Quality refers to the suitability of a crop for its intended end use. Quality traits include morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological characteristics. Morphological traits relate to appearance while organoleptic traits influence taste and aroma. Nutritional traits determine health value and biological traits define usefulness when consumed. Quality is governed by oligogenic, polygenic, or maternal inheritance. Sources of improved quality traits include cultivated varieties, germplasm, mutants, somaclonal variants, wild relatives, and transgenic sources.
Single seed descent and multilines varieties pptSheetal3497
The document discusses single seed descent (SSD) method and multiline varieties. It begins by explaining the SSD method, which involves selecting a single seed randomly from selected plants at each generation to make the bulk, instead of bulking the whole seed lot. This method is useful for improving quantitative traits like yield rather than qualitative traits. It then describes the steps involved in the SSD method from hybridization to seed multiplication. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of the SSD method and multiline varieties. It provides examples of crops developed using these methods like wheat varieties Kalyan Sona and KML7404.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders KitRajendragouda Patil
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
Plant genetic resources their utilization and conservation in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
This document discusses plant genetic resources. It defines plant genetic resources as the genetic material in crop plants and their wild relatives. It notes that plant genetic resources include landraces, obsolete and modern cultivars, advanced breeding lines, wild relatives, and induced mutants. The document outlines the various components that make up plant genetic resources and strategies for conserving genetic resources both in and ex situ.
GPB 311: Maize- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Maize
This document describes the pedigree method of plant breeding. The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations like F2 and recording the parent-offspring relationships. Key steps include growing F1 plants to produce F2 seeds, selecting plants from the F2 generation based on traits, growing progeny rows from selected F2 plants in F3, continuing selection and growing of progeny rows from subsequent generations to achieve homozygosity and stable lines for yield trials. The pedigree method allows for selection and development of pure lines from segregating populations.
This document discusses two methods for producing hybrid rice: two-line and three-line breeding systems. The two-line system uses environmentally sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) or chemically induced male sterility (CIMS) to produce hybrid seed. EGMS lines are male sterile under certain temperature or photoperiod conditions. Two-line hybrids have advantages over three-line such as lower production costs and greater genetic diversity of parents. China has had success adopting two-line hybrid rice, which now covers over 2 million hectares. Further research aims to develop more stable EGMS lines and higher-yielding two-line hybrids with stress tolerance and quality traits.
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
Single seed descent and multilines varieties pptSheetal3497
The document discusses single seed descent (SSD) method and multiline varieties. It begins by explaining the SSD method, which involves selecting a single seed randomly from selected plants at each generation to make the bulk, instead of bulking the whole seed lot. This method is useful for improving quantitative traits like yield rather than qualitative traits. It then describes the steps involved in the SSD method from hybridization to seed multiplication. The document also discusses advantages and disadvantages of the SSD method and multiline varieties. It provides examples of crops developed using these methods like wheat varieties Kalyan Sona and KML7404.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders KitRajendragouda Patil
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
Plant genetic resources their utilization and conservation in crop improvementNaveen Kumar
This document discusses plant genetic resources. It defines plant genetic resources as the genetic material in crop plants and their wild relatives. It notes that plant genetic resources include landraces, obsolete and modern cultivars, advanced breeding lines, wild relatives, and induced mutants. The document outlines the various components that make up plant genetic resources and strategies for conserving genetic resources both in and ex situ.
GPB 311: Maize- Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Maize
This document describes the pedigree method of plant breeding. The pedigree method involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations like F2 and recording the parent-offspring relationships. Key steps include growing F1 plants to produce F2 seeds, selecting plants from the F2 generation based on traits, growing progeny rows from selected F2 plants in F3, continuing selection and growing of progeny rows from subsequent generations to achieve homozygosity and stable lines for yield trials. The pedigree method allows for selection and development of pure lines from segregating populations.
This document discusses two methods for producing hybrid rice: two-line and three-line breeding systems. The two-line system uses environmentally sensitive genetic male sterility (EGMS) or chemically induced male sterility (CIMS) to produce hybrid seed. EGMS lines are male sterile under certain temperature or photoperiod conditions. Two-line hybrids have advantages over three-line such as lower production costs and greater genetic diversity of parents. China has had success adopting two-line hybrid rice, which now covers over 2 million hectares. Further research aims to develop more stable EGMS lines and higher-yielding two-line hybrids with stress tolerance and quality traits.
This document discusses seed viability, dormancy, and storage. It defines seed viability as the ability of a seed to germinate and produce a normal seedling. Seed viability can be reduced by adverse weather during development or environmental conditions after maturity. Methods to test viability include tetrazolium tests, germination tests, and x-ray analysis. Seed dormancy is when viable seeds do not germinate under favorable conditions. Causes of dormancy include impermeable seed coats and immature embryos. Dormancy can be broken through mechanical or chemical scarification. Seed storage aims to maintain seed quality until planting by keeping seeds dry and cool in sealed containers or conditioned facilities.
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Potato is an important crop worldwide and in India. It was introduced to India in the 17th century from South America. Potato breeding aims to develop varieties with traits like increased yield, earliness, pest and disease resistance. As a tetraploid crop, potato has complex genetics. Breeding efforts focus on traits like tuber appearance, plant type, maturity, dormancy, and resistance to diseases like late blight and viruses.
Study in respect to origin distribution of species –wild relatives- and forms of breeding objectives –major breeding procedure for development of hybrids varieties in wheat
The document discusses breeding methods for sugarcane. The objectives of sugarcane breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, high sugar content, and tolerance to drought, cold, salt, and pests/diseases. Breeding is challenging due to sugarcane's complex genome, variable chromosome number, rare flowering, and susceptibility to stresses. Methods discussed include biparental crosses, area crosses, coimbatore method, marcotting, and melting pot techniques.
The document summarizes techniques for testing varietal purity in crops, including morphological, chemical, biochemical, and molecular markers. It begins with an introduction to the importance of varietal purity testing in India's seed industry. It then describes various morphological methods like seed morphology, seedling examination, grow-out tests, and mechanical vision. It also covers common chemical tests. Biochemical methods discussed are electrophoresis techniques. The document concludes with an overview of molecular marker techniques like RAPD, SCAR, SSR, and STS markers used for varietal purity testing.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Recurrent selection is a plant breeding technique that involves repeated cycles of selection and intermating to improve quantitative traits in a population. There are several types including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, and recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability uses homozygous testers to select for specific combining ability through multiple generations of testing cross performances, selecting best performers, and intermating selections. This allows for systematic accumulation of favorable alleles while maintaining genetic variation to continue making progress from selection.
