CONSERVATIONAL STUDIES ON CHLOROPHYTUM BORIVILIANUM (SAFED MUSLI) IN NANDUR...American Research Thoughts
This document summarizes a study on the conservation of Chlorophytum borivilianum, an important medicinal plant known as Safed Musli, in Nandurbar District, Maharashtra, India. The study found that overexploitation from natural habitats for medicinal and economic uses is reducing the plant's abundance and biodiversity. Specifically, immature harvesting, uprooting of whole plants, and lack of sustainable harvesting practices are threatening the plant. The study recommends introducing sustainable cultivation and raising awareness about conservation to protect this rare and important medicinal species.
Inheritance of Resistance to Sorghum ShootFly, Atherigona soccata in Sorghum,...ICRISAT
Sorghum production is affected by a wide array of biotic constraints, of which sorghum shootf ly, Atherigona soccata is the most important pest, which severely damages the sorghum crop during the seedlings stage. Host plant resistance is one of the major components to control sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata. To understand the nature of gene action for inheritance of shoot fly resistance, we evaluated 10parents, 45F1’s and their reciprocals in replicated trials during the rainy and post rainy seasons. The genotypes ICSV700, Phule Anuradha, ICSV25019, PS35805, IS2123, IS2146, and IS18551 exhibited resistance to shoot fly damage across seasons. Crosses between susceptible parents were preferred for egg laying by the shoot fly females, resulting in a susceptible reaction. ICSV700, ICSV25019, PS35805, IS2123, IS2146, and IS18551 exhibited significant and negative general combining ability (gca) effects for oviposition, deadheart incidence, and overall resistance score.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated genetic diversity among 16 advanced blast-resistant rice lines under tropical environments. Three field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in Malaysia. Various agronomic traits were measured, including plant height, tillers, panicles, grain weight, and yield. Genetic diversity was analyzed using multivariate analysis. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot, indicating significant genetic influence. Heritability was also high for several traits. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into nine major clusters based on assessed characters. The study aims to identify promising lines and guide future rice breeding programs in Malaysia.
Fruits and Nuts by NK Krishna Kumar, Bioversity International, Central and So...apaari
This document discusses neglected and underutilized tropical and subtropical fruits that provide nutrition and health benefits. It notes that over 4,200 minor fruit species exist worldwide, with many remaining underutilized. Bioversity International aims to conserve such species and promote their use through various initiatives exploring, collecting, and characterizing neglected fruit species in countries around the world. The document summarizes Bioversity's genetic diversity park in Bengaluru, India which maintains over 100 minor fruit species across 33 families for conservation and research. Potentially important species discussed include jackfruit, custard apple, jamun, ber, and tamarind due to their nutrition, health properties, and climate resilience.
- Guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) is mainly grown in India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab.
- It is used as a source of food, fodder, and feed, and its seeds produce galactomannan gum which is used as a thickener, binder, and stabilizer in many industries like food and pharmaceuticals.
- The crop is self-pollinated due to its cleistogamous nature, but some outcrossing of 0.5-7.9% has been reported. Breeding objectives include developing varieties with higher yield, summer adaptability, disease
- Guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) is mainly grown in India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab.
- It is used as a source of food, fodder, and feed, and its seeds produce galactomannan gum which is used as a thickener, binder, and stabilizer in many industries like food and pharmaceuticals.
- The crop is self-pollinated due to its cleistogamous nature, but some outcrossing of 0.5-7.9% has been reported. Breeding objectives include developing varieties with higher yield, summer adaptability, disease
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bean root rot diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens like Pythium and Fusarium species are an increasing problem in East and Central Africa, causing substantial yield losses. The document summarizes efforts to characterize the pathogens, identify resistant varieties, improve resistance through breeding, and develop integrated management strategies. Key results include identifying 11 pathogenic Pythium species in the region, sources of resistance in varieties like RWR 719 and MLB-49-89A, and developing molecular markers for use in marker-assisted selection.
CONSERVATIONAL STUDIES ON CHLOROPHYTUM BORIVILIANUM (SAFED MUSLI) IN NANDUR...American Research Thoughts
This document summarizes a study on the conservation of Chlorophytum borivilianum, an important medicinal plant known as Safed Musli, in Nandurbar District, Maharashtra, India. The study found that overexploitation from natural habitats for medicinal and economic uses is reducing the plant's abundance and biodiversity. Specifically, immature harvesting, uprooting of whole plants, and lack of sustainable harvesting practices are threatening the plant. The study recommends introducing sustainable cultivation and raising awareness about conservation to protect this rare and important medicinal species.
Inheritance of Resistance to Sorghum ShootFly, Atherigona soccata in Sorghum,...ICRISAT
Sorghum production is affected by a wide array of biotic constraints, of which sorghum shootf ly, Atherigona soccata is the most important pest, which severely damages the sorghum crop during the seedlings stage. Host plant resistance is one of the major components to control sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata. To understand the nature of gene action for inheritance of shoot fly resistance, we evaluated 10parents, 45F1’s and their reciprocals in replicated trials during the rainy and post rainy seasons. The genotypes ICSV700, Phule Anuradha, ICSV25019, PS35805, IS2123, IS2146, and IS18551 exhibited resistance to shoot fly damage across seasons. Crosses between susceptible parents were preferred for egg laying by the shoot fly females, resulting in a susceptible reaction. ICSV700, ICSV25019, PS35805, IS2123, IS2146, and IS18551 exhibited significant and negative general combining ability (gca) effects for oviposition, deadheart incidence, and overall resistance score.
