Floral biology, breeding techniques

2. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CROSSING
TECHNIQUES IN Cluster bean
(Cyamopsis tetragonolobus)

3. FLORAL BIOLOGY AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES IN Cluster bean
(Cyamopsis )
Introduction
Origin and distribution
Taxonomy
Botany
Botanical classification
Floral biology
Genetics and cytogenetics
Breeding objectives
Breeding methods

4. INTRODUCTION
The word guar [Cyamopsis
tetragonoloba] represents its derivation from
the Sanskrit word “GAUAHAAR” which means
cow fodder otherwise fodder of the livestock.
The crop is also known by local names as
Khutti, Dararietic, Guari etc.
The crop is mainely grown in the dry habitats
of Rajasthan,Haryana,Gujarat, & Punjab and to
limited extent in Uttar Pradesh & Madya
Pradesh.

5. AREA AND PRODUCTION
Guar is grown in almost 23.30 lakh hectares area in india
The maximum contribution of states in respect of area is shared by Rajasthan
(119.85 lakh ha) followed by Gujarat(2.27 lakh ha) Haryana (1.20 lakh ha) and
Punjab(0.14 lakh ha)
Table 1: Area production and productivity of Guar in India and important states
India and states Area
(Lakh ha)
Production
( lakh ton)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
India 23.30 11.98 428.0
Rajasthan 19.85 7.33 370.0
Gujarat 2.27 1.15 668.8
Haryana 1.20 1.08 740.0
Punjab 0.14 0.0065 922.0

6. USES
 Soil health enrichment through atmospheric nitrogen fixation(30 kg N/ha)
 Add organic carbon to the soil
 Source of food, fodder and feed
 Guar seed meal is a good source of proteins
 Natural polysaccharide Galactomannan Gum is the chief product used in many
Industries
 Guar gum act as binder, thickener stabilizer for the following industrial products
Food industries : Frozen foods, baked foods, Processed cheese, dairy products,
Dressings and sauces, instant mixings, meat products, canned meats, beverages
And pharmaceutical products.
Other industries : Textile thickness, paper industry, mining industry, oil well drilling
Explosive industry, tobacco industry, fire fighting, industrial water treatment,
agriculture

7. Africa was probably the centre of origin of Cyamopsis (Gillete1958)
The name of cultigen in Arabic is hindia which suggest to be an
Indian origin
The drought tolerant species found in the semi arid and savannah
zone south of the Sahara from Senegal to Saudi Arabia reached
Indo – Pakistan sub continent as flotsam in Arab- Indian trade
ORIGIN AND DISTRIBUTION

8. Scientific Name :Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
Family : Leguminosae
Sub family : Papillionaceae
Tribe : Galeage( Indigoferae)
Chromosome no: 2n=2x=14
 Robust annual with long tap root and well developed laterals
 Height of 3m with stiff erect branches
 Generally 50-100 cm tall and bears 4-10 branches
 Bears on an average 30-90 pods/ plant
Leaves : Alteranate, trifoliate born on long petioles
Stem : Tall and slender born on long petioles
BOTANY AND TAXONOMY

9. Flowers : Small ,typically papilionaceous. The 5 unequal linear teeth type
sepals from the calyx while papilionaceous corolla has orbicular
standard oblong petals and long broad keel petals. Generally
purplish to pink in colour.
Stamens : Arranged in diadalphous condition
Style : Short
Stigma : Head shaped
Pods : Oblong 5-12 cm in length normally containing 5-12 oval or cube
shaped seeds of variable shape
The crop due to cleistogamous nature is considered strictly self
pollinated however out Crossing to the tune of 0.5-7.9 per cent has
also been reported( saini et al., 1981)
FLORAL BIOLOGY and MORPHOLOGY

11. Table 2: Nutritional composition of green Guar pods
Constituent( Per 100 g edible portion) Content
Energy(Kcl) 16.00
Moisture(g) 81.00
Protein(g) 3.20
Fat(g) 1.4
Carbohydrate(g) 10.8
Vitamin A(IU) 65.3
Thiamine(mg) 0.09
Riboflavin(mg) 0.03
Niacin(mg) 0.60
Ascorbic acid(mg) 49.0
Calcium(mg) 57.0
Phosphorous(mg) 57.0
Iron(mg) 4.5
Roy and Chakraborti(1993)

12. The genus Cyamopsis D .C .is an old world genus with four species,viz
Cyamopsis tetragonolobus
C.Serrata
C. Senegalensis
C.Dentana
Ayyangar and Krishnaswamy(1933) observed seven pairs of chromosomes
in Cymopsis tetragonolobus (Syn. C. psoraliodes)
CYTOGENETICS

