Pests of Green Manures_Bionomics_IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
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PESTS OF GREEN MANURE CROPS AND FORAGE CROPS SESBANIA BORERS 1. Sesbania stem borer, Azygophleps scalaris, Cossidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Drying of sesbania plants. Nature of damage: Stoutly built larva bores into the stem and feeds, the faecal matter getting accumulated at the entrance hole. Egg: Laid in masses attached to the leaflets. Larva: Robust larva of 7 cm length, light brown with a reddish brown head. Pupa: Pupa has spines anteriorly with the help of which it moves up and down inside the tunnel in the stem. Adult: Sluggish yellowish brown moth. 2. Stem weevil, Alcidodes bubo, Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage: Drying of the terminal branches or whole plant, lodging of the plants during monsoon seasons; affected stem with numerous bore holes and swelling symptoms. Presence of apodous grub inside the stem. Nature of damage: Grubs riddle into stem and cause thickenings on stem. The growth and vigour of the plants are impaired to a great extent. Egg: Laid on the stem. Grub : Apodous whitish grub. Adult: Reddish brown weevil with white transverse markings on the elytra. LEAF FEEDERS 3. Green semilooper, Pericyma glaucinans, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Caterpillar feeds on the leaflets remaining along the ribs of leaves. Larva : Pale green, semilooper with broad yellow lateral stripes. Adult: Dark brown with black lines 4. Green looper, Semiothisa pervelgata, Semiothisa emersaria, Geometridae, Lepidoptera Symptom of damage: Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage. Nature of damage: Larvae feed on the leaves. Egg: Oval greenish eggs laid singly on leaves. Larva : Pale green looper with white lines and when full grown becomes pink with horizontal bands of violet patches dorsally on the abdominal segments. Pupa: Pupates in the soil. Adult: White colour with three dark lines and spots on the wings.
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Banded sunflower moth (Cochylis hospes): Larvae of this moth feed on sunflower heads, often causing severe damage to the crop.
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Egg: Scale-like white eggs are laid by female moths in batches of 9-11, near the midribs, on leaf sheaths or on stem.
Larva: White larva with four violet longitudinal stripes and light brown head.
Pupa: Pupation takes place in semi-dried leaf sheath.
Adult: Pale brown with white hind wings.
3. Top borer, Scirpophaga excerptalis, Pyralidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Deadheart in grownup canes, which cannot be easily pulled; deadheart reddish brown in colour; parallel row of shot holes in the emerging leaves and red tunnels in the midribs of leaves; bunchy tip due to the growth of side shoots.
Nature of damage: Caterpillars are mainly found in the apical portion of the canes, boring through the growing point and down the upper joints until it reaches the sappy portion of the stem, there it feeds on the tissues and destroys the cane. They also bore into the unfolded leaves preferably into the midrib, mining its way to the base.
Egg: Eggs are laid on the lower surface of top leaves in clusters particularly near midribs. The clusters are covered with buff coloured hairs.
Larva :Smooth, white or cream coloured with a red coloured mid-dorsal line and yellow head.
Pupa: Pupation takes place within the larval tunnel in a chamber with an exit hole constructed by the caterpillar.
Adult: White coloured moth (with a buff coloured anal tuft in the abdominal tip of female).
Black tip of mango
The document summarizes black tip or necrosis of mango, a disease that affects mango fruits. It occurs in northern Indian states near brick kilns and can affect up to 90% of fruits on a tree. Symptoms appear when fruits are 6-8 weeks old or at the ripening stage, showing blackened, flat tips with soft, rotten inner portions secreting dark brown liquid. The disease is caused by sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and acetylene gases released from brick kilns. Management strategies include spraying borax and ensuring brick kilns are at least 15-18 meters in height and new mango gardens are at least 0.8-1.6 km away to avoid the gases.
Carrot and radish
The document provides information on breeding of carrot and radish. It discusses the botany, genetics, breeding objectives and methods for both crops. For carrot, it describes varieties such as Pusa Kesar and Nantes half long. It also covers topics like introduction, mass selection, and heterosis breeding for carrot improvement. For radish, it discusses taxonomy, botany and cross-pollination, and provides a brief introduction.
BEAN ANTHRACNOSE
Bean anthracnose is a seedborne fungal disease caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum that affects many legume crops worldwide. The disease causes reddish-brown lesions on pods and leaves that produce pink spores in moist conditions, reducing crop yields. The fungus spreads primarily via contaminated seeds and crop debris, with secondary spread by rain splash and wind under favorable conditions of 13-26°C, 92% humidity, and moderate rainfall. Management strategies include crop rotation, seed treatment, fungicide application, soil solarization, and biological controls using Trichoderma viride or plant extracts.
Seed production technology of maize
Maize seed production technology involves land preparation, climate requirements, planting methods, and harvesting procedures. Maize is grown widely and is the highest yielding cereal crop. It requires fertile, well-drained soil between pH 6.5-7. For hybrid seed production, male and female plants are separated and manual pollination is done to ensure purity. Pests like smut and borers are controlled with fungicides and insects are removed by hand. Seed is harvested when husks dry, shelled, dried, graded and treated before storage. Standards specify minimum genetic and physical purity levels for quality seed. New varieties released include composites and hybrids suited to different growing conditions.
Identification of dicot weed i pdf
This document provides information on identifying dicotyledonous weeds found in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, India. It begins with an overview of the key differences between monocots and dicots, focusing on seedling leaves and vein structure. The rest of the document describes the morphological characteristics and uses of 16 different dicot weed species found in the region, including their growth habits, habitats, and any medicinal applications. Each weed description is 1-2 paragraphs.
cauliflower - Cultivation- production technology varieties pest and disease
1. Cauliflower is a cool season crop that has different varieties suited for different temperature ranges, from tropical types that form curds at 20-27°C to snowball types requiring 10-16°C.
2. Popular cauliflower varieties include Pusa Deepali, Pusa Himjyoti, Arka Kanti, and Pusa Snowfall K-1. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, weed control, and pest management are needed for optimal growth and yield.
