Rootstocks are used in fruit tree propagation to produce stronger, quicker establishing trees that take on desirable rootstock traits. Rootstocks help control tree size, influence scion growth habits and productivity, and can impart resistance to stresses. For many fruit crops, rootstocks are important to provide adaptations to different soil and climate conditions. Common rootstock varieties are used for different fruits like mango, banana, grape, pomegranate, guava, and apple to influence tree characteristics and performance.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
Seeds begin to germinate as soils begin to warm up in early spring and continue to germinate throughout the growing season. Annual weeds complete their entire life cycle in a single growing season. However, some of these weeds can also be perennials or biennials.
Guava is an important fruit crop in tropical and subtropical regions of the country due to the hardy nature of its tree and prolific bearing even in marginal lands.
The Meadow Orchard is a modern method of fruit cultivation.
Recently, there is a trend to plant fruit trees at closer spacing leading to high density or meadow orchard. Higher and quality production is achieved from densely planted orchards through judicious canopy management and adoption of suitable tree training systems.
Seeds begin to germinate as soils begin to warm up in early spring and continue to germinate throughout the growing season. Annual weeds complete their entire life cycle in a single growing season. However, some of these weeds can also be perennials or biennials.
Conservative species and other myths of prairie ecologyScott Weber
Prairie ecology, especially concerning conservative or
long lived species, is flawed. Seed mixes, both for
commercial and academic purposes, are bias against species that are costly or slow growing. Economics and cultural values, more so than ecological limitations, determine the diversity and authenticity of all prairie seed mixes and prairie restortation projects, whether for research, landscaping, or mitigation.
Crop modeling for stress situations, cropping system , assessing stress through remote sensing, understanding the adaptive features of crops for survival under stress .
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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2. INTRODUCTION
Rootstock:-
• A fruit tree rootstock is the stump
of a related species which already
has an established, healthy root
system, and to which a separate
fruit tree is joined by grafting or
budding (Thomas and Morgan).
• The resulting fruit tree will be
stronger, quicker to establish and
will take on the desirable features
of the rootstock itself.
6. WHY ROOTSTOCKS ARE USED IN FRUIT
PROPAGATION ..?
Naturally, most fruit trees easily reach heights of at least 4.5
m (15 ft.).
Such tall fruit trees would be difficult to harvest as well as
being far too large for most people’s gardens.
One great advantage of dwarf rootstocks is that they have no
influence upon the size of fruit itself, so a dwarf ratio fruit tree
will produce the same sized fruits as a large orchard sized tree.
Some times the scion cultivar otherwise highly suitable may
not be fit for cultivation or successful when grown on its own
roots
7. Stock Scion Relationships
The performance of a graft is the result of
interaction of stock and scion.
A. Effect of Stock on Scion Cultivates:
1. Size and Growth Habit
2. Precocity in Flowering and Fruiting.
3. Fruit Set and Yield
4. Fruit Size and Quality
5. Nutrient Status of Scion
6. Winter Hardiness
7. Diseases and pest Resistance
8.Ability to resist soil adverse conditions
8. B. Effect of Scion on Root Stock:
1. Effect on Root System of Stock
2. Cold Hardiness of the Rootstock
3. Age of Root Stock Seedling.
10. Dwarfing might be caused by water supply restrictions to the scion
induced by anatomical characteristics of the rootstock
( Beakbane, 1956: Aykinson et al., 2003)
It was caused by reduction of solutes transported to the scion
through the rootstock (Bukovac et al., 1958; Jones, 1976)
Dwarfing might be caused by partial incompatibility between the
scion and the rootstock which may alter the transport of minerals and
hormones (Webster, 2004)
14. Objectives
Breeding for vigorous rootstock.
Breeding for resistant to pests and diseases.
Breeding for resistant to salt , drought and lime.
Precocity, dwarfness.
Adaptation to different soil conditions.
Adaptation to different climatic conditions.
15. Abilities of Rootstock
1. Nursery ability:
Ready availability of seed.
High percentage of polyembryony.
Good germination and seedling growth.
Free from pests attacks and easy budding.
2. Soil adaptability:
Relative vigour of growth on soils of varied depth, structure,
texture, pH, salinity, moisture and nutrient supply.
3. Climatic adaptability:
Hardiness.
Resist to cold.