Genetic Diversity and Selection Criteria in Blast Resistance Rice (Oryza sati...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated genetic diversity among 16 advanced blast-resistant rice lines under tropical environments. Three field experiments were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in Malaysia. Various agronomic traits were measured, including plant height, tillers, panicles, grain weight, and yield. Genetic diversity was analyzed using multivariate analysis. High phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation were observed for traits like tonnes per hectare, grain weight per plot, and kilograms per plot, indicating significant genetic influence. Heritability was also high for several traits. Cluster analysis grouped the lines into nine major clusters based on assessed characters. The study aims to identify promising lines and guide future rice breeding programs in Malaysia.
Fruits and Nuts by NK Krishna Kumar, Bioversity International, Central and So...apaari
This document discusses neglected and underutilized tropical and subtropical fruits that provide nutrition and health benefits. It notes that over 4,200 minor fruit species exist worldwide, with many remaining underutilized. Bioversity International aims to conserve such species and promote their use through various initiatives exploring, collecting, and characterizing neglected fruit species in countries around the world. The document summarizes Bioversity's genetic diversity park in Bengaluru, India which maintains over 100 minor fruit species across 33 families for conservation and research. Potentially important species discussed include jackfruit, custard apple, jamun, ber, and tamarind due to their nutrition, health properties, and climate resilience.
- Guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) is mainly grown in India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab.
- It is used as a source of food, fodder, and feed, and its seeds produce galactomannan gum which is used as a thickener, binder, and stabilizer in many industries like food and pharmaceuticals.
- The crop is self-pollinated due to its cleistogamous nature, but some outcrossing of 0.5-7.9% has been reported. Breeding objectives include developing varieties with higher yield, summer adaptability, disease
- Guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) is mainly grown in India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Haryana, and Punjab.
- It is used as a source of food, fodder, and feed, and its seeds produce galactomannan gum which is used as a thickener, binder, and stabilizer in many industries like food and pharmaceuticals.
- The crop is self-pollinated due to its cleistogamous nature, but some outcrossing of 0.5-7.9% has been reported. Breeding objectives include developing varieties with higher yield, summer adaptability, disease
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Bean root rot diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens like Pythium and Fusarium species are an increasing problem in East and Central Africa, causing substantial yield losses. The document summarizes efforts to characterize the pathogens, identify resistant varieties, improve resistance through breeding, and develop integrated management strategies. Key results include identifying 11 pathogenic Pythium species in the region, sources of resistance in varieties like RWR 719 and MLB-49-89A, and developing molecular markers for use in marker-assisted selection.
This document summarizes a study on seed-borne fungi of selected forest tree species in Mudigere, Karnataka, India. Samples of seeds from 6 tree species were collected and tested using two culture methods. A total of 30 fungal species across 3 classes were identified. The most common fungus was Aspergillus species. Ascomycetes made up 70% of identified fungi. The seed-borne fungi can affect seed germination and seedling establishment. Identifying these fungi can help suppress them and improve the economic value of the tree species.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document summarizes information about groundnut (peanut), including its origin in Brazil and major production areas like India, China, Nigeria, and Sudan. It describes the plant's lifecycle and chromosome number, and classifies species within the Arachis genus. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield improvement, and exploiting wild species. Common breeding methods are also summarized, including selection, hybridization techniques like bulk selection and pedigree method, and approaches like mutation breeding. The document provides an overview of groundnut's taxonomy, genetics, breeding goals, and approaches.
This document provides information about red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). It discusses the plant's botanical name, family, origin, chromosome number, description of plants, flowers, pollination, and fruit. The core objectives of raspberry breeding programs are also summarized, which include high quality fruit, good yield, shelf life, adaptation to the local environment, and improved pathogen resistance. Breeding methods mentioned include hybridization, mutation, conservation of germplasm, and use of genetic markers.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Introgression of Plantain Fruit Parthenocarpy (pfp) Genes in Land Races of Pl...Premier Publishers
Trials were conducted to investigate the transfer and effects of parthenocarpy genes between plantain and banana clones. Ten crosses were made between three plantain cultivars and two banana clones. The progenies showed segregation of parthenocarpy traits and varying ploidy levels. Traits like bunch weight, fruit size, and number were positively influenced by increases in ploidy and changes from recessive to dominant alleles of parthenocarpy genes. However, other genetic factors also influenced trait expression. Indirect marker-assisted selection proved useful for selecting progenies with good agronomic traits and parthenocarpy for further breeding.
The proximate and phytochemical composition of SI and CS at different stages ...OGUNSOLA OLADELE KAYODE
This document summarizes a study on the proximate and phytochemical composition of two plant species - Sesamum indicum and Ceratotheca sesamoides - at different stages of growth. The study found significant differences in the nutritional and chemical makeup of the two plants as they developed. S. indicum generally had higher percentages of moisture, protein, ash, and crude fiber, while C. sesamoides had higher levels of some phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Both plants saw declines in proximate and phytochemical constituents as they approached flowering and fruiting stages. The analysis supports the use of these plants as vegetables and suggests potential medicinal value
Genetic Variability, Heritability for Late leaf Spot tolerance and Productivi...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on genetic variability, heritability, and traits related to late leaf spot tolerance and productivity in a recombinant inbred line population of groundnut. The study evaluated 106 recombinant inbred lines plus parental lines. High genetic variation was observed for traits related to late leaf spot score, yield, and other components. High heritability and genetic advance were found for traits like late leaf spot score, 100-seed weight, and haulm weight per plant, indicating these are controlled by additive genes and good for selection. Several lines were identified with improved late leaf spot tolerance, early maturity, yield, and other traits.