3. Major pests of cauliflower include the mustard sawfly, which damages leaves, and aphids, which suck plant juices and secrete honeydew allowing so
Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops
Recent advances and commercial propagation techniques in fruit crops are discussed. Asexual propagation methods like stem cuttings, layering, grafting, and tissue culture are described as they allow for reproducing exact duplicates of desirable plants and increasing quality. Tissue culture, also called micropropagation, is highlighted as it provides a rapid means of clonally propagating plants using small explants in sterile culture.
Diseases of Pineapple
This document discusses major diseases that affect pineapple plants - heart/top rot caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi and P. parasitica, root rot caused by P. cinnamomi, base rot caused by Ceratocystis paradoxa, fusariosis caused by Fusarium guttiforme, pink disease caused by Pantoea citrea, and wilt caused by Ampellovirus. It provides details on symptoms, etiology, and management strategies for each disease, which include using resistant varieties, fungicide treatment, improving soil drainage, sanitation, and controlling insect vectors.
POMEGRANATE LEAF SPOTS
This document summarizes three diseases that affect pomegranate: anthracnose leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, cercospora leaf spot caused by Cercospora punicae, and bacterial leaf spot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. punicae. It describes the symptoms, causal organisms, mode of spread, and integrated disease management approaches for each disease. These include using disease-free planting material, removing infected plant parts, and spraying fungicides or bactericides like mancozeb, captan, paushamycin, and copper oxychloride.
Phytophthora Blight of Pigeonpea-1.pptx
Phytophthora blight of pigeonpea is caused by the soil-borne fungus Phytophthora drechsleri f.sp. cajani. It affects pigeonpea plants at any growth stage, causing leaf lesions, stem cankers, and plant death. Warm, humid conditions with heavy rainfall favor disease development. Management strategies include growing resistant varieties, improving drainage, applying fungicides, and incorporating non-host crops in crop rotations.
Plant Pathology - Guava Wilt
1) Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. psidii causes guava wilt disease. It was first reported in India in 1935 in Allahabad and spread to over 20,000 square miles by 1952.
2) Guava wilt has been reported worldwide including in India, Pakistan, Brazil, Taiwan, South Africa, and Reunion Island. In India, it has caused significant economic losses and reduction in guava production.
3) Symptoms include yellowing and wilting of leaves starting from terminal branches. Eventually the leaves brown, droop, and fall off prematurely. Fruits on infected branches remain small, hard, and stony.
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cauliflower - Cultivation- production technology varieties pest and disease
cauliflower - Cultivation- production technology varieties pest and disease
Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops
Recent advances and commercial propagation technique in fruit crops
Similar to Pests of Green Manures_Bionomics_IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of cotton_Borer_Pests_Binomics_Dr.UPR.pdf
Bollworms are among the most damaging pests in cotton cultivation, affecting the bolls where the cotton fibers are formed. There are several species of bollworms, each capable of causing significant yield loss and quality degradation if not effectively managed. Here’s a detailed look at the primary bollworm species affecting cotton:
Cotton Bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera): Also known as the corn earworm or the Old World bollworm, this pest is found in many regions around the world. It is highly polyphagous (feeds on many different plants) and poses a threat not only to cotton but also to maize, tomatoes, and legumes. The larvae bore into the cotton bolls, feeding on the developing seeds and fibers, which can lead to boll rot.
Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella): A significant pest of cotton, the pink bollworm larvae infest the cotton bolls, feeding on the seeds and lint. This can severely damage or destroy the bolls. In regions where pink bollworms are prevalent, they have been a major driver for the adoption of genetically engineered Bt cotton, which expresses a bacterium gene toxic to certain insects.
Tobacco Budworm (Heliothis virescens): Closely related to the cotton bollworm, the tobacco budworm primarily attacks tobacco but is also a common pest in cotton. It primarily damages the flowers and bolls of the cotton plant. Differentiating between the tobacco budworm and the cotton bollworm based on appearance can be challenging, but it is crucial for effective management.
American Bollworm (Helicoverpa zea): Known in some regions as the corn earworm, it is similar in behavior to Helicoverpa armigera and poses a threat to a variety of crops, including cotton. The larvae attack the cotton bolls, leading to direct damage to the cotton lint and seeds.
Management Strategies:
Cultural Controls: Crop rotation, destruction of crop residues, and deep plowing can help break the pest’s life cycle. Timing of planting can also be adjusted to avoid peak pest infestation.
Biological Controls: Natural enemies like Trichogramma wasps, which parasitize bollworm eggs, and predators such as lacewings and ladybugs can be encouraged. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) products can also be sprayed, which are particularly effective against young larvae.
Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be required when infestation levels exceed economic thresholds. However, resistance management must be considered, alternating modes of action to avoid developing resistance.
Genetic Approaches: Bt cotton, genetically modified to express Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, has been highly effective in controlling bollworms and has dramatically reduced the reliance on chemical insecticides.
Monitoring and Scouting: Regular field scouting and using pheromone traps to monitor adult populations can help in timely and targeted application of control measures.
The effective management of bollworms often requires an integrated approach
Pests of Sunflower_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR
Several pests can affect sunflowers, both in the field and during storage. Some common pests include:
Sunflower moth (Homoeosoma electellum): Larvae of this moth feed on developing seeds, causing damage to the crop.
Sunflower stem weevil (Cylindrocopturus adspersus): Larvae of this weevil bore into the stems of sunflower plants, causing wilting and stunting.
Red sunflower seed weevil (Smicronyx fulvus): This weevil species damages sunflower seeds by feeding on them.
Sunflower midge (Contarinia schulzi): Larvae of this fly species feed on developing sunflower heads, causing damage to the seeds.
Banded sunflower moth (Cochylis hospes): Larvae of this moth feed on sunflower heads, often causing severe damage to the crop.
Sunflower head moth (Dargida diffusa): Larvae of this moth species feed on the leaves and heads of sunflower plants, causing significant damage.
Control methods for these pests may include cultural practices like crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, biological control agents, and judicious use of chemical pesticides when necessary. Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies can help to minimize pest damage while reducing reliance on chemical inputs.
Pests of Bengal gram_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Bengalgram, also known as chickpea or garbanzo bean, is susceptible to various pests that can affect its growth and yield. Some common pests of Bengalgram include:
Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera): This is one of the most damaging pests of Bengalgram. The larvae bore into the pods and feed on the developing seeds, causing significant yield losses.