16. 4. Biotic adaptability :
Free from or resistant to various soil borne diseases.
Some rootstocks are found superior in one or more of these
qualities but inferior in other but none is found
outstandingly superior in all respects.
Some rootstocks may be superior for one scion variety
under given environmental conditions and inferior for other
variety.
17. IMPROTANCE OF ROOTSTOCKS IN FRUIT CROPS
Impart resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of scion cultivar
Resistant to adverse soil and climatic conditions
Cold hardiness
Provide strong root system
Regulate uptake of moisture and nutrients
Regulate tree vigour and size
Dwarfing effect
Affect flowering, fruit set, fruit drop, fruit size
Affect fruit quality and yield
Trees propagated on rootstocks are true to type, comes to bear earlier, precocious.
Affect compositions of fruit crops
Affect storage life and preservation properties of fruits crops
18. PROBLEMS
Graft incompatibility
Use in possible only in dicots
Difference in the performance according to region, pests,
diseases, abiotic conditions and other characters
Less options of superior rootstocks
Reproduction by sexual method
Knowledge of characteristics of rootstocks
21. Causes
1. Distant relationship
2. Anatomical causes
Vascular connection between stock and scion is interrupted due to which movement
of minerals, water and metabolites get disturb.
Accumulation of excess callus tissues between graft components
Lack of proper lignification of cell walls.
3. Physiological causes
Due to inability of the stock or the scion to supply the other component with the
necessary amount or quality of materials of normal functioning
In certain graft combinations one components (Scion or stock) produces chemicals
that are toxic to the other, killing the entire plant.
4. Pathogenic causes
Virus or mycoplasma infected rootstock or scion may produce a graft
incompatibility.
22. Types of Rootstock
1. Localized
At the actual contact between stock and scion
It can be overcome by inserting a mutually compatible inter
stock between them.
2. Translocated
Degeneration of phloem takes place
Cannot be checked by any method
25. ROOTSTOCk OF MANGO
To minimize the variability in mango, the poly-embryonic
races, known for their uniformity and vigorous growth offer a
great scope for use as rootstocks.
Kurrukan- salt resistant polyembryonic.
Olour- vigorous rootstock
Vellaikolamban- dwarfing and allopolyploid
Rumani - Dwarfing
Moovandan and Nekkare - salt tolerent.
26. Gomera 1: Most adaptable in saline conditions where low water
quality.
Species Mangifera minor: Resistant to anthracnose
Mangitera zeylanica : Salinity resist.
Olour and Villai collumban : dwarfing.
Seedlings from stone of Kesar variety found better
Bappakai and Olour : salt tolerant for high survival, germination
and growth percentage under salt stress condition (Varu and Barad,
2010)
Dashehari and Chousa : salt resist.
29. Root stock of gRape
Phylloxera resistance: Riparia Gloire, St. George (Rupestris du
lot), SO4 (Selection Oppenheim), 5BB (Kober), 5C (Teleki),
420A (Millardet et de Grasset), 99R (Richter).
Salt and nematode resistant : Salt creek and Dogridge.
Temple- multiple resistant/pierce’s desease.
St. George, Ripario, Gloria- Phylloxera resistant.
30. Salient features of resistant sources
M.rotundifolia: Resistant to Phylloxera, downy mildew,
anthracnose and nematodes.
V. berlandieri: Resistant to Phylloxera, and high lime content
in the soils but difficult to propagate vegetatively.
V. labrusca: Cold hardy, resistant to many pests and diseases.
V. amurensis: Resistant to cold and frost.
V.aestivali: Resistant to many fungal diseases but susceptible to
Phylloxera, best for hot climatic condition.
35. Apple
Apples can be grafted in several ways. A
particularly common graft is the “whip and
tongue” method. (Hertz, Jauron, Hartmann )
Apple tissue culture dates back to the late
1960s and the early 1970s when apple
shoots had been cultured in vitro and their
axenic growth was first reported. ( Jones,
1967, Elliott, 1972 and Walkey, 1972).
36. Rootstock useD in apple
In past times, seedlings that sprouted naturally in pomace piles around
cider mills were often dug up, and buds from known scion varieties were
grafted onto these seedlings for planting new orchards.
Since the genetic traits of these seedling rootstocks were unknown, their
performance was unpredictable.