Diallel Analysis of Cowpea Cultivar Ife Brown and its MutantsAI Publications
The present investigation of using half diallel analysis in Cowpea cultivar Ife Brown and its three mutants was conducted at Research plot of Department of Agricultural Technology, Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan, Nigeria during the rainy season of 2017. Four parents were used in this study consisting of three (3) mutants (Ife BPC, Ife Brown Yellow, Ife Brown Crinkled) and one (1) putative parent (Ife Brown) that were derived from the Department of Crop Protection and Environmental Biology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. The present study involves four parents and their seven resultant crosses were grown in a completely Randomized Design with five replications. Analysis of variance for general and specific combining ability(GCA and SCA) revealed that only SCA variances were significant for all the characters. Whereas, comparison of the error mean square of GCA in days to flowering, 100 seed weight and seed yield/plant was higher than the error mean square of SCA thus implying that additive gene action played a more important role in the inheritance of these traits than the non-additive (dominance and epistasis) gene action. Among the parents Ife BPC was observed to be the best general combiner for days to flowering and seed yield/plant. Among the crosses the crosses involving Ife Brown Yellow with Ife Brown in pod length and number of seeds/pod while with Ife Brown Crinkled for days to flowering were recorded. It is evident from present investigation that the hybrid combinations exhibited the high per se performance and sca effect for seed yield per plant and highly promising even in respect of other characters could be advanced by selecting desirable segregants and recombinants in each generation for funneling the new genotype or for using further advanced breeding programme. The present study based on two biometrical analysis (combining ability and genetic components of variances) revealed that the additive and non-additive were involved with preponderance of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of seed yield and its attributes. It is, therefore, suggested that biparental mating, intermatting of elite segregants and selection at later generations should be followed which meets the requirement of utilizing both types of gene actions.
This document summarizes a study that characterized and evaluated 22 mint germplasm accessions. The accessions were planted and observed from 2012-2013. Results showed variation among accessions in traits like growth habit, canopy diameter, plant height, branch density, stem and leaf color, leaf size and density, foliage yield, dry matter content, and flower characteristics. The accessions MP-1, MP-2, MP-3, MP-4, MP-5, MP-8, MP-9 and MP-19 had desirable traits and were identified for further evaluation as potential varieties for commercial cultivation.
Mutation breeding has been used to develop new varieties of several medicinal and aromatic crops with improved traits. A high-yielding variety of henbane was developed with double the vigor and yield of the parent variety using irradiation. Superior mutants of black cumin were identified with improved yield and quality traits through radiation and chemical mutagenesis. Limitations include the lack of genomic resources for medicinal plants compared to major crops, restricting forward and reverse genetics approaches.
Mutagenesis has been used successfully in mutation breeding of several medicinal and aromatic crops. Some key achievements include developing higher yielding varieties of henbane, black cumin, and coriander that are also resistant to various diseases. Mutagenesis has also led to Catharanthus varieties with increased alkaloid content and altered morphology. While effective, limitations include the lack of genomic resources and regeneration methods for some medicinal plants compared to major crops.
Root Hormone Concentration influence on Ociumum basilicum Cultivars Thesis- S...Stephanie Petrakos
This study examined the effects of cultivar and rooting hormone concentration on growth of three basil varieties (Mrs. Burns Lemon, Red Rubin, and Aroma 2) propagated through cuttings. Aroma 2 had the greatest root mass but shortest height, while Mrs. Burns Lemon was tallest but had lower root mass than Aroma 2. Root mass was similar for plants treated with 0-0.3% indole-3-butyric acid rooting hormone. Aroma 2's greater root-to-shoot ratio suggests it may require less irrigation and be more drought tolerant. Results can aid development of sustainable basil production methods with reduced synthetic hormone and irrigation use.
Genetic diversity of common beans as impacted on by farmer variety selection ...CIAT
Farmers in southwestern Uganda grow bean mixtures to manage bean root rots caused by Pythium fungi. A survey found farmers recognize root rot symptoms and use mixtures for disease insurance. Analysis of collected bean samples found two genetic groups, with the Mesoamerican group showing more resistance to root rots. While morphological diversity was higher in the Andean group, molecular analysis found greater diversity in the susceptible Mesoamerican varieties preferred by farmers for their root rot resistance. The study indicates farmer selection practices maintain genetic diversity needed to manage this key disease.
Effect of time and proportion of leaf harvest on pest, forage and root yields...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Dearth of knowledge exists regarding the leaf harvest intensity and frequency thresholds that support optimum forage and fresh storage root yields in Sierra Leone. A study was carried out to assess the effects of leaf harvesting time and proportion on Cylas puncticollis infestation, growth and yield of sweet potato in the inland valley swamp and upland ecologies of Njala. Treatment combinations comprised of two varieties ("Kabia" and "Gbanie"), four leaf harvest regimes: 0, 30 60 and 90 days after planting (DAP); and four-leaf harvest intensities (0, 25, 50 and 100%). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Data collected included Cylas puncticollis severity on vines and storage roots, root dimensions and numbers, fresh foliage and storage root yields. The results revealed that leaf harvesting twice at 25 and 50% contributed more to optimum forage and storage root yields and related attributes of sweet potatoes compared to other treatments. The present study suggests that good agronomic management of sweet potato that supports optimum forage and storage root yields should be selected to meet the dual purpose for which it is grown. These findings serve as good guide for incorporation of leaf harvesting time, proportion of leaf harvest in germplasm assessment and new population development objectives.
1. The document discusses mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) which is a major biotic stress for mungbean crops. MYMV is transmitted by the whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci and causes significant yield losses.
2. Research has found that resistance to MYMV in mungbean is controlled by a single recessive gene. Studies identified RAPD markers linked to the MYMV resistance gene which can enable marker-assisted selection for resistant varieties.