Gram Pod Borer (Heliothis spp.): Similar to the pod borer, gram pod borers also attack the pods of Bengalgram, leading to reduced yields.
Aphids: These sap-sucking insects can infest Bengalgram plants, causing stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reduced vigor. They also excrete honeydew, which can promote the growth of sooty mold.
Whiteflies: Whiteflies are tiny insects that feed on the undersides of leaves. Heavy infestations can lead to leaf yellowing, wilting, and reduced photosynthesis.
Cutworms: Cutworm larvae feed on the stems of young Bengalgram plants, often cutting them at the soil level. This can result in plant lodging and reduced stand establishment.
Thrips: Thrips are small, slender insects that feed on leaves, causing silvering or bronzing of the affected tissue. Severe infestations can lead to reduced photosynthesis and stunted growth.
Wireworms: Wireworms are the larvae of click beetles and feed on the roots of Bengalgram plants, causing wilting, reduced nutrient uptake, and sometimes plant death.
Armyworms: Armyworm larvae can defoliate Bengalgram plants by feeding on leaves. Severe infestations can lead to significant yield losses.
To manage these pests effectively, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies can be employed, which may include cultural practices, biological control, and judicious use of pesticides to minimize environmental impact. Crop rotation, timely sowing, use of resistant varieties, and maintaining proper plant nutrition can also help in reducing pest pressure on Bengalgram crops.
Pests of castor_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Castor (Ricinus communis) is a valuable crop primarily grown for its oil-rich seeds, which are used in a variety of applications including lubricants, soaps, pharmaceuticals, and biodiesel. However, like all crops, castor plants can be susceptible to a range of pests that can affect their growth and productivity. Here are some common pests that affect castor plants:
Castor Semilooper (Achaea janata) - This caterpillar is one of the most significant and widespread pests of castor. The larvae feed on the leaves of the plants, leading to severe defoliation if not controlled.
Capsule Borer (Conogethes punctiferalis) - Also known as the castor shoot and capsule borer, this pest attacks the capsules of the castor plant, damaging the seeds inside. This can significantly reduce the yield and quality of the seeds.
Spiny Castor Bug (Eurygaster integriceps) - This bug can cause significant damage by sucking the sap from the leaves, stems, and capsules of the castor plant. Their feeding can also lead to the development of sooty mold on the plants.
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) - Whiteflies can cause damage by sucking the sap from the leaves and by transmitting various plant viruses. They excrete honeydew, which promotes the growth of sooty mold fungi, further harming the plant.
Aphids - These small sap-sucking insects can attack castor plants, leading to leaf curling, stunted growth, and the secretion of honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth.
Mealybugs - Like aphids, mealybugs suck sap from the plants and excrete honeydew. They can cause yellowing of leaves and stunted plant growth.
Red Spider Mite (Tetranychus urticae) - This mite can cause damage by piercing plant cells and sucking out their contents, leading to discolored leaves and reduced plant vigor.
Management of these pests typically involves an integrated approach that includes cultural practices, biological control, and the judicious use of chemical pesticides. Cultural practices such as crop rotation, maintaining field hygiene, and removing infested plant parts can help reduce pest populations. Biological control involves introducing natural enemies of these pests, such as parasitoids and predators, to help keep their numbers in check. Chemical control should be used as a last resort and should be applied in a manner that minimizes environmental impact and promotes sustainability.
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...
Sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of people, particularly in regions with semi-arid climates where other crops may struggle to grow. It's used in various culinary applications, including flour for bread, porridge, and as a whole grain in dishes.Sorghum is increasingly being used as a feedstock for biofuel production, particularly ethanol. Its high cellulose content and ability to grow in marginal lands make it an attractive option for bioenergy production.Sorghum is renowned for its drought tolerance, making it a valuable crop in regions prone to water scarcity. Its deep root system allows it to access water deep in the soil, and it can continue growing even during periods of low rainfall.Sorghum's deep root system also helps prevent soil erosion and improves soil structure, making it valuable in conservation agriculture practices.Sorghum, a widely cultivated cereal grain, can face several pest threats that can significantly impact its yield and quality. Here are some common pests of sorghum:
Aphids: Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on sap from sorghum plants. They can cause stunted growth, yellowing, and distortion of leaves, and in severe infestations, they can reduce yield.
Sorghum Midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola): Sorghum midge is a small fly that lays eggs in the developing sorghum heads. The larvae feed on the developing grain, causing it to shrivel and reducing yield.
Armyworms: Armyworms are caterpillars that can feed on sorghum leaves, causing defoliation. They can also bore into the stalks and feed on the developing grain heads, leading to yield loss.
Stem Borers: Several species of moth larvae, such as the sorghum stem borer (Busseola fusca), can bore into sorghum stalks, weakening them and causing lodging. Lodging makes harvesting difficult and can reduce yield.
Grasshoppers: Grasshoppers can feed on sorghum leaves, causing defoliation and reducing photosynthetic capacity. Severe infestations can lead to significant yield loss.
Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona soccata): The larvae of the sorghum shoot fly feed on the growing points of sorghum plants, leading to dead hearts (failure of the central shoot to emerge) and stunted growth.
Sorghum Head Caterpillar (Helicoverpa armigera): The larvae of this moth species feed on sorghum heads, causing damage to developing grains and reducing yield.
Sorghum Webworm (Nausinoe geometralis): The larvae of the sorghum webworm feed on sorghum leaves, creating characteristic webbing and skeletonizing the leaves. Severe infestations can reduce photosynthesis and yield.
Sorghum Bug (Stenocoris spp.): Sorghum bugs are sap-sucking insects that feed on sorghum plants, causing wilting, yellowing, and reduced yield.
Leafhoppers: Leafhoppers are small insects that feed on sorghum sap, causing yellowing, wilting, and reduced plant vigor. They can also transmit plant diseases, further impacting sorghum health and yield.
Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including cultu
Pests of jatropha_Bionomics_identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Jatropha, particularly Jatropha curcas, is a tropical plant valued for its seeds from which biodiesel is produced. It's also known for its rapid growth and adaptability to arid conditions. However, like many crops, it is susceptible to various pests that can significantly affect its growth and productivity. Here's a list of some common pests that affect Jatropha and management strategies to control them:
Insects
Jatropha Budworm (Stomopteryx subtropica)
These caterpillars attack the flower buds, flowers, and developing fruits, potentially causing significant loss in seed production.