To avoid these problems, most orchards today are propagated from
"clonal" rootstocks that is, they are grafted onto rootstocks that are
genetically identical offshoots or clones of a mother rootstock type with
certain desirable characteristics.
Most of the important apple rootstocks used today were derived from
collections and selections by East Malling Research Station in England,
during the early 1900s.
Ian A. Merwin1999
37. table: effects of apple Rootstocks on scion vigoR
Feature Very dwarf Dwarf Semi dwarf Semi
Vigorous
Very
vigorous
Varieties P22, M27,
G65 , Bud
54-146,Bud
57-491,
MAC 39
G11, G41,
G16, M8,
M9, M20,
P2, P22,
MAC-9
M7, M26,
Bud9, P16,
Northern
Spy, M116,
J9, MAC-1,
Bemali
MM106, M2,
M4, P18,
Anis, KSC
11
M1, M13,
MM111,
MAC-4,
MAC-5
MAC- 24
Height 6 ft/2m 8 ft/2.5m 10 ft/3m 14 ft/4m 18 ft/5m
Source: Mitra et al 1991
38. seRies of clonal Rootstocks
Mitra (1991) enumerated numerous series of clonal rootstocks, namely:
1. " M" Malling series developed stocks : The Malling series of Rootstock
(16) were selected by R.G. Hutton at East Malling Research Station in Kent,
England from old European clones like French Paradise and Doucin . E.g.
M-2, M-6, M-9, M-26, M-27 etc
2."MM" Malling Merton series: in 1928, two institutes in England (John Inns
Horticultural Institute, Merton and East Malling Research Station, Malling)
had a joint venture to develop wooly aphid resistant apple rootstocks like
MM 106, MM 109 etc.
3."EMLA" designates East Malling / Long Ashton research stations who took
the "M" stocks and developed virus free versions. For example, EMLA 7 is
M 7 with a guaranteed virus-free stock.
4."CG" or "G" designates Cornell-Geneva stocks which are those developed
via the Cornell and USDA collaboration at the New York Agricultural
Experiment Station in Geneva, NY. The "G" is the old designation. G.41 ,
G.11 , G.202
39. cont…
5. Polish (P) series: Developed in Poland e. g. P 1, P 2, P 16, P 18, and P 22
etc. P 18 have considerable resistant to collar rot disease but susceptible to
fire blight, whereas P 22 has dwarfing effect on scion variety
6. Budagovsky (Bud) series: These selections have been developed with the
primary objective of winter hardiness. All of them have been able to
withstand the severe winter. These are developed at the Michurin College of
Horticulture, Russia. Some of the rootstocks are Bud 9, Bud 67-490 and Bud
57-491
7. MAC series: Developed by Michigan State University, USA. e. g. MAC 9.
40. Apple rootstock (Resistant/tolerant)
V3 (Vineland 3) Moderately resist to fire
G-65 (Genera 65) Resist to fireblight caser rot
Mg moderate to good in hardiners
Mark Resist to collaz rot
V1 (Vinclast) highly resist to fire blight
Bod-9 Excellent winter hardness
0.3 (oftawa) resist to collar rot
V2 (Vineland-2) highly resist to fire blight
mm. 106 Resist to wally aphid resist
Robusta 5 cold resist
Mg, m26, mm106, mm11 Free from virus diseases
41. seeDling Rootstock :
Vigorous trees produced on a rootstock grown from seed.
There is greater variability than with the vegetatively
propagated rootstocks.
Apples used for production of seedling rootstocks include
"Dolgo" and "Antonovka", which are both extremely hardy and
vigorous.
42. peaR
• Propagation: tongue grafting and double
grafting. T-budding is also used in
commercially propagation
Quince C: Moderately vigorous
Quince A: Medium vigor- Slightly more
vigorous than Quince C, this is the most
common variety upon which pears are grafted.
Some varieties however are not compatible
with quince, and these require double working.
Example: Bristol Cros, Dr. Jules Guyot
Williams Bon Chrétien, Bartlett, Bosc, Winter
nellis, Eldorado, Clapp favorite, Secke
(Rathore, 1991)
43. Peach
Propagation – T-budding and tongue grafting.
The most commonly used rootstocks are Nemaguard,
Nemared, Lovell, Halford, and Guardian.
In addition to these, there are four others: Flordaguard, a low-
chill, nematode-resistant rootstock developed in Florida, and
three peach-almond hybrid rootstocks developed in California.
