Important cut flower

1. CULTIVATION PRACTICES OF
CARNATION

2. INTRODUCTION
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.)
Family: Caryophyllaceae.
‘Dianthus’ is derived from the Greek words ‘dios’ meaning
‘God’ or ‘divine’ and ‘anthos’ meaning ‘flower’ and hence
known as ‘Divine Flower’.
The species name ‘caryophyllus’ is derived from the Greek
word ‘caryan’ meaning ‘nut’ and ‘phyllon’ meaning ‘leaf’.
The common name ‘carnation’ probably must have come
from the Greek word ‘coronation’ because these flowers
were used in decorating the crown of Greek athletes.
Carnation is the national flower of Spain
Clavel in Spanish
passion and desire

3. • Popular flower crop and ranks 2nd place in the
international market.
• Best for interior and out door decoration.
• Excellent keeping quality
• Ability to rehydrate
• Ability to withstand long distance transportation

4. IMPORTANCE AND USES
cut flowers, bedding, pots, borders, edging, indoors and
rock gardens.
Mother’s Day,Teachers’ Day and weddings.
Carnations are commercially utilized for extraction of
perfume in France and the Netherlands.
Rеd Carnation - beers, wines, аnd beverages
manufacturing companies. It iѕ аlѕо uѕеd in medicine
аѕ a cleansing substance whiсh iѕ uѕеd tо clean thе
ѕkin withоut drying it аnd аlѕо in decorating desserts,
sweets, аnd cakes.

5. There are three main types of garden Carnation.
1. Border/malmaision
Carnation:-
This plant are stiffer
& have a broad leaves
giving them a massive
appearance the flower
are double, fragrant, &
generally have pink
shade.

6.  2. Perpetual
Flowering carnation: -

This flower round
the year in several
flushes they are hybrid
involving many
dianthus spp. Flowers
are generally with long
stem & have a great
ability to with stand
long transportation
hence suitable for cut
flower.

7.  3. Marguerite or
Chabud:-

This annual
carnation have clove
cented. Single or double
flower that reproduce
from seeds the blooms
are large which do not
last very long after
harvest but flowers
freely for a large period
& are comperatively
easier to cultivate.

8. TYPES OF CARNATION:
VARIETY OF STANDARD TYPE
Domingo Master Baltico
Algar Fuente Falicon

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William Sim
Arthur Sim
Cobra
Lipstick
Gaudina

10. VARIETY OF SPRAY TYPE
Aveiro Fancy Fuego Osiris
Celebration Abril Belen

11. SOIL
Sandy loam soils rich in organic matter
content with pH of 5.5-6.5 are most ideal for
carnation cultivation.
soil must be well drained because the crop is
highly susceptible to fusarium wilt.

12. CLIMATE
Grown under protected conditions
1.TEMPERATURE:
Ideal night temperature is 10-11°C during winter and 13-
15.5°C in summer. Ideal day temperature is 18-24°C.
2.LIGHT:
Long day plant. The critical photoperiod for most
standard and spray carnations is about 13 hours.
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3.HUMIDITY:
80-85% during beginning of vegetative growth
60-65% during full growth stage.
4.CO2:
10-30% increase in yield influenced by co2
treatment and temperature and light
conditions.
CO2 500 - 750 ppm during day time under
high light intensity and in a temperature range
of 14-15°C.

14. PROPAGATION
Terminal Cuttings Cuttings Planted In Portrays
Rooting of cuttings in protrays
Rooted cuttings

15. BED PREPARATION
Basal fertilizer application Beds ready for planting
 The ideal bed width and height are 75 -100 cm and 30 - 45 cm
respectively. The bed length should not exceed 25 m. A path
width of 45 - 50 cm is ideal.

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17. Planting in the squares of net
Spacing : 15cm x 10cm / 15cm x 15cm / 15cm x 20cm

18. METHOD OF PLANTING
Four row system Six row system
Grow-bag system of cultivation

19. Irrigation after planting

20. NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT
Basal dose: NPK@30:15:30g/m2
 Applications of N (80-200ppm)
and K2O(200ppm) as fertigation
solution @200 liters
water/1000m2 area resulted in
better plant growth and flower
production.

21. WATER MANAGEMENT
Spraying of water through misting has to be
done for at least two weeks.
After 3 weeks of planting, drip irrigation has to
be adopted.

