ROTARY DRYER
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The rotary dryer is a type of industrial dryer that reduces the moisture content of materials by bringing them into direct contact with heated gas. It consists of a cylindrical shell that rotates, allowing material to be fed in at one end and discharged at the lower end as it dries. As the dryer rotates, internal fins lift the material through a hot gas stream to evaporate moisture before it falls back to the bottom. Rotary dryers can dry a wide range of materials effectively and are commonly used in mineral processing to dry products like sands, limestone, ores, and coal.
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Pharmaceutical Dryers. Dryers are used in a variety of industries, such as the food processing, pharmaceutical, paper, pollution control and agricultural sectors. ... Direct dryers convectively heat a product through direct contact with heated air, gas or a combusted gas product.
SPRAY DRYER.pptx
The document describes the working of a spray dryer. A spray dryer uses atomization to form fine liquid droplets that are then dried into powder particles by hot gas. The liquid is sprayed into a drying chamber and the droplets move in a helical path as hot air evaporates the moisture, forming dry particles within seconds. The dried particles are then recovered at the bottom while the hot air exits through the top. Spray drying allows rapid, continuous drying of heat-sensitive materials and produces free-flowing particles of uniform size.
Spray drying pdf In food industry.
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The document provides information on spray drying processes. It discusses that spray drying is a method to produce dry powders from liquids or slurries by rapidly drying with hot gas. Key aspects of spray drying include atomizing the feed into droplets, contacting the droplets with drying gas, evaporation of moisture from the droplets, and separating the dried powder. Different types of spray dryers and factors like flow patterns, atomization methods, and applications are described.
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The document describes the working of a spray dryer. A spray dryer uses atomization to form fine liquid droplets that are then dried into powder particles by hot gas. The liquid is sprayed into a drying chamber and the droplets move in a helical path as hot air evaporates the moisture, forming dry particles within seconds. The dried particles are then recovered at the bottom while the hot air exits through the top. Spray drying allows rapid, continuous drying of heat-sensitive materials and produces free-flowing particles of uniform size.
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Unit operations Filtration
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Human: Thank you for the summary. You captured the key points about fluidized bed dryers and their operation concisely in 3 sentences as requested.
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Drying equipments
Drying is the removal of liquid from solids, semisolids, or liquids using thermal energy. There are several types of drying equipment that can be used including batch, direct, indirect, and continuous driers. Tray driers, fluidized bed driers, spray driers, and pneumatic driers are some examples of specific drying technologies. The appropriate drying method depends on factors like the material being dried, desired moisture level, and required scale of operation.
Types of evaporators
There are three main types of evaporators: natural circulation, forced circulation, and film evaporators. Natural circulation evaporators include evaporating pans, evaporating stills, and short tube evaporators. Forced circulation evaporators use pumps to circulate the liquid through a heated tube bundle. Film evaporators spread the liquid as a thin film over a heated surface, including wiped film, long tube climbing film, and long tube falling film evaporators. Each type has distinct construction features and advantages for different applications in concentrating liquids and removing solvents.
Evaporators
The document discusses evaporation as a unit operation used to concentrate solutions by removing water or other volatile solvent. It describes different types of evaporators used for this purpose, including batch pans, rising film evaporators, falling film evaporators, and multiple effect evaporators. The key components and working principles of evaporators are explained. Specific examples of evaporation applications are also provided.
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Tray dryer
Tray dryers are used to dry wet solid materials like pharmaceuticals and chemicals. They consist of rectangular chambers containing racks that hold shallow trays loaded with the wet material. Heated air is circulated between the trays by fans and vents out moist air while pulling in fresh air. The trays are loaded with wet material and the heated air picks up water as it passes through in a single pass. Once dried, the trays or racks are removed and the dried material unloaded. Tray dryers are useful for small batch production of valuable materials but require more labor and have longer drying cycles than other dryers.