Seed production involves multiplying superior seed varieties while maintaining genetic purity and high quality standards. Key aspects of seed production include defining classes of seeds from nucleus to certified seeds; ensuring seeds meet testing standards for germination, purity and health; and involving various national and international organizations to facilitate quality seed availability and trade. Seed technology aims to harness a seed's genetic potential through scientific production, processing, and distribution methods.
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maizeNugurusaichandan
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
Three line system of hybrid seed productionmuruganjey
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
This document outlines the principles and methods of plant breeding. It discusses the impact of parents, quality of parents, objectives of breeding, breeding methods, and pedigree. The main methods covered are for cross-pollinated crops, including mass selection, progeny selection, and recurrent selection, and for self-pollinated crops, like mass selection, pure line selection, bulk method, and back-cross method. It also defines a pure line as the progeny of a single homozygous plant of a self-pollinated species.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Breeding for special traits viz. oil, protein, vitamins, amino acidsKK CHANDEL
This document discusses breeding crops for improved nutritional quality traits. It focuses on improving protein, oil, vitamin, and amino acid content as well as removing antinutritional factors. It provides examples of quality traits bred in various crops like wheat, rice, maize, and sorghum. Cereals are important sources of calories but often deficient in lysine and other amino acids. The document outlines methods for evaluating nutritional components like protein, oil, vitamins, and minerals in different crops.
BREEDING FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN VEGETABLE CROPSHARISH J
This document discusses breeding for quality traits in vegetable crops. It defines quality as aspects like color, size, nutrient content, shelf life and suitability for processing. It classifies quality traits into categories like morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, biological and others. Specific quality traits of importance in crops like tomato, brinjal and others are discussed in detail. Breeding approaches to improve quality traits like evaluation of germplasm, hybridization, interspecific hybridization, mutagenesis and genetic engineering are summarized. Achievements in developing varieties with improved quality through breeding in crops like potato, watermelon, cowpea and spinach are highlighted.
The document discusses seed certification in India. It states that seed certification is a regulatory process designed to maintain and provide quality seeds to farmers. It ensures genetic purity, freedom from diseases and weeds, and good germination of certified seeds. Seed certification is done according to the Seeds Act of 1966 and Seed Rules of 1968 by state seed certification agencies or the National Seed Corporation where state agencies do not exist. It also discusses the different classes of seeds - breeder seeds, foundation seeds and certified seeds - and the generation system of seed multiplication.
Potato is an important crop worldwide and in India. It was introduced to India in the 17th century from South America. Potato breeding aims to develop varieties with traits like increased yield, earliness, pest and disease resistance. As a tetraploid crop, potato has complex genetics. Breeding efforts focus on traits like tuber appearance, plant type, maturity, dormancy, and resistance to diseases like late blight and viruses.
Study in respect to origin distribution of species –wild relatives- and forms of breeding objectives –major breeding procedure for development of hybrids varieties in wheat
The document discusses breeding methods for sugarcane. The objectives of sugarcane breeding are to develop varieties with high yield, high sugar content, and tolerance to drought, cold, salt, and pests/diseases. Breeding is challenging due to sugarcane's complex genome, variable chromosome number, rare flowering, and susceptibility to stresses. Methods discussed include biparental crosses, area crosses, coimbatore method, marcotting, and melting pot techniques.
The document summarizes techniques for testing varietal purity in crops, including morphological, chemical, biochemical, and molecular markers. It begins with an introduction to the importance of varietal purity testing in India's seed industry. It then describes various morphological methods like seed morphology, seedling examination, grow-out tests, and mechanical vision. It also covers common chemical tests. Biochemical methods discussed are electrophoresis techniques. The document concludes with an overview of molecular marker techniques like RAPD, SCAR, SSR, and STS markers used for varietal purity testing.
This document summarizes the seed production process for both open pollinated and hybrid varieties of sorghum. For open pollinated varieties, the key steps are land preparation, isolation requirements, rouging, field inspections, harvesting, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 35-40 q/ha. For hybrid varieties, the process involves maintaining parental lines and commercial hybrid seed production. Proper isolation distances and cultural practices like synchronization of flowering are required. Key steps also include rouging, field inspections, separate harvesting of male and female rows, and threshing. Seed yield is typically 4-6 q/ha.
Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.NSStudents
The Presentation is prepared by the N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to Detection of Genetically modified plants and Organic Seed production.
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Recurrent selection is a plant breeding technique that involves repeated cycles of selection and intermating to improve quantitative traits in a population. There are several types including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, and recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability uses homozygous testers to select for specific combining ability through multiple generations of testing cross performances, selecting best performers, and intermating selections. This allows for systematic accumulation of favorable alleles while maintaining genetic variation to continue making progress from selection.
Seed production involves multiplying superior seed varieties while maintaining genetic purity and high quality standards. Key aspects of seed production include defining classes of seeds from nucleus to certified seeds; ensuring seeds meet testing standards for germination, purity and health; and involving various national and international organizations to facilitate quality seed availability and trade. Seed technology aims to harness a seed's genetic potential through scientific production, processing, and distribution methods.
Exercise 2 emasculation and hybridization in maizeNugurusaichandan
This document discusses hybridization techniques in maize. It notes that maize is predominantly wind pollinated. The key hybridization techniques discussed are:
- Emasculation of the female plant by removing the tassel to prevent self-pollination.
- Bagging the female ear shoot and male tassel to collect pollen for cross-pollination.
- Dusting the collected pollen from the male parent onto the silks of the female ear after removing the bag, ensuring no contamination from other pollen sources. Proper labeling of the hybridization details is also important.
Three line system of hybrid seed productionmuruganjey
The document describes a three line system of hybrid seed production. It involves an A line that is male sterile, a B line that is fertile and maintains the same nucleus as the A line but with different cytoplasm, and an R line that can restore male fertility in the A line. When the A line is crossed with the B line, it produces a first generation hybrid that is heterozygous. The R line is then used to restore male fertility in the A line for large-scale seed production without needing extra parent lines. Key requirements for successful hybrid seed production using this system include selecting appropriate locations, seed fields, isolation, and cultural practices.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
This document outlines the principles and methods of plant breeding. It discusses the impact of parents, quality of parents, objectives of breeding, breeding methods, and pedigree. The main methods covered are for cross-pollinated crops, including mass selection, progeny selection, and recurrent selection, and for self-pollinated crops, like mass selection, pure line selection, bulk method, and back-cross method. It also defines a pure line as the progeny of a single homozygous plant of a self-pollinated species.