13. Table 3; Gene action of important traits
Character Mode of inheritance Reported symbol
Growth habit Indeterminate: dominant De
Determinate: recessive de
Pubescent Pubescent: dominant G
Glabrous: recessive g
Hairy; dominant H
Non hairy : recessive h
Male sterility Male Fertile;dominant MS
Male sterile; recessive ms
Seed shape Flat:dominant R
Round: recessive r
Leaf colour Green; dominant Y
Yellow :recessive y
Ray and stafford(1985)

14. BREEDING OBJECTIVES
 Higher yield and productivity
 Development of variety suitable for summer season
 Resistance to diseases
 Early maturity
BREEDING METHODS
 Pedigree method
 Bulk Pedigree method
 Back cross
 Single plant selection
 Mutation breeding
 Polyploidy breeding
 Interspecific hybridization
 Biotechnological tools

15. Breeding for quality traits
 Gum and protein contents in guar seed are of prime importance from industrial view
point
 Positive correlation was observed between seed yield and percentage gum content
but there was a negative correlation between seed weight and gum percentage which
may hamper breeding for bold seededness
 Genetic analysis revealed that both additive and non additive gene effects were
operating in the expression of this industrial component
Breeding for disease resistance
Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oxonopodis), Alternaria leaf spot and powdery
mildew are the serious diseases
Inheritance of bacterial blight and alternaria leaf spot is not fully understood
Singh et al(1995) and Saharan et al(1999) observed that resistance for bacterial
blight was a dominant trait whereas alternaria leaf spot is inherited by recessive
trait
Additive , dominant and epistatic gene interaction played significant role towards
contributing resistance in guar
Phenol and peroxidase enzyme played a significant role in imparting the resistance
towards main diseases

16. MUTATION BREEDING
 Perfect tool to enhance variation in crop like guar where exploitable and
useful genetic variability is megre
 Creation of variation through hybridization is difficult
Physical mutagens
 Occurrence of reciprocal translocation in 20kR irradiated population
 200KR irradiation proved to be lethal leading to complete failure in seed
germination
 Early flowering and determinate mutants developed by gamma radiation
Chemical mutagens
 Chlorophyll deficient mutants observed in seed treated with EMS in
M1[Gohal et al., 1970]
 Hydroxyl amine treatment resulted in entranced and regular pod bearing
mutant
 EMS and hydroxyl hydrate treatment resulted in pleiotropic effect leads to
extensive flowering and late flowering.

17. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL MUTAGENS
Induction of high yielding mutants in cultivars PLG 143 and
Suvidha seeds exposed to 80 to 100 Kr gamma rays and treated with
EMS 0.1to 0.3 per cent leads to long pods increased number of pods
and early maturity
Effect of hybridization and irradiation on induction of variability
Comparison of nature and magnitude of variability among the
unirradiated F1S and F2S,and irradiated F1M1S and F2M2S generations
revealed that irradiation cause earliness in flowering and maturity as
well as increased 100 seed weight

18. The hybridization though a conventional method could be a complete
failure.
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba x c.serreta
(Sandhu,1988)
BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES
Major problem is the lack of cloned DNA
representing genes for characters of economic
importance for use of guar breeders.
Use of RFLPs for gene mapping could provide
useful selection tool .
Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer and direct
gene transfer in to protoplast are the methods which
have yielded transgenic plants.
INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION

19. POLYPLOIDY BREEDING
Clusterbean is a diploid with 2n=14
Autotetraploids have been characterized by
comparatively slow growth during early stages of
development, thickened leaves fewer stomata
and lager pollen grains,
Reduced pollen and seed fertility and
Mixoploid plant resulted from aqueous colchicine
treatment showed 2n=26 and 2n=28
chromosomes in PMC of same plant

20. Anthesis
Flower opening at morning from 6-
10 am.
Dehiscence of anther prior to
blooming i.e.; 10 pm-1 am

21. SELFING
Cluster bean is being a self pollinated
crop it does not require any artificial
selfing methods but for the
betterment we generally go for
bagging of the mature flower bud.

26. Crossing
Emasculation carried out in mature
flower bud in preceding evening.
• Pollination is done simultaneously or
in next morning from a freshly
opened flowers.

30. IDEOTYPE IN CLUSTER
BEAN
Short duration maturity.
Photo-period insensitive.
Determinate growth habit.
Elevated harvest index (>30%).
Faster growth rate.

31. THANK YOU