3. Breeding efforts aim to develop MYMV-tolerant mungbean varieties through identification of resistant lines, interspecific crosses, and induced mutations. The ultimate goal is generating superior genotypes with durable resistance to minimize yield losses
Methodological approach to indigenous fruit trees breeding: case of Dacryodes...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on breeding methods for the indigenous fruit tree Dacryodes edulis in Cameroon. Controlled cross-pollination tests were conducted on 14 female D. edulis trees using pollen from 6 male parents, examining the influence of male parent provenance and pollen type on fruit set. The results showed the fruiting index, which determines yield, was significantly affected by the combined factors of male parent provenance, pollen type, and female parent. Six combinations with high fruit set and fruiting index were identified as potential candidates for further breeding from the Boumnyebel and Makenene provenances. Progeny from these crosses will be evaluated in future trials to
This document discusses a study on the effects of induced mutations through physical and chemical mutagens on yield and other traits in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Mutations were induced using gamma irradiation at doses from 5-40kR and chemical mutagen ethyl methane sulphonate at concentrations from 0.1-0.3%. Observations were recorded on the parental variety, M2 generation, and M3 generation for traits like flowering time, pod yield, pod length, plant height, and seeds per pod. Genetic component analysis found both additive and dominance gene effects were induced, with overdominance observed for most traits, suggesting selection should be deferred to later generations. The study estimated genetic components like additive,
The effect of dosage of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae and some varieties on grow...Innspub Net
This study aims to determine the effect of Glomus mosseae mycorrhizae dose and varieties on growth and yield of chili (Capsicum annum. L) on Entisol soil. This research was conducted at the UNSYIAH Experimental Garden, Banda Aceh. The design used in this study is factorial randomized block design (RBD). The first factor in this study is the dose of mycorrhizal Glomus mosseae (D) consisting of 4 levels, namely: D0= without mycorrhiza, D1= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 5g plant-1, D2= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 10g plant-1, and D3= mycorrhiza Glomus mosseae 15g plant-1. The second factor is chili variety (V) consisting of 3 levels, namely: PM 999 varieties, Lado F1 varieties, varieties CTH-01. The variables observed were growth parameters, chili yield, total N-content and P-available on Entisol soil and the percentage of mycorrhizal infected roots. The results showed that mycorrhizal doses were able to increase the value of N-total and P-available on the soil and can improve plant growth and yield, the use of mycorrhizal doses of 15 g tan-1 generally results in better growth and yield of chilli compared to other doses, while based on the results of research CTH-01 varieties affect the growth and yield of chili plants. There is an interaction between mycorrhizal doses with chilli varieties on growth parameters and chili yield.
Crop improvement and recent advances in Anolapraveen choyal
The document summarizes information about the aonla (Indian gooseberry) crop, including its botany, breeding methods, varieties, and future work. It notes that aonla is an important fruit crop due to its nutritional and medicinal value. Breeding objectives include developing varieties with higher yields, quality, stress resistance, and market traits. Key breeding methods discussed are selection, hybridization, mutation, and biotechnology. Promising varieties from different research institutions are also highlighted. Future work may focus on traits like higher female flower percentage and color varieties to meet market demand.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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This document summarizes a study on seed-borne fungi of selected forest tree species in Mudigere, Karnataka, India. Samples of seeds from 6 tree species were collected and tested using two culture methods. A total of 30 fungal species across 3 classes were identified. The most common fungus was Aspergillus species. Ascomycetes made up 70% of identified fungi. The seed-borne fungi can affect seed germination and seedling establishment. Identifying these fungi can help suppress them and improve the economic value of the tree species.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document summarizes information about groundnut (peanut), including its origin in Brazil and major production areas like India, China, Nigeria, and Sudan. It describes the plant's lifecycle and chromosome number, and classifies species within the Arachis genus. It outlines breeding objectives such as disease resistance, yield improvement, and exploiting wild species. Common breeding methods are also summarized, including selection, hybridization techniques like bulk selection and pedigree method, and approaches like mutation breeding. The document provides an overview of groundnut's taxonomy, genetics, breeding goals, and approaches.
This document provides information about red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.). It discusses the plant's botanical name, family, origin, chromosome number, description of plants, flowers, pollination, and fruit. The core objectives of raspberry breeding programs are also summarized, which include high quality fruit, good yield, shelf life, adaptation to the local environment, and improved pathogen resistance. Breeding methods mentioned include hybridization, mutation, conservation of germplasm, and use of genetic markers.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Introgression of Plantain Fruit Parthenocarpy (pfp) Genes in Land Races of Pl...Premier Publishers
Trials were conducted to investigate the transfer and effects of parthenocarpy genes between plantain and banana clones. Ten crosses were made between three plantain cultivars and two banana clones. The progenies showed segregation of parthenocarpy traits and varying ploidy levels. Traits like bunch weight, fruit size, and number were positively influenced by increases in ploidy and changes from recessive to dominant alleles of parthenocarpy genes. However, other genetic factors also influenced trait expression. Indirect marker-assisted selection proved useful for selecting progenies with good agronomic traits and parthenocarpy for further breeding.