Genetic purity testing is important to ensure seeds conform to the characteristics of the intended variety. There are minimum genetic purity standards for different seed classes. Grow-out testing involves growing out the seed sample alongside a standard variety to observe morphological characteristics. For grow-out testing, the seed sample is sown in a controlled environment using recommended agronomic practices. Throughout growth, plants are examined and any off-types compared to the standard variety are recorded. The percentage of off-types is calculated to determine if the sample meets the genetic purity standards. Grow-out testing helps ensure farmers receive true-to-type seeds and seed producers maintain variety integrity.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
Breeding for special traits viz. oil, protein, vitamins, amino acidsKK CHANDEL
This document discusses breeding crops for improved nutritional quality traits. It focuses on improving protein, oil, vitamin, and amino acid content as well as removing antinutritional factors. It provides examples of quality traits bred in various crops like wheat, rice, maize, and sorghum. Cereals are important sources of calories but often deficient in lysine and other amino acids. The document outlines methods for evaluating nutritional components like protein, oil, vitamins, and minerals in different crops.
BREEDING FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN VEGETABLE CROPSHARISH J
This document discusses breeding for quality traits in vegetable crops. It defines quality as aspects like color, size, nutrient content, shelf life and suitability for processing. It classifies quality traits into categories like morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, biological and others. Specific quality traits of importance in crops like tomato, brinjal and others are discussed in detail. Breeding approaches to improve quality traits like evaluation of germplasm, hybridization, interspecific hybridization, mutagenesis and genetic engineering are summarized. Achievements in developing varieties with improved quality through breeding in crops like potato, watermelon, cowpea and spinach are highlighted.
BREEDING FOR QUALITY TRAITS IN VEGETABLE CROPSAdhiyamaan Raj
This document discusses breeding for quality traits in vegetable crops. It begins by explaining the importance of vegetables in the human diet and as sources of nutrients. It then discusses key quality traits like morphological, organoleptic, nutritional, and biological traits. The rest of the document provides examples of specific quality traits targeted for improvement in crops like tomato, carrot, brinjal, capsicum, and methods used like evaluation of germplasm, hybridization, and development of varieties with improved traits.
The document discusses the main components of foods including water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and minerals. It explains that foods are derived from plants, animals, and single-cell organisms. The main components provide the human body with building materials, energy sources, and compounds necessary for metabolism. Minor components like vitamins are also present and impact food quality. The sources and roles of each main component are described.
Common Sources of Various Nutrients and Nutritional Requirements According to...SmritiVerma55
Nutrition being a very broad and expansive topic in itself, the ppt aimed at summing it up, giving a few basic concepts to MBBS students in a very short span, and make them capable of carrying out a brief nutritional assessment of their patients in future and provide them with some meaningful counseling and advice.
The document discusses the classification of foods according to their origin, function, nutritive value, and chemical composition. It describes the major macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) found in foods, their sources, and importance for public health. Recommended dietary allowances of energy and proteins are also provided based on age, gender, and physical activity levels.
nutrients proteins fats and carbohydrates.pptxLeHaRe
This document discusses nutrients including proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. It provides details on the classification and sources of carbohydrates, functions and recommendations for proteins and carbohydrates. It also discusses the different types of fats including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, and their health impacts. Recommendations are provided that total fat intake should not exceed 35% of calories and saturated fat should be less than 11% of calories. The average Indian diet exceeds these recommendations for saturated fat.
Rice can be improved as a source of nutrition in 3 key ways:
1. Consuming whole grain brown rice rather than polished white rice to retain nutrients in the bran.
2. Choosing more nutritious rice varieties like traditional cultivars that are higher in nutrients.
3. Modifying cultivation techniques to enhance the nutritional value, such as adjusting fertilizer use to maintain amino acid quality.
This document discusses plant-based proteins and trends in their use. It finds that wheat and soy proteins are most commonly used but that pea and rice proteins are growing rapidly. Consumer interest in flexitarian diets is driving demand for alternative protein sources. While transparency around ingredients is important to gain consumer trust, adventurous consumers are willing to try new plant proteins. The rise of plant-based diets in developed markets will likely lead to declining animal protein use and growing plant protein demand.
This document defines key nutrition terms and provides an overview of macronutrients - carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It describes the sources, functions, and requirements of each macronutrient. Carbohydrates are obtained from starches, sugars, and fiber. Proteins are composed of amino acids and animal sources provide complete proteins while vegetable sources need to be combined. Lipids are the main energy source and include saturated, unsaturated, and essential fatty acids obtained from animal and vegetable fats. The document also discusses nutrient classification and the relationships between diet and health.
Juvo is a line of raw and organic food products created by Dr. James Hwang to promote healthy living through nutrient-rich whole foods. The products include Juvo Original, a general wellness meal replacement, Juvo Slim for weight loss, and a vegan protein powder, all made from over 50 certified organic ingredients through a freeze-drying process to maximize nutrient retention. Juvo aims to make healthy eating accessible and revolutionize people's diets and lifestyles through raw and organic whole foods.
hree steps to begin
detoxing your liver
Ia. REDUCE THE TOXIC LOAD
by reducing your exposure to new air-borne toxins:
Smoke Gasoline Paint & Glue Cleaners Nail polish & Perfumes Reduce exposure from toxins in food and drink
Alcohol Preservatives Dyes Pesticides Fertilizers
Heavy metal in large fish – stick to wild caught salmon (also see this post is-eating-fish-still-safe)
Contaminated water – invest in a filtration unit
Chlorinated and brominated products (found in almost all commercially produced breads and bread products)
Toxic cleaning and personal care products and petroleum-based preservatives in skin and hair care products
This training was co-organized by SARD-SC and ANRLD of the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research for women farmers drawn from four regions of Ethiopia, vis. Oromia, Tigray, Amhara and Southern.
Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. A balanced diet provides calories from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in a 60:20:20 ratio and supplies micronutrients. Carbohydrates like starch are the primary energy source and provide 4 calories per gram, while proteins build body tissues and fats supply 9 calories per gram and aid nutrient absorption. A balanced diet containing fibers, unsaturated fats like omega-3s, and less than 250mg of cholesterol daily supports health.
This document provides information on nutrition in public health. It begins with definitions of nutrition, nutrients, diet, and dietetics. It then classifies foods by origin, chemical composition, predominant function, and nutritive value. The main foods classified by nutritive value include cereals, pulses, vegetables, oils, fruits, milk, and eggs. For each food group, examples are given and the nutritive value of some examples are displayed in tables including protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. The document discusses the nutritive value and health benefits of various foods.
This document provides an overview and analysis of mock meats. It discusses how mock meats mimic the characteristics of traditional meat products while not trying to biomimic meat in early versions. The document outlines the key ingredients used in mock meats like soy, wheat gluten, and mushrooms. It analyzes the nutritional properties and production processes of soy-based mock meats, including crop development, ingredient optimization, and product formulation. The document concludes with a discussion of consumer trends toward mock meats in India and globally, noting their growing popularity due to health, sustainability, and ethical reasons.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
2. 2
Quality refers to the suitability or fitness of an economic plant product in
relation to its end use.
Definition of quality varies according to our needs from the viewpoint of
seeds, crop growth, crop product, post-harvest technology, consumer
preferences, cooking quality, keeping quality, transportability etc.
(Gupta,2001).
What is Quality?
3. 3
QUALITY TRAITS
A trait that defines some aspect of produce quality is
called quality trait.
Each crop has a specific & often somewhat to completely
different set of quality traits.
5. Morphological Traits
5
related to produce appearance
mainly concerned with size & colour of the produce,
eg.,grain/fruit size, grain/fruit colour etc.
Easily observable.
Usually play the main role in determining consumer
acceptance of the produce.
6. Organolaptic traits
6
Concerned with palatability of the produce .
eg., taste,aroma, smale, juiciness, softness,etc.
Easily detected
Very important in influencing consumer preferences
7. Nutritional Quality
7
Determine the value of the produce in human/ animal
nutrition.
Includes protein content & quality, oil content & quality,
vitamin content, mineral content, etc., and also the
presence of antinutritional factors.
Not easily appreciated by consumers & farmers,
but they are of paramount value in detremining human
& animal health.
8. Biological quality traits
8
The traits included in this group define the actual
usefulness of the produce when consumed by
experimental animals;
There usefulness to humans is usually predicted on this
basis.
eg.,Protein efficiency ratio,biological value, body weight
gain,etc.
These traits are not obvious to consumers & growers
but are extremely valuabe in detrmining the utility of
produce for human &/or animal consumption
9. Other quality traits
9
Includes all other quality traits that are not
included in the above categories.
eg., cooking quality of rice, keeping quality of fruits &
vegetables, fibre strengh of cotton etc.
Many of the traits in this group are of prime importance
in determining the usfulness of the concerned produce.
11. 11
Wheat
white or amber grain colour, medium to bold size, hard vitreous texture,
& lustrous appearance are important features for good market quality.
High lysine content & good baking quality are essential for use in biscuit
& bread manufacturing.
Rice
White coloured fine & long slender grains, taste & fragrance, less
breakage in milling, more hulling recovery, better cooking quality, high
protein & lysine contents.
Maize
bold flint grains with attractive colour, high lysine, oil & sugar contents
The seed colour should be yellow or white.
Sorghum
Bold, thin pericarp, white grains of attractive shape & size, high
protein & lysine content
12. Pearl millet
Bold lustrous & pearly amber colour grains with high iron contents
Barley
In malting barley, low protein content & high extract of soluble oligosaccharides
after malting are desirable characters.
Low protein produces less haze in beer & high oligosaccharides are suitable
for fermentation.
12
Pulses
Attractive shape, size & colour of grains, high protein contents; high methionine
& tryptophan; & less flatulence.
Oil seeds
Attractive shape, size & colour of seeds, high oil content free from antinutritional
factors & more proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.
13. Sugarcane
Moderate hardness, long internode, optimum (low) fibre for milling; sucrose
ratio, high sucrose content & good quality of juice.
13
Cotton
Fibre length, strength, fineness, maturity, uniformity & colour
Tobacco
Short & thin leaves with less branched veins are preferred for cigar.
Thin leaves are also preferred for pipe smoking.
Thick leaves are suitable for cigarettes.
High nicotin content for bidi, hookah & chewing & low for cigarettes are preferred.
High sugar content is also preferred.
14. Potato
Attractive shape, size & colour of tubers, taste, cooking quality, thin skin, keeping
quality & high starch content.
Vegetables
High vitamin & mineral contents, good taste, keeping quality & cooking quality .
Forage crops
Greater nutritive value, more palatability & freedom from toxic substances.
14
Medicinal plants
High content of active substance.
Jute, kenef & sunnhemp
length, strength, fineness, colour, luster & freedom from knots & specks.
15. 15
Four major goals for breeding for improved
nutritional quality.
These are breeding for
(1) high content & quality of protein,
(2) high content & quality of oil,
(3) high vitamin contents, &
(4) low toxic substances which are harmful for human health.
16. NUTRITION & NUTRIENTS
16
The scientific study of food in relation to health is referred to as nutrition.
Various chemical components of food which provide nourishment to the body are
called nutrients.
These are carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals & water.
Good nutrition refers to adequate intake of well balanced diet, which supplies all
essential nutrients required by the body.
Malnutrition may result from deficiency, excess or imbalance of nutrients.
Hence all the nutrients should be taken in adequate quality.
17. Protein content & Quality
17
Proteins are an essential component of the diet.
Protein are organic macromolecules consisting of a long chain of amino acids
linked with each other by peptide bonds formed by carboxyl(-COOH) group of
one amino acid with amino group(-NH2) of other amino acid
The nutritional properties of proteins are determined by their amino acid
composition
There are 21 amino acids which are important in human nutrition.
These can be classified into two groups, viz. (1) essential amino acids & (2)
non essential amino acids.
18. 18
EAA can’t be synthesized in human body & their requirement has to be met
through dietary intake.
There are ten EAA (methionine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
threonine,tryptophan, valine, phenylalanine, histidine, & arginine).