Jatropha Fruit Borer (Pempelia morosalis)
The larvae bore into fruits and feed on the seeds, severely affecting seed yield and quality.
Jatropha Leaf Miner (Stomopteryx subsecivella)
Larvae mine the leaves of Jatropha plants, causing them to dry and fall off, which can reduce photosynthesis and overall plant vigor.
Jatropha Leaf Webber and Capsule Borer (Pempelia palumbella)
These pests can cause damage both by webbing the leaves together and boring into capsules, reducing plant productivity.
Aphids
Aphids can cause damage by sucking the sap from the plant, weakening it and potentially transmitting diseases.
Mealybugs
These pests suck sap from the plant and excrete honeydew, which promotes the growth of sooty mold on the leaves.
Whiteflies
Similar to aphids and mealybugs, whiteflies feed on plant sap and can transmit various plant viruses.
Red Spider Mites
They cause damage by sucking cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled, discolored, and sometimes curled leaves.
Nematodes
Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.)
These nematodes infect the roots, causing the formation of galls that impair the plant’s ability to absorb water and nutrients.
Management Strategies
Cultural Control: Regular monitoring and removal of infected plant parts can help reduce pest populations. Crop rotation and maintaining good field sanitation are also beneficial.
Biological Control: Encourage or introduce natural predators and parasitoids that target specific pests, such as lady beetles for aphid control or parasitic wasps for caterpillar management.
Chemical Control: Use insecticides and nematicides judiciously. It's vital to follow integrated pest management (IPM) practices to minimize environmental impact and avoid developing resistance.
Mechanical Control: Physical barriers, such as nets, can protect the plants from bird and some insect pests.
Effective pest management in Jatropha cultivation involves integrating these strategies in a way that balances pest control with environmental considerations. Regular monitoring and timely intervention are crucial to maintaining healthy plants and achieving optimal production levels.
Pests of Blackgram, greengram, cowpea_Dr.UPR.pdf
Blackgram, greengram, and cowpea are all leguminous crops that are vulnerable to similar pests. Some of the common pests affecting these crops include:
Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera): The larvae of this moth species bore into the pods and feed on the developing seeds of blackgram, greengram, and cowpea, leading to yield losses.
Aphids: Aphids can infest the leaves and stems of these crops, causing stunted growth, leaf curling, and the transmission of viral diseases.
Whiteflies: Similar to aphids, whiteflies feed on the sap of the plants and can transmit viral diseases. They also excrete honeydew, promoting the growth of sooty mold.
Thrips: Thrips are small insects that feed on the leaves and flowers of blackgram, greengram, and cowpea, causing damage and reducing plant vigor.
Bean Fly (Ophiomyia spp.): The larvae of bean flies tunnel into the stems and pods of these crops, causing wilting, stem breakage, and reduced yield.
Leafhoppers: Leafhoppers are sap-sucking insects that can transmit viral diseases to blackgram, greengram, and cowpea plants, leading to yield losses.
Cutworms: Cutworm larvae can cut the stems of young plants at the soil level, leading to plant lodging and reduced stand establishment.
Armyworms: Armyworm larvae feed on the leaves of these crops, leading to defoliation and reduced photosynthesis.
Leaf Miner (Liriomyza spp.): The larvae of leaf miner flies tunnel into the leaves of blackgram, greengram, and cowpea, causing characteristic serpentine mines and reducing leaf area for photosynthesis.
To manage these pests, integrated pest management (IPM) practices can be employed, including crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, conservation of natural enemies, and judicious use of pesticides when necessary. Early detection and monitoring of pest populations are also crucial for effective pest management in these crops.
Pests of Redgram_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Redgram, also known as pigeon pea or Cajanus cajan, is a legume crop cultivated for its edible seeds and forage. Like other crops, redgram is susceptible to various pests that can cause damage to both the plants and the harvested grains. Some common pests of redgram include:
Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera): This is one of the most destructive pests of redgram. The larvae of this moth bore into the pods, feeding on developing seeds. Pod borer infestations can lead to significant yield losses.
Pod Fly (Melanagromyza obtusa): The larvae of this fly feed on the developing seeds within the pods, causing damage and reducing yield.
Pod Bug (Riptortus spp.): Pod bugs pierce and suck on the pods, causing damage to developing seeds. Severe infestations can lead to reduced yield and quality of harvested grains.
Aphids: Aphids can infest redgram plants, sucking sap from the leaves, stems, and pods. They can transmit viruses and cause distortion of plant growth, leading to reduced yield.
Whiteflies: These tiny insects feed on the undersides of leaves, sucking sap and causing yellowing, wilting, and reduced photosynthesis. Whiteflies can also transmit viruses to redgram plants.
Thrips: Thrips feed on plant tissues, causing stippling, distortion, and discoloration of leaves. Severe infestations can lead to reduced plant vigor and yield.
Caterpillars: Various species of caterpillars can feed on redgram foliage, causing defoliation and reduced photosynthesis. Severe infestations can lead to significant yield losses.
Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.): These microscopic roundworms infest the roots of redgram plants, causing swellings (galls) and impairing root function. Severe infestations can lead to stunted growth and reduced yield.
Integrated pest management (IPM) practices are important for managing pests in redgram cultivation. These may include cultural practices such as crop rotation, intercropping with pest-repellent crops, use of resistant varieties, biological control using natural enemies of pests, and judicious use of chemical pesticides when necessary. Regular monitoring of fields for pest infestations and timely intervention are essential to minimize crop losses.
6.1 Pests of Groundnut_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR
Groundnut, also known as peanut, can be susceptible to various pests that can damage the plants and reduce yields. Some common pests of groundnut include:
Aphids: These small insects feed on plant sap and can cause yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, and reduced yield if infestations are severe.
Thrips: Thrips are tiny insects that feed on plant tissues, causing damage to leaves and sometimes spreading viruses.
Leaf miners: The larvae of certain insects, such as moths or flies, tunnel through the leaves of groundnut plants, causing characteristic "mines" or trails on the leaf surface.
Armyworms: These caterpillars can feed on groundnut leaves and pods, leading to significant damage if left unchecked.