22. SPECIAL OPERATION
PINCHING
Single pinching in standard carnation
Pinch and a half
Double pinch

23. DISBUDDING
Removal of axillary/ lateral buds

24. GR
• NAA 75 ppm and Kinetin 100ppm = early
colour development
• Two spray of GA3 1000 ppm = early flowering
and long stem
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25. PLANT SUPPORT
Netting for plant support: 4 layers
1st layer : 7.5 x 7.5 cm
2nd layer : 10 x 10 cm
3 rd layer : 12.5 x 12.5 cm
4 th layer : 15 x 15 cm

26. PLANT PROTECTION
a. Pest management
1.Red Spider Mite:-
Suck the sap, affected leaves turns pale and withered and
shows severe webbing. affected plants becomes stunted and
distorted.
Spray Dicofol @ 2 ml/l or Wettable sulphur @ 5g/lt.
Mite colony Nymphs and eggs Adult mite

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2.Aphids:-
Suck the sap from the leaves of growing
plants leading to reduce plant vigour.
also transmit carnation ring spot and
carnation mosaic viruses.
Spraying the plants with
Thiomethoxam 1 ml/l or Imidacloprid
17.8 SL 0.1 g/l tr. Aphid
3.Thrips:-
Suck the sap from the leaves, causing
them to turn yellow and then patchy
white, often with black specks and
slight wrinkling.
Spray Dimethoate 30 EC @ 1 ml/l
or Fenitrothion 50 EC @ 3.5 ml/l
Thrips infested flower

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4.Bud Borer:-
Larvae feed on leaves, flower buds
and flowers.
Spray Novaluron @ 3 ml/lit or
Indoxacarp 14.5 SL @
1 ml /l or Fenitrothion 50 EC at
1.5ml/hl.
5.Nematodes:-
Nematodes cause reduced root
system, stunted shoot
growth and reduction in the number
of blooms.
Apply Furadan, Aldicarp or
Nemaphos @ 10gm/m2
A larva feeding on
flower bud
Infested root

29. B. Disease management
1.Fusarium wilt :-
Affected plants show foliage wilting, Rotting of the stem
below ground level .
Drenching the soil with Benomyl (0.1%) or Ridomil (0.2%)
. Biological control with Bacillus subtilis, Streptomyces sp,
Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescens
Fusarium wilt affected plants Rotting of stem

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3.Stem & Root rot:-
Show withering and yellowing of
foliage, leaf death, external
browning of stems and internal
browning at nodes.
Drenching with Benomyl @
2.5g/lit
2.Alternaria leaf spot:-
Pathogen causes spots on the
leaves and stems and the affected
leaves wither and die prematurely.
Foliar application of Dithane
M-45 @ 0.2% or Carbendazim @
0.1% controls the disease.
Leaf spot In leaves & In flower bud
Phytopthora stem rot

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4.Grey Mold:-
Affects the petals. Initially a wet
tan coloured blotch develops on
petal tips which spread rapidly to
produce a fluffy grey mould.
Benlate @ 0.1% controls this
disease.
Grey mould

32. c. Physiological Disorders
1.Calyx Splitting:-
Irregular or fluctuating temperature
Closer spacing
low boron levels enhance calyx splitting
Spray borax @ 0.1% and place a rubber band around
the calyx of the flower which has started opening.
Espana, Carboret, Pamir
borax @ 0.1%
a rubber band

33. • Slab side: cooler period
• Sleepiness of petal : ethylene
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34. HARVESTING & YIELD:
Standard type flower harvested when their outer petals starts
to elongate outside calyx (paint brush stage).
 Spray type flower harvested with 2-3 open flowers on each
stem.
Standard type : 300-350 flowers/m2(8 -12 flowers/plant)
Spray type: 250 flowers/m2
Harvesting stage of Standard carnation and Spray carnation

35. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY
Harvesting Grading
Precooling Temperature
- 10C

36. Grades Fancy (Blue) Standard (Red) Short (Green)
Minimum flower
Diameter (mm)
Tight – 50
Fairly Tight -62
Open - 75
Tight – 44
Fairly Tight -56
Open - 69
Tight – none
Fairly Tight - none
Open - none
Minimum Stem
Length (cm )
55 43 30
Society of American Florists
(SAF)
Grading in Carnation

37. 4/4/18
Stripping Bunching Packing

38. PACKING