The proximate and phytochemical composition of SI and CS at different stages ...OGUNSOLA OLADELE KAYODE
This document summarizes a study on the proximate and phytochemical composition of two plant species - Sesamum indicum and Ceratotheca sesamoides - at different stages of growth. The study found significant differences in the nutritional and chemical makeup of the two plants as they developed. S. indicum generally had higher percentages of moisture, protein, ash, and crude fiber, while C. sesamoides had higher levels of some phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenols. Both plants saw declines in proximate and phytochemical constituents as they approached flowering and fruiting stages. The analysis supports the use of these plants as vegetables and suggests potential medicinal value
Genetic Variability, Heritability for Late leaf Spot tolerance and Productivi...IOSR Journals
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Scope and Importance of Genetic Diversity in Sustainable Management of Medicinal Plants {Dissertation .pptx}
1. BIRSAAGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF FORESTRY
MALOTHSURESH
Registration No – F/BAU/6441/2018
Scope and Importance of Genetic Diversity in Sustainable Management of Medicinal
Plants
SUPERVISOR: - Dr. Jai Kumar
2. INTRODUCTION
Plant genetic diversity is the key component of agricultural system & genetic improvement of crops can be
accelerated when broad genetic diversity is available.
Most of the medicinal plants are collected from forests without practicing any scientific resource management
system leading to their vulnerable status and gradually threatened with extinction.
In general the common sustainable management practices include good harvesting techniques, proper
harvesting time, regulating the quantity of collection /harvest, removal of harmful agents from the targeted
area, domestication and cultivation of medicinal plants, avoiding collection / harvesting of reproductive
propagules, site protection and education the stakeholders with harmful effect of unsustainability
The only realistic solution of the continuing loss of plant germplasm is the collection and systematic
preservation of germplasm in gene resources centres with a wide representation of genetic resources of the
species as practicable (Thakur and Thakur, 2015).
According to Frankel (1983), an essential prerequisite for a species to survive against environmental pressures
is the availability of a pool of genetic diversity and in the absence of that extinction would appear inevitable.
Use of crop genetic resources in crop improvement programme should be the ultimate objective of germplasm
resource management and improvement in both qualitative and quantitative characters of a crop should be the
main aim of any breeding programmes (Simmonds, 1962).
3. Importance of genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is the base for survival of plants in nature and for crop improvement. Diversity in
plant genetic resources provides opportunity for plant breeders to develop new and improved cultivars
with desirable characteristics, which include both farmer-preferred traits (high yield potential, large
seed, etc.) and breeder-preferred traits (pest and disease resistance and photosensitivity, etc.).
For ever-changing breeding goals, different genes need to be reserved in cultivated and cultivable crops
species in the form of germplasm resources.
Presence of genetic diversity within and between crop plant species permits the breeders to select
superior genotypes either to be directly used as new variety or to be used as parent in hybridization
programme.
Diversity is also important with respect to adaptability of crop plants to varied environments with
special reference to changing climatic conditions.
Consequently, domestication reduces the genetic diversity when compared to the diversity in wild.
Natural selection also affects the genetic diversity considerably, Directional and stabilizing selection
decreases while disruptive selection increases the genetic diversity, Mutation is also reported to
increase genetic diversity.
Inbreeding reduces while out breeding increases genetic diversity. Genetic drift can lead to loss of rare
alleles thereby reduces genetic diversity.
Gene flow within population increases the genetic diversity as new alleles are introduced.
4. Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz, commonly known as Sarpagandha (Indian snakeroot), Chota-
Chand, Chandrabhaga and Chandrika is critically endangered medicinal plant species. It is an important
medicinal plant found in Indian subcontinent and south East Asian countries. Sarpgandha is low-diverse,
endangered and red-listed plant species because of over exploitation.
The species selected for research activities was Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, belongs to the family
Fabaceae, sub family Papilionaceae. Genus Mucuna includes approximately 150 species of annual and
perennial legumes. It is widespread in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Other physical
properties like high nitrogen fixing capability, aggressive growth habit and high productivity of
vegetative matter make it an excellent soil improving crop, pasture crop, green manure cover crop, source
of food and weed controller (Padmesh et al., 2006).
Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. commonly known as "Gudmar" or "Madhunashini", is slow growing,
perennial, woody climber in nature, having potential anti diabetic properties belonging to family
Asclepiadaceae. Due to increase in demand and destructive harvesting, the plant has become vulnerable.
Therefore, the only way to meet the increasing demand and reduce the pressure of harvest from wild is its
large-scale cultivation.
5. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Ansari (1993) has stated that genetic erosion has affected the species greatly and populations left in India have very
poor alkaloid content. It was found to be endangered in Southern Western Ghats of India (Nayar, 1996). Biswas
(1956) observed positive correlation between number of branches and root yield per plant in clonal population of
Rauvolfia serpentina. Kandalkar er al. (1993) studied genotypic association and path coefficient analysis in
Ashwagandha. Path coefficient analysis showed highest positive direct and indirect effect of plant height and stem
branches on root yield.
Constraint reported from west Africa include difficulties in planting on time (for adequate biomass to accumulate
during intercropping), losses of biomass due to bushfires and animals during the dry season as well as snakes under
the Mucuna pruriens var. utilis canopy (Galiba et al., 1998). It is unclear whether Mucuna's L-DOPA (an uncommon
substance in plants which is also found in smaller quantities in faba beans, Vicia faba) content, palatability, or other
reasons have caused Mucuna to remain a minor food crop despite the fact that its proximate composition is similar to
common beans and other grain legumes.
Gymnemic acid formulations have been found useful against diabetes and obesity (Yoshikawa et al, 1993). The
"destroyer of sugar" is a traditionally used term for Gymnema sylvestre because chewing the leaves will abolish the
taste of sweetness. Gudmar leaves are used in food additives against obesity and caries (Nakamura et al., 1997). Leaf
shape, shape of the leaf apex and base length of the leaf, following the method of Ash et al. (1999). The shapes of leaf
apex and base were also determined following the criteria as per Ash et al. (1999).
6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Kandalkar et al. (1993) reported about highest positive direct and indirect effect of plant height and stem
branches on root yield in Ashwagandha.