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This document discusses different types of industrial filtration equipment, including plate and frame filter presses and shell and leaf filters. Plate and frame filter presses operate in batches, using increased pressure to maximize filtration rates. They consist of alternating plates and frames that form chambers for filter cakes. Shell and leaf filters use a set of vertical leaves in a horizontal tank, applying pressure to force slurry through the leaves, leaving filter cake on the outside. They provide a large surface area and are suitable for filtrations requiring filter aids.
DRUM DRYER.pptx
A drum dryer consists of a horizontally mounted hollow steel drum that rotates at 1-10 rpm with steam passed through it. Liquid material from a feed pan adheres to the heated drum and is dried in a single rotation, with the dried material scraped off by a doctor's knife into a storage bin. Drum dryers are used to dry solutions, slurries, and suspensions quickly within 6-15 seconds, making them suitable for heat-sensitive materials, though they require more maintenance than spray dryers.
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This document defines mechanical separation and describes the key processes involved. Mechanical separation uses machines to separate mixtures based on differences in density or size/shape. There are four main types of mechanical separation: sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtration, and sieving. Sedimentation involves settling solids to the bottom of a liquid. Centrifugal separation uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density differences. Filtration passes a solid-liquid mixture through a porous medium to separate insoluble solids. Sieving involves mechanically shaking a sample to separate particles by size as they pass through mesh screens. Mechanical separation is used extensively in food processing due to its ability to efficiently separate materials in a timely manner.
Drum dryers
Drum dryers are indirect dryers that remove moisture from materials by spreading them in a thin film on a rotating steam-heated drum. As the drum rotates, a doctor blade scrapes the dried film off. Drum drying requires less space than spray drying and allows for continuous operation. While drum drying has advantages like large capacity and simple operation, it also has disadvantages such as high energy costs, long drying time for materials, and difficulty processing corrosive substances.
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size reduction,laws involved in size reduction ,application & mills
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Here in these slides, you will have an understanding of dryer. Mostly used equipment in the industry for drying operation.
You can join me on Youtube for more learning.
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Assignment on dryers
Classification of dryers, Their operations and maintenance, Sources of heat for drying &
drying schedule, Defects at green stage- causes & remedies, Heat and mass transfer in dryers, Rate
of drying, Drying mechanism of non porous and porous solids, Shrinkage and case hardening,
Through circulating and suspended bed drying, Drying equipment- for solids pastes slurries and
solution.
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Lab Active Carbon Plant or Machinery for Various materials
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ALKADIENES
Alkadienes are hydrocarbons that contain two carbon-carbon double bonds. They can be classified based on the location and relationship of the double bonds as cumulated, conjugated, or isolated. Cumulated dienes are reactive, while conjugated dienes have similar physical and chemical properties to alkenes. Isolated dienes behave similarly to monoolefins. Alkadienes are used in the production of tires and plastics. Exposure safety hazards include possible cancer risks from inhalation or skin contact. Symptoms from inhalation include respiratory irritation and effects on the central nervous system. Skin or eye contact may cause burns or irritation.
FLOATATION REAGENTS
Dissolved air flotation (DAF) is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewaters by removing suspended matter such as oil or solids. This is achieved by dissolving air into the water under pressure and releasing it, causing air bubbles to adhere to suspended particles and causing them to float. DAF is widely used to treat industrial wastewater from facilities like oil refineries, chemical plants, and paper mills. A similar process called induced gas flotation is also used for wastewater treatment. In the mineral processing industry, froth flotation is commonly used to separate minerals.
GALLIUM
Gallium was first predicted in 1871 and discovered in 1875. It is extracted as a byproduct of aluminum and zinc production from bauxite and sphalerite ores. Gallium does not exist freely in nature. It has a low melting point slightly above room temperature and is used in integrated circuits, LEDs, solar panels, medical thermometers, and mirrors due to its semiconductor and alloying properties.
TROMMEL SCREEN
Trommel screens consist of a drum, frame, hopper, reducer, and motor. Broken stone is fed into the rotating drum where larger materials move forward and are separated by screens of different mesh sizes into different hoppers. The separated materials are then sent to individual product stacks by conveyor or manually depending on size specifications, with anything larger than the last screen mesh discharged from the outlet. Trommel screens operate slowly and steadily for simple classification of materials like refractories, coal, sand and mixtures in a process requiring minimal specialized installation.
