaction in clients with IgA
deficiency.
ī¨ It is characterized by sever cardio-respiratory features such
as- dyspnea, cyanosis, tachypnea, tachycardia, hypotension
and collapse.
ī¨ Immediately transfusion is stopped and inform to
physician and resuscitative measures are started
ī¨ Monitor the vital signs every 15. min until patient recovers
37. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Complications of blood transfusion-
ī¨ Circulatory overload
ī¨ Hyperkalemia
ī¨ Hypocalcemia
ī¨ Haemosiderosis
ī¨ Infiltration and Hematoma
ī¨ Thrombophlebitis
ī¨ Pulmonary embolism
38. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Circulatory overload-
ī¨ Giving whole blood to patient with severe anemia
is very dangerous as patient require the RBCs not
the other component of blood and may develop
circulatory overload
ī¨ Condition of heart failure may also cause the
circulatory overload with blood transfusion.
39. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Prevention of Circulatory overload-
ī¨ Use packed RBCs instead of whole blood
ī¨ Administer diuretics prior to blood transfusion to reduce the
plasma volume
ī¨ Transfuse the blood at a slow rate
ī¨ Check the patientâs pulse at every 15 minutes.
ī¨ Check the patientâs neck vein for fullness
ī¨ Observe the CVP, if it is greater than 10 cm of water
indicates circulatory overload
ī¨ Observe for the signs of respiratory distress
ī¨ Give minimum quantity of blood at a time
ī¨ Stop the transfusion and inform to the physician if patient
develops the sign and symptoms of circulatory overload.
40. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Hyperkalemia-
ī¨ Stored blood may cause hyperkalemia
ī¨ Blood that is one day old has plasma potassium
content approximately 7mEq/litre and 21 days old
blood contains about 23mEq/litre.
41. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Hypocalcemia-
ī¨ It develops due to citrate toxicity.
ī¨ During massive transfusion citrate in the blood
combines with ionized calcium and tetany may
result.
ī¨ Higher level of citrate may cause cardiac arrest.
ī¨ Treatment consist of administration of calcium
gluconate to prevent or eliminate the toxic effects
by neutralizing the acidosis
42. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Hemosiderosis-
ī¨ It is also known as iron over load
ī¨ It may develop in clients receiving frequent blood
transfusion.
ī¨ Hemosiderosis is an abnormal deposition of iron in
various tissues in the form of hemosiderin which is
an iron rich pigment that is the product of
hemolysis
43. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Other complications-
ī¨ Infiltration and hematoma at the site of the needle
ī¨ Thrombophlebitis
ī¨ Pulmonary embolism
44. Complication of Blood Transfusions
Nursing management regarding complications of blood
transfusion , if occur -
ī¨ Stop the transfusion immediately
ī¨ Notify the physician
ī¨ Connect the IV line with 0.9% normal saline
ī¨ Be with the client, observe the sign and symptoms and
monitor the vital signs till they become stable
ī¨ Get ready the emergency drugs such as vasopressors,
antihistamine, steroids, and fluids
ī¨ Prepare for CPR
ī¨ Obtain a urine specimen and send to the laboratory
ī¨ Save the blood container and tubing for return to the bank
ī¨ Document the reactions and measures carried out.