Rahane (2012) found highest direct effect of root length followed lowed by number of secondary branches per
plant on dry root yield at the same root length also had significant and positive correlation with dry root yield
per plant in Ashwagandha.
Misra et al., (1998b) had studied genetic divergence among 37 accessions of Ashwagandha quantified for six
metric traits and classified them in eight clusters showing substantial divergence. Cluster I was largest
comprising 14 genotypes followed by cluster II, III & IV having 13, 4 and 2 genotypes respectively, and rest
having single genotype.
Jain et al., (2007) assessed genetic divergence among 55 Ashwagandha accession of different geographic origin
using Mahalanobis's D' statistics. They reported the genotypes were classified into ten clusters. Cluster I was
the largest with fifteen genotypes followed by II & III clusters which have nine genotypes.
7. Qualitative parameters of Mucuna pruriens germplasm
SI.
NO.
Parameters Particulars No. of
germplasm
Name of germplasm
1. Flower
colour
Creamy White 4 IIHR MP1, DMAPR MP1,
DMAPR MP8, Ranchi MP8
white 4 IIHR MP2, DMAPR MP4, DMAPR MP5, Ranchi MP5,
Dark Purple 10 IIHR MP4, IIHR MP5, IIHR MP6, IIHR MP7, IIHR MP8,
DMAPR MP6, Ranchi MP1, Ranchi MP2, Ranchi MP3, Ranchi
MP6
Light Purple 6 IIHR MP3, DMAPR MP2. DMAPR MP3, DMAPR MP7,
Ranchi MP4, Ranchi MP7
2. Bearing
habit
Basal node (9th to
14th node)
5 IIHR MP8, DMAPR MP3, DMAPR MP6, Ranchi MP1, Ranchi
MP8
Intermediate
node (14th-19th
node)
18 IIHR MP1, IIHR MP2, IIHR MP4, IIHR MP5, IIHR MP6, IIHR
MP7, DMAPR MP1, DMAPR MP2, DMAPR MP4, DMAPR
MP5, DMAPR MP7, DMAPR MP8, Ranchi MP2, Ranchi MP3,
Ranchi MP4, Ranchi MP5, Ranchi MP6, Ranchi MP7,
Top node (19th to
24th node)
1 Ranchi MP3
3. Colour of
immature
pod
Light green 15 IIHR MP1, IIHR MP2, IIHR MP3, IIHR MP4, IIHR MP8,
DMAPR MP1, DMAPR MP2, DMAPR MP4, DMAPR MP8,
Ranchi MP1, Ranchi MP5, Ranchi MP6, Ranchi MP8
Black 7 IIHR MP5, IIHR MP6, IIHR MP7, DMAPR MP3, DMAPR
MP6, Ranchi MP4, Ranchi MP7,
Greenish-yellow 1 Ranchi MP2
Light yellow 3 DMAPR MP5. DMAPR MP7, Ranchi MP3
From the perusal of data
related to flower colour it
may be concluded that large
variability was found as
regards to flower colour of
different Mucuna pruriens
germplasm.
However, maximum
germplasm of Mucuna
pruriens shows dark purple
flower colour.
o Flower colour, bearing habit
and colour of immature pod of
different Mucuna pruriens
germplasm
8. Leaf colour, Seed coat Colour and Seed coat
pattern of different Mucuna pruriens
germplasm
From the perusal of data related to leaf
colour it may be concluded that large
variability was found as regards to leaf
colour of different Mucuna pruriens
germplasm. However, maximum germplasm
of Mucuna pruriens showed deep green and
green leaf colour.
Studies reported that the leaves of different
species of the genus are pinnately trifoliate
with deciduous stipules while as flowers are
large usually dark purple or greenish in
colour turn black when dried (Hooker, 1876;
Kirtikar and Basu, 1935). IIHR MP11 has
flowers creamish white in colour on long
raceme borne on top nodes of the plant,
smooth green pods with seeds creamy white
seed coat (Annual report, IIHR, 2008-09).
SI.
NO.
Parameters Particulars No. of
germplasm
Name of germplasm
1. Leaf colour Deep green 10 IIHR MP1, IIHR MP2, IIHR MP3, IIHR MP4, IIHR MP5, IIHR
MP8, DMAPR MP5, DMAPR MP7, DMAPR MP8, Ranchi MP8
Light green 4 IIHR MP6, DMAPR MP7, DMAPR MP2, Ranchi MP5,
Green 10 IIHR MP7, DMAPR MP3, DMAPR MP4, DMAPR MP6,
Ranchi MP1, Ranchi MP2, Ranchi MP3, Ranchi MP4, Ranchi
MP6, Ranchi MP7
2. Seed coat colour
Black 4 IIHR MP1, IIHR MP2, IIHR MP5, IIHR MP7, DMAPR MP₁.
DMAPR MP4, DMAPR MP5, DMAPR MP8, Ranchi MP2,
Ranchi MP3, Ranchi MP5, Ranchi MP8
Brownish
white
8 IIHR MP3, DMAPR MP2, DMAPR MP7, Ranchi MP6,
3. Seed coat pattern Plain 15 IIHR MP1, IIHR MP2, IIHR MP3, DMAPR MP1, DMAPR
MP2,
DMAPR MP4, DMAPR MP5, DMAPR MP6, DMAPR MP7,
DMAPR MP8, Ranchi MP2, Ranchi MP4, Ranchi MP5, Ranchi
MP6, Ranchi MP8
Mottled 9 IIHR MP4, IIHR MP5, IIHR MP6, IIHR MP7, IIHR MP8,
DMAPR MP3, Ranchi MP1, Ranchi MP3, Ranchi MP7
9. Genetic diversity in Mucuna pruriens germplasm
Sources of genetic diversity in Mucuna pruriens germplasm with their
percentage contribution.