White grubs: The larvae of certain beetle species, such as white grubs, feed on the roots of groundnut plants, which can weaken the plants and reduce yield.
Pod borers: Certain moth species lay eggs on groundnut pods, and the larvae bore into the pods, feeding on the developing seeds and causing damage.
Termites: Termites can feed on groundnut roots and may cause damage to plants, especially in sandy soils or during dry periods.
Cutworms: These caterpillars can cut through groundnut stems at or near the soil surface, causing plants to wilt and die.
Wireworms: The larvae of click beetles, wireworms feed on germinating seeds and underground plant parts, potentially reducing plant stands and causing yield loss.
Mites: Certain species of mites can infest groundnut plants, causing damage to leaves and reducing photosynthetic activity.
Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, such as crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, biological control, and judicious use of pesticides, can help manage these pests effectively while minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
Pests of cumbu_Identification, Binomics, Integrated ManagementDr.UPR.pdf
Cumbu, also known as pearl millet or bajra, is a widely cultivated grain crop primarily grown in regions with semi-arid climates. Like any other crop, cumbu is susceptible to various pests that can significantly affect its yield and quality. Some of the common pests that attack cumbu include:
Stem Borers: These are the larvae of various moth species that bore into the stem of the plant, leading to wilting, lodging, and ultimately reducing yield.
Shoot Fly: The shoot fly lays eggs in the leaf axils, and the hatched larvae feed on the developing shoots, causing dead hearts and stunted growth.
Aphids: These small insects feed on the sap of the plant, causing stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reducing overall vigor.
Termites: Termites can attack cumbu plants, particularly in dryland areas, by feeding on roots and causing wilting and lodging.
Grasshoppers and Locusts: These voracious feeders can cause significant damage to cumbu crops by consuming foliage, leading to reduced photosynthesis and yield loss.
Armyworms: Larvae of certain moth species, such as the African armyworm, can defoliate cumbu plants, leading to yield loss if not controlled.
Leafhoppers: These insects suck sap from the leaves, causing yellowing, wilting, and reduced plant vigor.
White Grubs: The larvae of certain beetle species feed on the roots of cumbu plants, leading to reduced nutrient uptake and stunted growth.
Mites: Various species of mites can infest cumbu plants, causing stippling on leaves, reduced photosynthesis, and overall reduced plant health.
Thrips: Thrips feed on leaves and flowers, causing stippling, distortion, and discoloration of plant tissues.
To manage these pests, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are often employed, which may include cultural practices, biological control, and judicious use of pesticides when necessary. Crop rotation, planting resistant varieties, maintaining proper plant nutrition, and timely scouting for pest presence are important components of pest management in cumbu cultivation.
Pests of mustard_Identification_Management_Dr.UPR.pdf
Mustard, as a crop, is susceptible to a variety of pests that can affect its growth and yield. Here’s a rundown of some common pests that target mustard plants:
Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can cause significant damage by feeding on the leaves and stems. Aphids also excrete a sticky substance known as honeydew, which can lead to the growth of sooty mold on the plants.
Flea Beetles: These tiny beetles jump like fleas when disturbed and chew small holes in the leaves. They are particularly damaging in the early growth stages of the plant.
Cabbage Loopers: The larvae of a type of moth, these caterpillars are known for their distinctive looping movement. They chew large holes in the leaves and can defoliate plants if present in large numbers.
Diamondback Moth Larvae: Another caterpillar pest, these larvae chew small holes in the leaves and can cause extensive damage, especially when infestations are heavy.
Whiteflies: These are tiny, winged insects that feed on plant sap and can quickly become a problem in greenhouse or close planting conditions. Like aphids, they also secrete honeydew.
Cutworms: These are the larvae of certain types of moths and are known for cutting young plants at the stem base at ground level. They are most destructive during the night.
Root Maggots: The larvae of root maggot flies, these pests attack the roots of mustard plants, causing wilting and potentially killing young plants.
Harlequin Bugs: These are colorful stink bugs that suck the sap from mustard plant stems and leaves, causing the leaves to become stippled, wilt, and eventually die if the infestation is severe.
Mustard Sawfly: The larvae of the mustard sawfly can cause considerable defoliation, as they feed voraciously on the leaves.
Clubroot: Caused by a fungus-like organism, clubroot affects the roots, causing them to swell and distort. While technically a disease, it is often associated with pest management because controlling it involves similar preventative strategies.
Control Measures: Managing pests in mustard involves a combination of cultural, biological, and chemical methods. Crop rotation, resistant varieties, timely sowing, maintaining plant health, and using natural predators like ladybugs and parasitic wasps can help keep pest populations under control. Chemical pesticides should be used as a last resort due to their potential impact on the environment and non-target species.
Pests of soyabean_Binomics_IdentificationDr.UPR.pdf
Soybean (Glycine max) is a crucial crop globally, utilized for its high protein and oil content. However, soybeans can be significantly affected by various pests, which can impact both yield and quality. Effective pest management is essential for maintaining healthy crops. Here are some common pests that affect soybean crops:
Soybean Aphid (Aphis glycines) - This small, sap-sucking insect can cause considerable damage by feeding on the sap of soybean plants. Infestations can lead to leaf curling, reduced growth, and a decrease in yield. They can also transmit plant viruses.
Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) - Adult beetles feed on the leaves of soybean plants, often leaving behind a skeletonized appearance. They can defoliate plants extensively if present in large numbers.
Stink Bugs (Various species) - These bugs, including the green stink bug (Chinavia hilaris) and the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), suck sap from the pods, affecting seed development and quality. They can cause seed discoloration, shriveling, and increased susceptibility to disease.
Corn Earworm (Helicoverpa zea) - Also known as the soybean podworm, these caterpillars feed on the flowers and pods of soybean plants, directly damaging the seeds within the pods.
Soybean Cyst Nematode (Heterodera glycines) - This is one of the most destructive pests of soybean. These nematodes invade the roots, forming cysts that disrupt the uptake of water and nutrients. Infected plants often show symptoms of yellowing, stunting, and reduced yields.
Bean Leaf Beetle (Cerotoma trifurcata) - This beetle feeds on soybean leaves, and can also damage the pods and stems. The feeding on pods can lead to secondary infections by pathogens.