44. CONT…
Choice of rootstock depends on weather and soil conditions at
your orchard site. These rootstocks differ in five main traits:
• Resistance to root knot nematodes- Nemaguard, Nemared, and
Yunnan.
• Tolerance to calcareous soil conditions- Titan Hybrids and the Hansen
rootstock.
• Tolerance to water-logged soil conditions.
• Cold hardiness- Lovell and Guardian
• Tolerance to peach tree short life (PTSL)- Guardian is the only PTSL
tolerant rootstock that is available
45. Table . Tolerance of Peach rooTsTocks To
sTress.
Rootstock Root knot
nematode
Calcareous
soil
Water
logging
Cold
Hardiness
Peach Tree
Short Life
Lovell S MS S Moderate S
Halford S S S Moderate S
Nemaguard R VS S Poor-Fair S
Nemared R S S Fair S
Guardian R MS S Moderate R
Flordaguard R VS S Poor S
Titan Hybrids R R VS Fair-Good S
Hansen R R VS Fair-Good S
VS = very susceptible; S = susceptible; MS = moderately susceptible; R = resistant
46. Plum
Propagation – T- budding and tongue grafting.
Pixy —A dwarfing rootstock.
St. Julien A — A semi-vigorous rootstock
Myrobalan — Resistence to cold, collar rot, and nematodes.
Citation — Semi-dwarf rootstock. Shallow, vigorous, good choice
for hard soils. Prefers a wetter soil.
Myro-29C — (Prunus cerasifera) Semi-dwarf rootstock. Shallow,
vigorous, good choice for hard soils. Somewhat drought tolerant.
47. cheries
Propagation – Tongue grafting and layering.
Rootstock
Recently, dwarfing or semi-dwarfing rootstocks (i.e., Gisela-5 and 6,
Edabriz, and Weiroot) have become available.
Dr. Greg Lang at Michigan State University
Colt and Charger – dwarf rootstock.
Mazzard – produces dwarf tree.
Gisela 5 – Tree is 20% smaller than Colt and 45% smaller than Mahaleb
and Mazzard.
Gisela 3 – tree has 50% dwarfing qualities in comparison with Mahaleb and
Mazzard and is 10% smaller still than Gisela 5 rootstock.
Wild cherry (P. puddum) and Paja – Show delayed incopatibility .
48. WalnuT
Propagation - Cutting, Patch budding, Epicotyle grafting, Micro-
propagation.
Two common types of seedling rootstock are Northern California black
walnut (Juglans nigra) and Paradox hybrid (usually a hybrid cross of J.
hindsii x J. nigra).
(Yakabe et al. 2010).
Paradox (J.hindsi x J.nigra)- shows delayed incompatibility.
J. nigra- Resistant to crown rot, susceptible to water logged saline or
nematode infested soils
49. ProPagaTion meThods of some oTher fruiTs
Fruits Propagation method
Cashew nut Seed, soft wood grafting, epicotyle grafting.
Coconut Seed
Date palm Seed , offshoots
Karonda Seed , hard wood cutting.
Litchi Air layering, chip budding, splice grafting.
Mangosteen Seed and inarching.
Papaya seed
50. conT…
Crops Propagation Root stocks
Custard
apple-
Soft wood
grafting
Annona glabra( pond apple)-
suitable for various type of soil
condition
Fig Cutting, budding
and air layering
Ficus glomerata- nematode
resistant.
Ber Cutting budding
and air layering
Zizyphus nummularia- Dwarfing
due to formation of invert bottle
neck at graft union.
Z.rotundifolia- Deep rooted suited
for arid zones.
51. Fruit Propagation method
Wood apple Root cutting, budding
Tamarind Seed and soft wood grafting
Persimmon Cleft and whip grafting, chip and
T-budding.
Jamun Seed and budding.
Aonla T-budding/ patch budding
Cape gooseberry seed
Acid lime seed
Loquat Inarching, budding and grafting.
Mangosteen Seed and inarching.
Phalsa seed
Jackfruit Inarching, air layering, cutting epicotyle
grafting.
52. conclusion
Using dwarf rootstock through HDP system yield can be
increased in per unit area
In case of propagation method the new technology tissue
culture can be used for rapid multiplication of plant in short
duration along with it we can obtain virus free planting
material