JAW CRUSHER
Jaw crushers are primarily used for coarse and medium crushing of materials in mining, construction, and other industries. They use compressive force from two jaws, one stationary and one that reciprocates, to crush particles in the crushing chamber. Jaw crushers come in different sizes depending on the width of their feeding mechanism and can be used for simple crushing needs with reliable operation and easy maintenance.
GRAVITY THICKENER
Gravity thickeners use sedimentation to concentrate sludge through the settling of solids. Flocculant is added to the feedwell to cause fine particles to bind together and settle rapidly. Rake arms slowly rotate to push settled solids towards the deflector cone, from which concentrated underflow is pumped out. Clear overflow is discharged from the top of the thickener.
AIR CLASSIFIER
Air classification is a process that uses a double cone air classifier to modify the particle size distribution of dry powders according to end user requirements. The air classifier centrifugally separates coarse and fine particles by conveying material through rotating blades that create an airflow, with coarser particles accumulating in the central cone and finer particles transported out of the separator by the air. Air classifiers have a wide range of applications in industries that handle powders like paints, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and more.
Gravity thickener
Gravity thickeners use sedimentation to concentrate biosolids and produce a thickened sludge and relatively clear liquid. Solids separate from the liquid stream through gravity settling in large tanks. Common components include tanks, a drive system, rakes, and feedwells. Rakes slowly rotate to move settled solids towards a central deflector cone for removal as thickened underflow, while clarified liquid overflows the top of the tank. Flocculants are added to promote particle bonding and rapid settling.
Mining (1)
The document discusses various topics related to metallurgy and mining, including:
- A brief history of mining from the Stone Age to the Iron Age.
- Different types of mining such as surface mining (open-pit, strip, quarry, alluvial), underground mining (longwall, room and pillar, etc.), and ocean mining.
- Activities that take place before mining such as traditional prospecting using mules and modern prospecting using trained specialists and sophisticated equipment.
- Various materials recovered through mining like metals, coal, salt, diamonds and the figures showing examples.
Mining (2)
This document provides information about mining and mineral exploration. It begins with an introduction to mining and the materials recovered through mining such as metals, coal, salt, and diamonds. It then discusses the history of mining from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. Tables show production data for various countries and Philippine reserves of metallic and non-metallic ores. The document also covers topics like prospecting methods, geological guides for prospecting, exploration techniques, and equipment used for exploration such as gravimeters, scintillometers, and seismographs.
POTASSIUM
Potassium is a silvery-gray or silvery-white solid metal that has an atomic number of 19, a density of 0.862 g-cm3, and melts at 63.38°C and boils at 759°C; it oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts strongly with water. When burned, potassium produces a lilac colored flame. Common applications of potassium include using potassium chloride as a substitute for table salt, potassium bisulfate as a food preservative and in textile bleaching, potassium sodium tartrate as the main component of baking powder, potassium chlorate in matches and explosives, and formerly potassium bromide as a sedative and in photography.
Alkyl (powerpoint)
This document discusses alkyl halides, also known as haloalkanes. Alkyl halides are a class of compounds where halogen atoms are attached to a tetrahedral carbon atom. They have higher melting and boiling points than analogous alkanes and are insoluble in water. Alkyl halides can be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on whether the halogen is attached to a carbon that has 1, 2, or 3 carbon neighbors.
SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
This document provides information about a shell and tube heat exchanger. It consists of a shell with a bundle of tubes inside it. Process streams flow through the tubes and are heated or cooled by another medium flowing on the outer shell side. Common applications include cooling hydraulic fluid, oil, and other mediums in engines and power systems. The simple design makes shell and tube heat exchangers suitable for a wide variety of industrial heating and cooling applications.