Dectes Stem Borer (Dectes texanus) - The larvae of this beetle tunnel into the stems of soybean plants, potentially causing lodging and yield loss.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) - These nematodes infect the roots, forming galls that hinder nutrient and water uptake, similar to the soybean cyst nematode but often resulting in distinctive gall formations on roots.
Spider Mites (Tetranychus spp.) - During hot, dry conditions, spider mites can proliferate and cause significant damage by sucking plant juices from the undersides of leaves, leading to yellowing, bronzing, and potentially plant death if severe.
Managing these pests often requires an integrated pest management (IPM) approach, which includes:
Regular scouting to monitor pest populations and damage.
Cultural controls such as crop rotation, resistant varieties, and maintaining healthy soil.
Biological controls through the promotion or introduction of natural enemies such as parasitic wasps, predatory insects, and entomopathogenic fungi.
Chemical controls, using insecticides and nematicides judiciously to minimize resistance development and environmental impact.
Using pheromone traps and other tactics to disrupt pest mating and reduce populations.
This holistic approach helps manage pest
Pests of safflower_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a highly adaptable crop known for its seeds which are used for oil extraction and its flowers used in coloring and flavoring foods. Like many crops, safflower can be affected by various pests that can impact its growth and yield. Here’s an overview of some common pests that can affect safflower:
Insects
Safflower Fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi)
These flies lay eggs on the plant, and the emerging larvae feed on the flowers and seeds, causing significant damage.
Sunflower Moth (Homoeosoma electellum)
The larvae of the sunflower moth feed on the developing seeds and flower parts, leading to yield loss.
Aphids (various species)
Aphids suck sap from the plant, which can weaken it. They also excrete a sticky substance known as honeydew, which can lead to the growth of sooty mold.
Thrips (Thysanoptera spp.)
Thrips feed on the flowers and sometimes the leaves, causing deformed growth and reduced seed production.
Cutworms (Noctuidae family)
Cutworms are the larvae of nocturnal moths and can severely damage seedlings by cutting them at the soil line.
Wireworms (Elateridae family)
The larvae feed on seeds and roots, impairing seed germination and reducing plant vigor.
Mites
Spider Mites (Tetranychus spp.)
These tiny pests cause damage by piercing plant cells and sucking out the contents. Infestations can lead to yellowed, speckled leaves and overall plant stress.
Birds
Various bird species
Birds are attracted to safflower seeds and can consume a significant portion of the crop if not managed, especially during the ripening stage.
Management Strategies
Cultural Control: Implement crop rotation, remove plant residues, and use trap crops to disrupt the life cycle of pests.
Biological Control: Encourage natural predators and parasitoids such as lady beetles for aphids and parasitic wasps for caterpillars.
Chemical Control: Use pesticides judiciously, targeting specific pests as needed, and following integrated pest management (IPM) practices to minimize environmental impact.
Physical Barriers: Netting or row covers can be effective in protecting seedlings from birds and some insect pests.
Monitoring and timely intervention are key to managing pests in safflower. Using a combination of methods often yields the best results, reducing pest populations while promoting a sustainable crop production system.
Pests of tenai_Identification,Binomics_Dr.UPR
"Tenai," also known as foxtail millet, is another important millet crop cultivated in various parts of the world. Like other crops, tenai is also susceptible to a range of pests that can impact its growth and yield. Some common pests of tenai include:
Armyworms: Larvae of certain moth species, these pests feed on the foliage of tenai plants, causing significant damage if left uncontrolled.
Stem borers: Similar to ragi, stem borers can bore into the stems of tenai plants, weakening them and making them susceptible to lodging. Stem borers can lead to reduced yield and quality of tenai grains.
Leafhoppers: These small insects feed on the sap of tenai plants, causing yellowing, wilting, and reduced growth. They can also transmit certain diseases.
Grasshoppers and locusts: These chewing insects can consume the foliage of tenai plants, leading to defoliation and reduced photosynthesis. Severe infestations can result in significant yield losses.
Birds: Birds can damage tenai crops by feeding on grains, especially during the grain-filling stage. Scare devices and netting may be used to protect the crop from bird damage.
Weevils: Weevils are small beetles that can infest stored tenai grains, leading to losses in quality and quantity. Proper storage practices, including drying grains thoroughly and using hermetic storage techniques, can help prevent weevil infestations.
Mites: Various species of mites can infest tenai plants, causing damage to foliage and reducing photosynthetic activity. Severe infestations can lead to yield losses.
To manage pests in tenai cultivation, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are recommended. These may include cultural practices such as crop rotation, intercropping with pest-repellent crops, use of resistant varieties, biological control using natural enemies of pests, and judicious use of chemical pesticides when necessary. Regular monitoring of fields for pest infestations and timely intervention are crucial to minimize crop losses.
Pests of wheat_Identification, Bionomics, Damage symptoms, IPM_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests affecting wheat crops can significantly reduce yield and quality if not managed properly. Here are some common pests that affect wheat:
Aphids: These small insects feed on the sap of wheat plants, causing stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reduced yield. They also transmit viral diseases.
Armyworms: Armyworm larvae can cause severe damage by feeding on leaves, stems, and heads of wheat plants, leading to reduced yield and quality.
Hessian Fly: Hessian fly larvae feed on wheat plants, causing "flattened" or "stunted" appearance of plants, and reducing yield.
Wireworms: Wireworms are the larvae of click beetles and they feed on wheat seeds and roots, causing damage to seedlings and reducing stand establishment.
Cutworms: Cutworm larvae feed on young wheat seedlings, cutting them off at ground level and causing stand loss.
Grain Weevils: These pests infest stored wheat grains, causing damage and reducing grain quality.
Sawfly: The wheat stem sawfly larvae bore into wheat stems, causing lodging and yield loss.
Wheat Midge: Wheat midge larvae feed on developing wheat kernels, causing shriveled, damaged grains and reduced yield.
Thrips: Thrips feed on wheat leaves, causing silvering or streaking of leaves and reducing photosynthetic efficiency.
Spider Mites: Spider mites feed on wheat leaves, sucking sap and causing yellowing and stippling of leaves, which can reduce yield if populations are high.
It's essential for farmers to monitor wheat fields regularly and employ integrated pest management strategies to control these pests effectively. This may involve using cultural practices, resistant varieties, biological controls, and judicious use of pesticides when necessary to minimize pest damage while preserving environmental and human health.