Out of these arginine & histidine are considered non essential for the adult.
The non EAA can be synthesized in human body & they need not be supplied
through diet.
These are cystine, cysteine, proline, glycine, serine, alanine, aspartic acid,
hydoxyproline, glutamic acid, norleucine & tyrosine.
The quality of protein is determined by the content of essential amino acids.
The sulphure containing amino acids (Tryptophan, Threonine, Isolecine,
Lysine, Valine & Methionine) are referred to as limiting amino acids.
19. Table 1: EAA deficient in some vegetarian foods:
19
Food Limiting amino acids
Cereals lysine, threonine, sometimes
tryptophan
Pulses Methionine, tryptophan
Nuts & oilseeds Lysine
Green leafy vegetable
Methionine
Leaves & grasses
Singh,2002
20. Vitamins
20
A vital substance which is required in very small quantity & is essential for
proper growth & good health is called vitamin.
Vitamins are essential for body growth, maintenance & reproduction.
Based on their solubility, vitamins are of two types. Viz. (1) fat soluble (A, D,
E & K) & (2) water soluble: (B group vitamins & vitamin C).
Vitamin D & folic acid can be partly synthesized in the body.
Rest of the vitamins has to be supplied through diet.
Vitamin D is found in fats
other vitamins are found in fleshy fruits & green vegetables.
21. NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF CEREALS & PULSES
21
Cereals are important sources of carbohydrates.
The contribution of cereals is 70% to the total calories in human diet.
They contribute 50% to the global protein requirement,
while grain legumes contribute only 20 %.
Remaining 30% comes from animal products.
The average protein content in the cereals ranges from 10 to 13%.
However, the cereal protein is deficient in lysine, tryptophan & threonine.
22. Cereal Protein Quality
22
Cereal proteins are classified in to four groups based on their solubility:
1)albumins
2)globulins
3)prolamines &
4)glutelins
Major protein fraction of cereal proteins
Protein fraction Soluble in Amino acid profile Remarks
Albumins Water Balanced -
Globulins Saline Balanced -
Prolamines Strong Alcohol Deficient in Lys,Tsp; rich
in Pro, Gln
Major fraction in
wheat, barley, maize
& sorghum
Glutelins Dilute alkali Balanced -
Singh,2002
23. 23
In all cereals, Prolamines are relatively rich in proline & glutamine but low in
basic amino acids including lysine. Therefore, they have poor nutritional
value.
Generally, prolamin content in cereals is negatively associated with total
protein content.
Cereals contain about 70% prolamine & glutelin and 30% albumin &
globulin.
Several mutants with improved protein quality have been identified in
cereals like maize, jowar & barley (Table 2).
24. Table 2:The list of mutants affecting protein quality in cereals.
24
Crop Mutant Origin Features Remarks
Maize Opaque-2
Opaque-7
Floury-2
Brittle-2
Spontaneous High Lys,Trp
High Lys,Trp
High Lys & S-amino acids
High Lys,Trp
Reduced prolamine
Reduced prolamine
Reduced prolamine
Modified starch, reduced prolamine
Barley Hiproly(lys) Spontaneous High protein, Lys Also Several minor genes
Notch-1 EMS High protein, Lys Reduced prolamine
Notch-2
Riso 1508 EI High lysine Reduced prolamine; qualitative change in
proteins
Sorghum IS 11167 (hl) Spontaneous High Lysine Shrivelled endosperm, reduced prolamine
IS 11758(hl)
P-721
opaque
DES High Lysine Reduced prolamine; monogenic; modifying
genes make the endosperm vitreous
P-721
vitreous
Reduced prolamine
Source: Pirman et al.,1997
25. Legume Protein Improvement
25
Legumes contain protein from 18 to 28% which is almost double of cereals
(exception,soybean:43%).
In pulses, two types of proteins, viz. albumin & globulin are found.
The major storage protein in grain legumes is globulin which constitutes
about 80% of the total seed protein.
In chickpea, globulin is of three types, viz. alpha, beta & gamma.
The alpha globulin accounts for more than 80% of the total protein.
In faba & pea, globulin is of two types, viz. legumin & vicilin.
Legumin is less soluble in salt solution than vicilin.
Moreover, legumin does not coagulate at high temperature (950
C) while
vicilin coagulates.
26. 26
Proteins legumes are deficient in methionine & tryptophan.
Moreover, they contain several toxic substances such as protease inhibitors,
haemagglutinins, lathyrogens, glucocides, goitrogens, cyanogens, metal
binding factors & antivitamin factors.
However, many of these toxic compounds are destroyed during cooking.
Some of these toxins have to be eliminated through breeding.
The mixture of cereals & pulses in 3 : 1 ratio provides nutritionally balanced diet.
27. 27
Table 3 :Protein fractions present in legume seeds.
Protein fraction Soluble in Amino acid balance Remarks
Albumin Water Balanced Minor fractions(20% or less)
Globulin Saline Deficient in S-containing
AA
Predominant fraction(~80%)
In chickpea
α-Globuline - Deficient in S-containing
AA
80% total globulins
β- and γ- Globulins - Balanced Relatively minor fraction
In pea, faba & French bean
Legumin Less salt
soluble,
noncoagulate
About balanced More predominant than in vicilin in
faba bean
Vicilin More salt
soluble,
coagulates @
950
C
Deficient in S-containing
AA
Almost the only globulin in french
bean
Pirman et al.,1997
28. GENETICS OF NUTRITIONAL TRAITS
The quality traits may be governed by
(1) Oligogenic Inheritance,
(2) Polygenic Inheritance, &
(3) Maternal Effects
28
29. 29
Oligogenic inheritance
Inheritance is governed by one or few major genes
Each gene has large & easily detectable effect on the expression of nutritional
quality character.
The differences between characters of high & low value is clear cut.
In Sorghum, high lysine content is controlled by single gene with incomplete
dominanace.
In barley, high lysine content is governed by one major gene plus several minor
genes.
In safflower, fatty acid composition is governed by one major gene with three
major alleles.
In tomato, high beta carotene content is conditioned by two major genes plus
modifires.
30. 30
Polygenic inheritance
Inheritance is governed by several genes each with small additive effect
In such inheritance, the variation for a character is continuous from one
extreme to another.
Classification of plants into clear cut classes is not possible.
The protein content in cereals & pulses & seed oil content in oilseed crops are
governed by polygenes.