Perusal of data indicated that L-Dopa content in seeds (40.22%) of
Mucuna pruriens germplasm contributed maximum diversity followed by
pod yield/plant (11.59%) and seed length (11.23%). Rest of the parameters
shown minimum impact on genetic diversity in Mucuna pruriens
germplasm namely number of flowers/inflorescence (9.06%) > plant
length (8.33%) > number of pods/bunch (5.80%) seed breadth
inflorescence length (3.99%) > number of seeds/pod-pod width (1.45%)
pod length (1.09%) >100 seed weight-seed yield/plant (0.72%) > weight
of 10 dried pods (0.36%).
SI.
NO.
Source Percentage
Contribution
Rank w.r.t.
%
contribution
1. Plant length 8.33% 5
2. No. of pods/bunch 5.80% 6
3. No. of seeds/pod 1.45% 8
4. Pod length 1.09 9
5. Pod width 1.45% 8
6. Seed length 11.23% 3
7. Seed breadth 3.99% 7
8. Inflorescence length 3.99% 7
9. No. of
flower/inflorescence
9.06% 4
10. Weight of 10 dried
pods
0.36% 11
11. 100 seed weight 0.72% 10
12. Pod yield/plant 11.59% 2
13. Seed yield/plant 0.72% 10
14. L-Dopa content 40.22% 1
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
8.33%
5.80%
1.45%
1.09%
1.45%
11.23%
3.99%
3.99%
9.06%
0.36%
0.72%
11.59%
0.72%
40.22%
PERCENT
CONTRIBUTION
PARAMETERS
10. Cluster
Mean Performance of clusters
Cluster Means
Plant
Length
(m)
No.
Of
Pods/
Bunch
No. of
Seeds/
pod
Pod
Length
(mm)
Pod
Width
(mm)
Seed
Length
(mm)
Seed
breadth
(mm)
Inflorescence
Length
(cm)
No. of
Flowers/
inflorescenc
e
Weight
of 10
dried
Pods
(g)
100
Seed
Weight
(g)
Pod
Yield/
Plant
(Kg)
Seed
yield/
plant
(Kg)
L-
Dopa
Cont
ent
(Kg)
I 8.59 6.14 4.36 89.25 17.05 15.70 12.26 10.86 10.42 64.21 84.83 0.24 0.14 3.35
II 8.38 11.36 3.21 66.10 15.03 13.83 11.50 21.86 36.59 27.36 41.08 0.02 0.01 3.79
From the perusal of
data, it may be inferred
that for higher the
means values of plant
length, number of
pods/bunches, number
of seeds/pods, L-Dopa
content was higher.
However, higher mean
values of pod length,
pod width, seed length,
seed breadth yield lesser
L-Dopa content.
o Sreelathakumary and Rajamony (2004) studied nature and magnitude of genetic divergence in thirty-five chilli genotypes of
different geographical origin using Mahalanobis D2 statistics and grouped them into six clusters. The cluster-II was the largest with
16 genotypes followed by cluster-III with six and cluster-V with five genotypes.
o Jain et al., (2007) assessed genetic divergence among 55 Ashwagandha accession of different geographic origin using
Mahalanobis's D² statistics. They reported the genotypes were classified into ten clusters. Cluster 1 was the largest with fifteen
genotypes followed by II & III clusters which have nine genotypes. Rahane (2012) through D2 analysis showed that, there was
considerable divergence among the genotypes of Ashwagandha. Genotypes under study were grouped into six different clusters.
The cluster-I has accommodated highest number (23) of genotypes, followed by cluster-III (7), cluster-IV (3), however, cluster-II,
cluster-V and cluster-VI were observed to be monogenic.
11. o Out of 22 populations, six populations (GS.3, GS.5, GS.6, GS.16, GS.17, and GS.20) showed ovate shape while 18 populations
recorded oblong shape. The leaf apex shape in the collected accessions varied from acuminate to acute. Only two populations (GS.2
and GS.20) recorded acuminate and others recorded acute apex. The leaf base shape in the collected accessions varied from obtuse to
cordate.
o The populations GS.2, GS.3, GS.5, GS.6, GS.16, GS.17 and GS.20 had obtuse leaf base while others recorded cordate leaf base
shape. The collected accessions recorded all three types of leaf pubescence.
o Thamburaj et al. (1996) studied morphological diversity among 12 accessions of G. sylvestre collected from Tamil Nadu and Kerala
states of India. They recorded lanceolate and ovate leaf shapes, blunt and pointed leaf apex shapes and two types of leaf base shapes
as obtuse and cordate.
o Nair and Keshava Chandran (2006) studied 93 accessions of G. sylvestre of Kerala and recorded elliptic-oblong, ovate, ovate-
lanceolate, and cordate types of leaf shapes, acute and acuminate leaf apex shapes and four base shapes such as truncate, obtuse, sub-
cordate and rounded. They also reported non-hairy to very hairy leaves.
o The genetic diversity analysis revealed high genetic differentiation among the populations of G. sylvestre [GST = 0.35 (RAPD); GST =
0.41 (ISSR)]. The population under study were well spread over nine districts along the Western Ghats of Maharashtra.
o Lowe et al. (2005) reported that pollination and seed dispersal mechanism contributesto high level of genetic differentiation.