6.2 Pests of Sesame_Identification_Binomics_Dr.UPR
Sesame crops can be susceptible to various pests, which can cause damage to the plants and reduce yield if not properly managed. Some common pests of sesame include:
Aphids: These small, soft-bodied insects feed on the sap of sesame plants, causing stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and deformation of the plant.
Whiteflies: Whiteflies are tiny insects that suck sap from the leaves of sesame plants. Heavy infestations can lead to yellowing, wilting, and distortion of leaves, as well as the transmission of viral diseases.
Thrips: Thrips are small, slender insects that feed on the leaves and flowers of sesame plants. They can cause damage by sucking sap and transmitting diseases, leading to reduced yield and quality.
Leafhoppers: Leafhoppers are small, wedge-shaped insects that feed on the sap of sesame plants. They can cause yellowing, wilting, and curling of leaves, as well as the transmission of plant diseases.
Cutworms: Cutworms are caterpillars that feed on the stems of sesame plants, often cutting them near the soil surface. They can cause significant damage, especially to young plants.
Armyworms: Armyworms are the larvae of certain moth species that feed on the leaves and stems of sesame plants, often in large numbers. They can defoliate plants rapidly if not controlled.
Sesame webworms: These caterpillars spin webs on the leaves and feed within them, causing damage to the foliage of sesame plants.
Sesame flea beetles: These beetles feed on the leaves of sesame plants, causing small holes and skeletonization of the foliage, which can reduce plant vigor and yield.
Proper pest management practices, including the use of insecticides, cultural controls such as crop rotation and maintaining proper plant health, and biological controls such as the use of natural enemies, can help mitigate the damage caused by these pests and protect sesame crops.
Pests of ragi_Identification, Binomics_Dr.UPR
Ragi, also known as finger millet, is susceptible to various pests that can affect its growth and yield. Some common pests of ragi include:
Armyworms: These are the larvae of certain species of moths. They feed on ragi leaves and can cause significant damage to the crop if not controlled.
Shoot fly: The shoot fly lays eggs in the leaf sheath or in the soil near the base of the plant. The larvae feed on the growing points of the plant, leading to dead hearts and reduced yield.
Stem borers: These are the larvae of certain moths that bore into the stems of ragi plants, weakening them and making them susceptible to lodging. Stem borers can cause considerable damage to ragi crops.
Aphids: These small, sap-sucking insects can infest ragi plants, causing stunted growth, yellowing of leaves, and reduced yield. They also excrete honeydew, which can promote the growth of sooty mold.
Grasshoppers and locusts: These chewing insects can consume large quantities of ragi foliage, leading to defoliation and reduced photosynthesis. Severe infestations can significantly reduce yield.
Termites: Termites can attack the roots and stems of ragi plants, leading to wilting, lodging, and reduced nutrient uptake.
Rats and mice: Rodents can feed on ragi grains both in the field and during storage, causing losses to the crop.
To manage pests in ragi cultivation, integrated pest management (IPM) strategies are often employed, which may include cultural practices such as crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, biological control using natural enemies of pests, and judicious use of chemical pesticides when necessary. Regular monitoring of fields for pest infestations and timely intervention are essential to minimize crop losses.
Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation:
Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases.
Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses.
Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease.
Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe.
Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases.
Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses.
Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint.
Management Strategies:
Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations.
Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations.
Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach.
Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.
2. Borers and defoliators of rice_Dr.UPR.pdf
Rice, the staple diet of over half of the
world's population, is grown on over
145 million ha in more than
110 countries, and occupies almost
one-fifth of the total world cropland
under cereals. Classified primarily as
a tropical and subtropical crop, rice is
cultivated as far north as 53° N
latitude on the border between the
USSR and China and as far south as
39° S latitude in Central Argentina,
and from sea level to altitudes of
3,000 m. The crop is established either
by direct sowing (broadcast or
drilled) or by transplanting. Rice
grows under diverse water regimes:
it is an upland crop where there is no
standing water and rains are the sole
source of moisture, or a lowland crop
under conditions in which water,
derived either from rain or irrigation
systems, is impounded in the fields.
Rice is cultivated on terraces, on
slopes, and in valleys or other lowlying sites. Floating rice may be
grown in several meters of standing
water.
Most of the world's rice production is from irrigated and rainfed
lowland ricefields where insect pests
are constraints. The warm and humid
environment in which rice is grown is
conducive to the proliferation of
insects. Heavily fertilized, hightillering MVs and the practice of
multicropping rice throughout the
year favor the buildup of pest populations. The intensity of the insect
problem in such an area can be
illustrated by the experience at IRRI.
In 117 experiments conducted over
15 yr, plots protected from insects
yielded almost twice as much as
unprotected plots.Average
rice yield loss due to various insect
pests was estimated to be 31.5% in
Asia (excluding mainland China) and
21 % in North and Central America in 1967. 1 Estimates for tropical South
and Southeast Asia are considerably
lower. In a 1989 survey of 50 rice entomologists from 11 countries,
average yield losses due to insect
pests were estimated at 18.5%. Yield
increases of this magnitude frequently result from effective insect
control in the different South and
Southeast Asian countries.
The rice plant is subject to attack
by more than 100 species of insects;
20 of them can cause economic
damage. Together they infest all parts
of the plant at all growth stages, and
a few transmit viral diseases. The
major insect pests that cause significant yield losses are leafhoppers and
planthoppers, which cause direct
damage as well as transmit viruses;
stem borers; and a group of defoliator
species.
Corn pest complete
The document describes several common corn pests, including the corn leaf aphid, corn rootworm, armyworm, cutworms, Japanese beetle, and grasshoppers. It provides details on the taxonomy, description, symptoms, and control methods for each pest. The pests can damage corn plants by chewing leaves and stalks, transmitting viruses, or consuming kernels. Farmers use various insecticides as well as cultural practices like crop rotation and early planting to control infestations.