Characters which are governed by polygenes are sensitive to environmental
changes & generally have low heritability.
In carrot, high carotenoid content exhibits complex inheritance pattern.
31. 31
Maternal Effects:
Important/present in case of some quality traits.
Usually, such traits are concerned with grain characteristics, eg.,seed
size(quite common),protein content,etc.
For ex., reported for protein content in chickpea, fatty acid composition in
maize, soybean & rapeseed is influenced by genotype of maternal parent.
Maternal effects have same effect on genetic advance under selection
as other environmental factors, i.e., they confuse correspondence
between genotype & phenotype &, thereby, reduce the progress under
selection.
Therefore, selection schemes must make allowances for maternal
effects if & where present.
32. Table 4: Genetics of nutritional quality characters in some crop plants
32
Crop species Quality character Inheritance controlled by
Sorghum High lysine Single partially dominant gene
Barley High lysine One major gene & several minor genes
Oats Protein content Complex, low content is dominant over high
Maize, Sunflower,
Safflower
Seed oil content Additive genes
Sesame Seed oil content Additive genes with partial dominance for low oil
content
Rape seed Erucic acid & eicosenoic acid Two genes with multiple alleles
Turnip rape Erucic acid & eicosenoic acid Single genes with multiple alleles
Safflower Fatty acid composition Three major alleles at one locus
Tomato High beta carotein content Two major genes plus modifiers
Carrot Carotenoid content The inheritance is complex
Gupta,1992
33. 33
SOURCES OF QUALITY TRAITS:
(1) a cultivated variety,
(2) a germplasm line,
(3) a spontaneous or induced mutant,
(4) a somaclonal variant,
(5) a wild relative and
(6) a transgene
34. 1) A cultivated Variety
34
most preferred source
eg. Atlas 66 & Naphal have been used as sources of high protein content in USA.
2) A Germplasm Line
eg. High lysine (3% of total protein) lines of sorghum, viz., IS 11167 & IS 11758,
were identified from Ethiopian collections.
These lines also have (15%) protein but their seeds are shrivelled & red in colour.
They have been extensively used in breeding programmes.
35. 3) A mutant
35
many quality traits have been contributed by spontaneous/induced mutants
(Table 2).
There are also examples of isolation of desirable mutants from mutant lines for
quality traits.
eg. P-721 opaque mutant of sorghum has opaque endosperm, which is not
liked by consumers.
A vitreous endosperm DES-induced mutant was isolated from P-271 opaque
line; this mutant has high lysine content.
36. 4) A Somaclonal Variant
36
Somaclonal variants may sometimes show an improvement in a quality trait.
eg., a somaclonal variant of sweet potato had deeper & more stable root colour,
which is preferred by consumers; this variant was released as a new variety
called ‘ Scarlet’
5) A wild Relative
There are several instances where genes for improved quality were contributed
by a wild relative (Table 5)
In many cases, the quality trait is not expressed as such in the wild species, but
it is detected only in the segregants recovered from its cross with the cultivated
relative; such traits are called latent traits.
eg., L.hirsutum, a wild relative of tomato, produces small green fruits.
Yet some of the lines extracted from a cross between tomato & L. hirsutum
showed enhanced red colour, while some others showed considerably higher
carotene content.
37. Table 5: Wild relatives from which quality traits have been/can be
transferred.(Chopra ,1989)
37
Crop Wild relative Quality trait
Cotton G. thurberi Fibre strength(latent trait)
G. armourianum Fibre strength(latent trait)
G. anomalum Fibre fineness, strength & maturity
G.raimondii Fibre strength & fineness
G. tomentosum Fibre strength & fineness
Tomato L. hirsutum Fruit colour, carotene content (latent trait)
L. pimpinellifolium Vitamin C content
L. peruvianum Vitamin C content
Pigeonpea Atylosia spp. High protein content
Soybean Glysine soja High protein (has 45% protein), reduced lipoxygenase
activity
Oats Avena sterillis High protein (27% protein)
38. 6) A Transgene
38
A gene from any organism, including the species into which it is transferred, that
is introduced into the genome of an organism using the techniques of genetic
engineering is called transgene.
Transgenes provide a powerful means for modification of quality traits.
In order to use transgenes effectively & successfully, biosynthetic pathway, or at
least key enzymes involved in biosynthesis, leading to production of concerned
trait should be known.
eg., ‘Laurical’ ( B. napus variety having high lauric acid) & B. napus variety
producing ‘hirudin’(antithrombin protein of high pharmaceutical value)
Production of hirudin & similar other novel proteins/ biochemicals in plants may be
regarded as a novel quality trait, which drastically changes the end use pattern of
crop produce.
40. 1) Screening of Germplasm
40
important for such traits that are not obvious,
viz.,traits related to chemical composition.
eg.,The lysine germplasm lines of sorghum
Further breeding effort will be required to combine the quality trait with good
agronomic features &/or yield since the germplasm line is expected to be inferior in
yield & agronomic characteristics.
2) mutagenesis
A desired quality trait may be present in spontaneous/induced mutant (Table 2).
41. 41
Crop Origin Mutant Features
Rice
IIT-48 India Thylene cocideo3% Fine grain bitter test weight compared with IR 8
P-721 vitreous DES High lysine
X-rays, 30 kr direct selection
in M2 (T.141)
Medium slender grain good cooking quality
Jagannath USSR Mutant 428 Cooking quality
zolotistyi Cooking quality
HU 2005 Good Cooking quality
Daisenminori Torikei 4 x
satominori
Good Cooking quality
Miyukimochi- gamma rays Glutinous endosperm
Wheat
Sharbati sonora India Dry seeds (12%) 60
CO
gamma rays (Sonora 64)
Amber grain colour, higher protein and lysine content
Pusa Lerma Seeds gamma irradiation
(Lerma Rojo 64)
Amber grain colour , elasticity and polshenke value
Stadler USA Thermal neutrons (Mo W
6243)
Strong straw, excellent soft quality and winter hardiness
Novosibirskaira
67
USSR Air dry seeds 5Kr 60 CO
gamma rays
(Novosibirskaira 7)
Baking quality
Varieties release for quality through mutation breeding
42. Crop Origin Mutant Features
Barley
Spontaneous Hiproly (lys) High protein, lys
EMS
Notch -1 High protein, lys
Notch -2 High protein, lys
EI
Riso 1508 High lysine
Canor – Trunpf x Nordal 1976 Good malting quality
Vienna Austria Dry seeds. 9400 rad x-rays High 1000 kernel weight
Pennrad USA Thermal neutrons Increased winter hardiness
Jutta Germany 5 KR X-rays Increased winter hardiness
Pallas Sweden Presoaked seeds, Y 350 rad
x-rays
Stiff strane
Mari Sweden Dry seeds, 20 Krad x-rays Stiff straw
Kristina Sweden Selection from Domen X Mari Good straw
Bonneville
70
USA Seeds, 15 Krad gamma-rays Improved threshability
Contd……….