BAROMETRIC JET CONDENSER
The document discusses barometric jet condensers. It describes how barometric jet condensers work by directly mixing cooling water and steam for condensation. Vapors entering the top of the condenser are condensed by water from spray nozzles, while non-condensables are drawn into the tailpiece and discharged through the bottom with the condensing water. Barometric jet condensers are commonly used in various industries to remove vapors where large capacities are required and fluctuations in temperature or steam loads occur.
AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION
This document provides information about azeotropic distillation prepared by Claire E. Canoy for their 2nd year Chemical Engineering Technology course. It defines azeotropic distillation as adding an entrainer component to a feed mixture to form a new azeotrope that can be separated into its components by distillation. The entrainer allows either the separation of a closely boiling pair or the separation of an azeotrope into its components. A diagram shows the process of mixing the feed and entrainer before distillation in two columns to separately remove the key components and recycle the entrainer.
WET COOLING TOWER
This document describes the process of how wet cooling towers function to transfer waste heat from industrial processes to the atmosphere. The warm water returns to the top of the cooling tower and trickles down over fill material, contacting an upward flow of ambient air induced by fans. This contact causes some of the water to evaporate, cooling the remaining water which is then ready to recirculate. Dissolved salts are left behind in the water, increasing its concentration, so blowdown removes some water to control the salt level while fresh makeup water is added to compensate for losses from evaporation, drift, and blowdown.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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ROTARY DRYER
- 1. UNIT OPERATION 2 REPORTED BY: CANOY, CLAIRE 2B2- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
- 2. ● The rotary dryer is a type of industrial dryer employed to reduce or minimize the liquid moisture content of the material by bringing it in direct contact with a heated gas
- 3. • A cylindrical furnace slightly inclined to the horizontal and rotated on suitable bearings; moisture is removed by rising hot gases. • rotary dryer for processing products with high moisture content.
- 4. • Rotary dryers are suitable for drying a wide range of materials • It can be widely used to dry various materials, and it is simple to be operated.
- 5. The dryer is made up of large rotating cylinder which slopes slightly so that the discharged end is lower than the material feed end in order to convey the material under gravity. Material to be dried enters the dryer and as the dryer rotates, the material is lifted up by a series of internal fins lining the inner wall of the dryer. When materials fall back to the bottom, it passes through the hot gas stream. In the experiment , the gas stream moves towards the feed end from the discharge end (counter current flow).Also the material passes through the length of the dryer at nearly the wet - bulb temperature.
- 6. A rotary dryer consists of a cylindrical shell, set with its axis at a right angle to the horizontal and mounted on rollers so that it can be rotated. The material to be dried is fed to the high end of the dryer and , by rotation of the dryer, usually assisted by internal shelves of flight , is gradually advanced to the lower end where it is discharged. The source of heat for a rotary dryer is usually the hot air that circulates through the using dryer.
- 7. The characteristic dimensions are : ● Rotary dryer ID = D =110 mm = 0.11 m ● Dryer length = 1500 mm = 1.5 m ● Pre - heating of air g 1.5 KW heater (2 nos) ● Air flow rate measurement by a pitot tube ● Solid feed : By a screw conveyor ● Inlet / Outlet air temperature by a hygrometer.
- 10. Type and Specification (mm) Rotary Speed (r/min) GZ800*8000 3.8 5 GZ1000*10000 3.8 GZ1200*10000 Temperature of Inlet Air Production Capacity(t/h) Weight(t) 700 0.8-2.0 3.5 5 700 1.0-3.5 5.6 3 3 700 1.8-5 14.04 GZ1500*12000 2.08 5 800 3.3-7.5 17.76 GZ1800*14000 2.08 5 800 5-9 29 GZ2200*12000 4.7 5 700 6-12 33 GZ2400*18000 4 5 800 10-15 53.3 Pitch (%) (centigrade)
- 11. Rotary Dryers have many applications but are most commonly seen in the mineral industry for drying sands, limestone, stones and soil, ores, fertilizers, wood chips, coal, iron sulphate, filter cakes, sewage sludge, etc