Leaf morphological variation analyses of G. sylvestre
12. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
EB MAR A M JN
Genetic variability in Sarpgandha germplasm -
Among the sources of genetic diversity in Sarpgandha germplasm, maximum percentage contribution was shown by seed yield/plant (51.33%) followed by
inflorescence length (19.33%) and number of flower/inflorescence (11.67%). Seven clusters were formed through genetic divergence analysis, out of which
cluster I contains maximum 9 number of germplasms, however cluster IV, V, VI, VII contains only one germplasm.
On the basis of dry root yield/plant, three germplasm namely BRS, followed by BRS23 & BRS, may be selected as superior germplasm because they
produced maximum 83.32, 78.25 & 77.97 g dry root yield/plant respectively, which was significantly superior to rest of the germplasm.
On the basis of seed yield /plant, three germplasm namely BRS followed by BRS21 & BRS12 may be selected as superior germplasm because they produced
maximum 21.89, 21.06 & 20.79 g seed yield/plant respectively, which was significantly superior to rest of the germplasm.
Maximum genetic divergence was shown by seed yield/plant (51.33 %). inflorescence length (19.33%) & number of flowers /inflorescences (11.67 %).
Number of primary branches /plant & root diameter shown 0% contribution towards genetics divergence of Sarpgandha while low percentage contribution
towards genetics divergence was shown by plant height (1.67%), stem diameter (1.33%), number of leaves/plant (1.33 %) and root length (2.00%)
Rest of the parameters showed moderate to low heritability. Maximum genetic advance was shown by seed yield/plant (129.13%), followed number of
fruits/inflorescences (75.59%). Low genetic advance was shown by dry root (16.21%) & plant height (26.60%).
13. Genetic divergence analysis of Mucuna pruriens germplasm
Among the sources of genetic diversity in Mucuna pruriens germplasm, maximum percentage contribution was recorded by L-Dopa
content in seeds (40.22%) followed by pod yield/plant (11.59%) and seed length (11.23%).
Two clusters were formed through genetic divergence analysis, out of which cluster I contained 22 germplasm and cluster II contained 2
germplasm. Significantly high inter cluster distance was observed between cluster I and cluster II (123.52). Average intra-cluster distance
was recorded more in cluster II (50.53) than cluster I (34.96).
The principal component analysis of Mucuna pruriens germplasm indicated that the germplasm such as IIHR MP3, Ranchi MP6, DMAPR
MP2, Ranchi MP2, DMAPR MP4, and DMAPR MP1, created maximum genetic diversity among studied germplasm.
For maximum production of L-Dopa content in seeds (IIHR MP3, DMAPR MP6 & DMAPR MP3)
For maximum production of seed yield /plant (Ranchi MP7, IIHR MP1, & IIHR MP7)
Principal component analysis of Mucuna pruriens germplasm shows that IIHR MP3, Ranchi MP6, DMAPR MP2, Ranchi MP2, DMAPR
MP4, DMAPR MP1, created maximum diversity, so may be selected for crop improvement through hybridization programme,
Maximum genetic divergence was shown by L-Dopa content in seeds (40.22 %).
So, parents may be selected for hybridization program from these clusters i.e., cluster I (22 germplasm) and cluster II (2 germplasm)
(IIHR MP3, DMAPR MP2).
14. The considerable level of genetic variability in Gymnema sylvestre
In the present study, morphological and biochemical markers were employed for characterizing 93 germplasm accessions of
Gymnema representing different geographical regions of Kerala. Seven vegetative traits and total saponin concentrations in the
leaves were studied on three-year-old plants. The results indicate high variations in morphological and biochemical characters.
Saponin concentration ranged from 0.6% for ‘Pambadi’ to 5.4% for ‘Kottayi’.
For instance, leaf shapes included elliptic oblong, ovate, ovate-lanceolate, lanceolate, and cordate. Average leaf length ranged
from 1.84 cm for ‘Pambadi 116’ to 7.14 cm for ‘Panniyur’ and the average leaf width varied from 0.82 cm for the accession
‘Thenkurussi 38’ to 5.78 cm for ‘Valiyathovala’. Out of the 93 accessions studied, 49 were non-hairy.
Similar observations were made earlier by Thamburaj et al. (1996) in a study involving 12 germplasm accessions. They observed
lanceolate and ovate shapes with the leaf tip being either blunt or pointed and 50% of their genotypes were highly pubescent
while the others were non-hairy.
The considerable level of genetic variability in G. sylvestre along the Western Ghats of Maharashtra can be exploited further to
screen the populations for higher level of active medicinal principal.
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17. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First Of All, To Our God Almighty for Giving the Strength, Patience, Guidance, And for The Continuous Blessings and
Undying Love.
I Would Like to Take This Opportunity to Express Our Heartfelt Gratitude to Our Honourable Dr. Onkar Nath Singh,
Vice-Chancellor, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi and Dr. M. S. Malik, Dean, Faculty of Forestry, Dr. P. R. Oraon,
Assistant registrar, Faculty of Forestry for Project work and Dissertation.
First and foremost, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my Supervisor Dr. Jai Kumar for his dedicated help,
advice, inspiration, encouragement and continuous support, throughout my Project work and Dissertation.
Special thanks to my seniors Miss Isha Thakur, Miss Jyoti Kumari, Miss Rashmi Bakhla, for encouragement and moral
support.
Immeasurable Appreciation and Deepest Gratitude to My Batchmates Deepak Kumar, Rupesh Kumar, Hassan
Shafique, Amit Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Gulam Murtaza, Balram Kumar. Along With Juniors for Their Needful Suggestions
and Encouragement Throughout the Preparation of Reports.
I Would Like to Thank My Dear Parents for Their Untiring Support, Financial Assistance, For Their Love, Care,
Advice, And Encouragement to make this report complete on time.
-Maloth Suresh