Source:Vijaykumar ,2002
42
43. 43
Crop Origin Mutant Features
Pigean pea
Vishakha-1 BARC Fast neutrons(T-21) 35% increased in seed size
Co-3 Coimbatore 0.6% EMS (CO-1) Bold seeded, higher degree
of shelling
TAT-5 PKV Akola & BARC 1.5 Krad fast neutrons (T-21) Approximately 50 % larger
seed size
TAT-10 PKV Akola & BARC Cross of mutant TT-2 (large seeded compact) x
TT-8 (early) both induced by 2.5 Krad fast
neutrons (T-21)
Medium large grains
Blackgram
TAU-1 PKV, Akola Cross: T-9 x 4-196 (mutant induced by gamma-
rays) (No.55)
Larger seed size
Chickpea NIFA-95 High protein
Cowpea TNAU CO5-Gamma rays Nutritional value
Linseed
Linola 989 India Mutant Oil quality
Sunflower
Prevenets India Chemical Oil content
Contd……
44. 44
Crop Origin Mutant Features
Groundnut
Somnath Gujrat Mutant Seed size & oil content
Vikram BARC γ-rays Seed size
BP-1 BARC γ-rays Seed size
BP-2 BARC γ-rays Seed size
Sesame
Sinai
White 48
Egypt γ-rays Seed colour
Suvon 155 Korea γ-rays Oil quality
Yangbaek Korea SA Higher oil content
Seodum Korea SA Somewhat higher oleic acid
Source:Vijaykumar ,2002
Contd……
45. 3) Hybridization
45
Most widely used breeding approach to develop high yielding varieties with
desirable quality traits.
The breeding methods used to handle segregating generations derived from
appropriate crosses depend mainly on the type of parents involved in the cross.
If both parents of a cross are high yielding varieties having good agronomic
features, pedigree method will be the most suitable .
If one of the parents has inferior agronomic features, backcross scheme will be the
most appropriate; only a limited number (2-3) of backcross may be made, if the
inferior parent has some desirable features as well (in addition to the quality trait).
The segregating generation may be subjected to sib-mating, in place of selfing, &
selection in an effort to break undesirable linkages with the gene controlling quality
traits.
These considerations apply when quality trait is governed by oligogenes (Table 6 ).
46. Table 6 :Selected examples of breeding for improved protein/lysine content
46
Crop Breeding method Improvement Remarks
French bean(rajma) Recurrent selection Protein content 2.7% increase in two cycles
Soybean Recurrent selection Protein content 3.3% increase in five cycles
Sorghum Pedigree method Lysine content -
Barley Backcross method Lysine content -
Sorghum Mutagenesis High lysine Diethyl sulphonate
Barley Mutagenesis High lysine EMS & ethylene imine
Singh, 2002
Quality traits governed by polygenes may be improved by subjecting the
segregating generations to a form of recurrent selection
Recurrent selection for two cycles increased seed protein content of rajna
(french bean) from 21.9% to 24.6%.
In case of soybean, there was an increase of 3.3% (from 42.8 to 46.1 per cent)
in seed protein content in response to 5 cycles of recurrent selection.
47. 47
4) Interspecific Hybridization
When individual from two distinct species of the same genus are crossed.
Wild relative often contribute useful quality genes, eg.,fruit colour, fruit size, pro-
vitamin A & vitamin C content in tomato etc.(Table 5)
In any case, the high quality lines derived from such crosses will usually serve as
parents in hybridization programmes; it is unlikely that they will be used directly
as varieties.
5) Somaclonal Variation
Genetic variation present in tissue culture-raised plants (somaclonal variation)
has been exploited for crop improvement & several somaclonal variants are
being used as commercial varieties.
eg., ‘Scarlet’ variety of sweet potato has improved & more stable root colour.
48. 48
BREEDING METHODS
Breeding methods used for improvement of quality do not differ from breeding
methods used for any other character.
Breeding methods that are extensively used for improvement of quality traits
include backcross, pedigree method, single seed descent, recurrent
selection, progeny selection & mutation breeding.
In common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), pedigree, single seed descent &
recurrent selection methods have been used for improvement of protein
content.
Two cycles of recurrent selection increased seed protein from 21.9% to 24.6%.
In soybean, five cycles of recurrent selection increased seed protein from 42.8
to 46.1 per cent.
In Sorghum, pedigree breeding procedure was used for developing high lysine
lines.
49. 49
In barley, backcross method was used for development of high lysine lines. In
barley, high lysine line had small seed size & low grain yield.
In sunflower, seed oil content was increased from 30% to almost 50% by
Russian breeders in 50 years using modified recurrent selection.
In safflower, oil content was increased from 37% to 50% through reduction in
hull content.
In maize, seed oil content increased from 4.7 to 17% & protein from 10.9 to
23.5 after 70 cycles of recurrent selection in USA. But there was a drastic
reduction in grain yield.
Mutation breeding has been used for development of high lysine lines in
Sorghum, barley & maize.
Diethylsulphonate (DES) has been used in Sorghum & EMS & EI in barley for
induction of high lysine mutants.
50. 50
SCREENING TECHNIQUES
Breeding for enhanced nutritional quality involves lot of chemical analysis.
The breeding material has to be screened for protein content, amino acid
composition, seed oil content, fatty acid composition, vitamin contents &
antinutritional factors.
This requires close cooperation of biochemist.
The selection of plants with better nutritional quality is done based on chemical
analysis should be simple, cheap & rapid.
Now rapid chemical analysis methods are available for protein estimation, seed
oil estimation, fatty acids & amino acid analysis.
51. 51
Seed Oil Analysis
The seed oil analysis is done with the help of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
(NMR) or Nuclear Infrared Analyser (NIR).
This is the non destructive method of oil analysis. After oil analysis the seeds
can be used for sowing purpose.
Several single plants in segregating populations can be analyzed.
This method is quite simple, highly accurate & very fast. By this method, 300-
400 samples can be easily analyzed per day.
52. 52
Protein Analysis
Now analysis of grain protein is done with the help of protein analyser.
The analysis is based on the principle of infra-red reflectance measurement.
The seed is grouped into flour which is used for the analysis.
This method is very fast. By this method 200-300 samples can be easily
analysed per day.
Individual amino acids can be estimated by colorimetric method or
microbiological method.
Analysis of antinutritional factors is carried out by chemical method.
The old methods of protein estimation (Kjeldahl method) & oil analysis (Soxhlet
method) were very much time consuming though more accurate.
Now fast methods have been developed.
53. 53
BREEDING FOR LOW TOXIC SUBSTANCES
In some grain legumes, oilseeds. Vegetables, fruits & forage crops toxic
substances are found.
These toxic substances have adverse effects on human & animal health.
Feeding of forage with toxic substance will adversely effect the health of
animal.
Therefore, it is essential to develop varieties of forage & food crops with low
level of toxic substance so that it should not have adverse effect when
consumed by animals.
Considerable progress has been made in the development of varieties with
low toxin content in above crops.
Breeding for reduction in toxic substances requires lot of chemical analysis.
Hence development of simple, cheap, rapid & reliable methods of chemical
analysis is essential.
54. 54
Antinutritional factor Action in human body Source Methods to
overcome
Type A
1. Protease inhibitors Interferes in human digestive
process and nutrients utilization
Chickpea, pigeonpea , limabean ,
kidney bean, peanuts, cowpea,
garden pea
By heat treatments,
germination,
fermentation
2. Lectins or
hemaggluttins
Agglutinates red blood cells and
other types of cells, toxic to
human when exceeds the limits
Lentil, peas, soybean, kidney
beans, peanuts
Traditional cooking,
germination
3. Saponins Bitter taste, hemolyze red blood
cells
Alfalfa , soybean, french bean,
pisum
--
Type B
1. Phytic acid Makes mineral insoluble by
binding strongly with them
particularly with Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn
and other trace elements
Soybean , fababean, lentil,
chickpea and phaseolus beans
Germination, applying
phytase enzyme
2. Gossypols Binds with Fe and amino acids Cotton seed meal CaOH addition
reduces gossypol
3.Glucosinolates Causes legume goitre in
childrens, due to iodine deficiency
Brasica, soybean, peanuts
Antinutritional factors in legumes
55. 55
Antinutritional
factor
Action in human body Source Methods to overcome
Type C
1. Antivitamins Decomposes vitamins
and many combine with
them to form
unabsorable complexes
Green beans, green
peas, kidney beans,
common beans ,
soybean, pea sprouts
--
2.lathrogens Neuro -paralysis of lower
limbs
Lathyrus sp. Cooking in excess water and draining off the
excess water overnight cooking cold water.
Steeping the dehusked seeds is hot water.
Roasting seeds at 150 o
C for 20 minutes.
3. Favic agents Favism , hemolytic
anamia and
hemoglobinurea
Faba beans Drying the bean, cooking
4. Estrogenic
factors
Induces the growth of
feminine parts
soybean germination
5. Toxic amino
acids
Kidney mal function Djenkol bean --
6. Antienzymes Inhibits amylose Navy bean and its
relatives
--
7. Flatulence factors Resists digestion soybean
8.cynogens Human poisoning, mental
confusion, muscle
paresis and respiratory
distress
Lima bean Cooking and discarding cooking cooking
water
Contd……..
Source:Manickam,2002
56. TABLE 7 . Toxic substances found in different food & fodder crops
56
Crops
species
Toxic substance
Food crops
Khesari Lathyrogen or nurotoxin
Pigeon pea Tripsin inhibitors
Cowpea
French bean Haemagglutinine
Tripsin & amylase inhibitors
Soybean Tripsine inhibitor & goitrogens
Rapeseed &
Mustard
Erucic acid
Eicosenoic acid
Cotton seed Gossypol
Safflower Polyphenolics
Potato Steroidal alkaloids
Cucurbits Cucurbitacines
Brinjal Bitter principle
Cassava CN glucocides
Yarn Alkaloids
Mango Resigns
Field pea Anti vitamin E factor
Crops species Toxic substance
Fodder Crop
Sorghum Tannins & cyanogenic
Glucocides
Sudan grass Cynogenic glucocides
White clover Cynogenic glucocides
Alfalfa Saponins & plant
estrogenes
Sweet clover Coumarin
Lespedeza Tannins
Singh,2002
57. 57
PRACTICAL ACHIEVEMENTS
Varieties with improved nutritional quality have been developed in several food
crops in many countries.
In common bean, seed protein has been increased from 21.9 to 24.6, & in
soybean seed from 42.8 to 46.1%.
In sunflower, seed oil content has been increased from 32% to almost 50% in
USSR, & in safflower from 37 to 50%.
In maize, seed oil content has been increased from 4.7 to 17% & protein
content from 10.9 to 23.5%.
In wheat, Atlas-66 is an important source of high protein which is being used in
breeding programmes for improvement of protein content.
58. Varieties with improved quality released in some crop plants in India
58
Crop species Quality character Varieties released
Maize High lysine content Protina, Shakti & Rattan
Sugarcane High sucrose content Co 671, Co 6806, Co 7314,Co 7704 & Co 62174
Barley Malting quality Karan 15, Karan 92 & Karan 280
Lathyrus Low neurotoxin Pusa 24
Soybean High protein &
high oil content
Lee (Protein 43-45% & oil 23-25%)
Rapeseed High oil content K 88 (48.8% oil)
Singh,2002
59. Limitations
59
Most are polygenic
Difficult to estimate & evaluate, hence more finance required
Low heritability & affected by environment
There is negative association of seed protein with grain yield in both
cereals & pulses.
In some cases, improvement in quality leads to reduction in grain
size and yield.
For example, in barley selection for high lysine content causes
reduction in grain size and grain yield.
Sometimes, the quality character is found in wild relatives or species
The analysis requires close cooperation of biochemist which
sometimes becomes limiting factor in the progress.
Biotechnological tools have not been used widely in all crops.