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- 3. Hairy caterpillar, Utethesia pulchella, Erebidae (Arctiidae), Lepidoptera 1 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Nature of damage Larva feeds on leaves and also cause severe damage by feeding on developing pods Symptom of damage Defoliation of the plant Distribution: Europe; Africa; India; Sri Lanka; Philippines; Thailand; Malaysia; New Guinea; Australia
- 4. Eggs are white spheres with a microscopic hexagonal grid on the surface Dorso-lateral side with black stripes and orange patches. Body has long brownish hairs. Pupates in the soil Red and black spots on the white forewings Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
- 5. Hairy caterpillar, Argina astrea (A. cribraria), A. syringa, Hypsidae (Arctiidae), Lepidoptera 2 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Nature of damage Larvae feeds on the leaves Symptom of damage Defoliation It is found in eastern Africa, southern Asia of India, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Indo-Australia, including the Pacific Islands and Australia
- 6. Yellowish eggs laid in clusters on the undersurface of the leaves Hairy caterpillar with black transverse markings and white spots Pupates on the plant or the surface of the soil Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
- 7. Argina astrea / A. cribraria has black spots on yellowish wings Argina syringa has black spots on reddish brown wings Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
- 8. Flea beetle, Longitarsus belgaumensis, Chrysomelidae (F), Alticinae (SF), Coleoptera 3 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Nature of damage Adult makes shot holes on leaves Grub feeds on the roots by mining. A cosmopolitan distribution
- 9. Sunhemp mirid, Ragmus importunitas, Miridae, Hemiptera 4 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Nature of damage Nymphs and adults suck the sap from tender leaves and shoots and cause yellowing of leaves and in severe attack, death of plants Symptom of damage Minute chlorotic spots, later coalescing to cause yellowing of leaves Widely distributed in southern India Greenish bug
- 10. Stem borer, Leguminivora tricentra (Enarmonia tricentra), Tortricidae (Eucosmidae), Lepidoptera 5 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Nature of damage Larvae bores into stem, swelling at place of attack Identification Pale white larva with dark brown head and pinkish red prothorax. Adult – small greyish brown moth Distribution: India, Myanmar, China, Japan, Europe Enarmonia sp.
- 12. Sesbania stem borer, Azygophleps scalaris, Cossidae, Lepidoptera 1 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Nature of damage Stoutly built larva bores into the stem and feeds, the faecal matter getting accumulated at the entrance hole Symptom of damage Drying of sesbania plants Found in Pakistan, India, China, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia
- 13. Robust larva of 7 cm length, light brown with a reddish brown head Pupa has spines anteriorly with the help of which it moves up and down inside the tunnel in the stem Sluggish yellowish brown moth Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
- 14. Stem weevil, Alcidodes bubo, Curculionidae, Coleoptera 2 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Nature of damage Grubs riddle into stem and cause thickenings on stem. The growth and vigour of the plants are impaired to a great extent Symptom of damage Drying of the terminal branches or whole plant Affected stem with numerous bore holes and swelling symptoms. Presence of apodous grub inside the stem
- 15. Eggs - Laid on the stem Apodous whitish grub Reddish brown weevil with white transverse markings on the elytra Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
- 16. Pests of Daincha
- 17. Stink bug, Piezodorus rubrofasciatus, Pentatomidae, Hemiptera 1 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Widely distributed in Asia and Africa Damage Feeding damage caused by nymphs and adults to the leaves and seed pods
- 18. Green semilooper, Pericyma glaucinans, Noctuidae, Lepidoptera 2 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Widely distributed in the arid and semi-arid zones of the Earth Nature of damage Caterpillar feeds on the leaflets remaining along the ribs of leaves Symptom of damage Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage Pale green, semilooper with broad yellow lateral stripes Dark brown with black lines
- 19. Green looper, Semiothisa pervolgata, Geometridae, Lepidoptera 3 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Distribution: It is found in south-west Asia, including India, Sri Lanka and Taiwan Nature of damage Larvae feed on the leaves Symptom of damage Defoliation of plants preceding with leaflets damage White colour with dark lines and spots on the wings
- 20. Brown looper, Hyposidra talaca (Hyposidra succesaria), Geometridae, Lepidoptera 4 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) From India to Indochina, Sundaland, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, the Solomon Islands, Thailand, Taiwan, New Guinea and Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland Reddish in colour with faint lines Reddish brown in colour with spots Larvae feed on the leaves Symptom Defoliation
- 21. Leaf webber, Striglina scitaria, Thyrdidae, Lepidoptera 5 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Taiwan, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Myanmar, the Andamans, Borneo, New Guinea, Fiji and Australia Brown moth with oblique lines on wings Nature of damage In the early stage the larva twists the terminal portion of the leaflet in the form of a small cone and lives inside scraping the green matter. As it grows, it webs together the leaflets and lives inside the tunnel of the web and ultimately pupates inside it Symptom of damage Webbing of terminal leaflets into conical structures
- 22. Pierid/Sulphur butterflies, Eurema hecabe, Pieridae, Lepidoptera 6 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Distribution: Asia, Africa and Australia Yellow coloured butterfly with black margins Greenish caterpillar with white lateral lines Symptom of damage Defoliation of the leaflets
- 23. Mottled emigrant, Catopsilia pyranthe, C. crocale, C. pomona, Pieridae, Lepidoptera 7 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Found in south Asia, southeast Asia, and parts of Australia Symptom of damage Feed on young leaves
- 24. Female - Black margin around each wings and brown specklets Male - black tip present on the fore wing Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)
- 25. Pests of Lucerne/ Alfalfa (Forage crop)
- 26. Spotted alfalfa aphid, Therioaphis maculata, Aphididae, Hemiptera 1 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Spread throughout the alfalfa-growing areas of the United States Nature of damage Nymph and adult suck the sap Yellow coloured aphids with series of spots.
- 27. Lucerne weevil, Hypera variabblis, Curculionidae, Coleoptera 2 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) It can be found in alfalfa fields throughout Europe and North America Nature of damage Grub and adult cause the damage Symptom of damage Leaves with irregular holes. Affected plants remain stunted
- 28. Pests of Subabul
- 29. Jumping lice, Heteropsylla cubana, Psyllidae, Hemiptera 1 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Indigenous to parts of tropical America but was introduced to Asia by the Spanish in the 1600s Nature of damage Nymph and adult cause the damage Symptom of damage Wilting of growing shoots resulting in die back; plants unable to put forth new growth. Honeydew deposition and sooty mould development Pale greenish yellow
- 31. Aphid, Aphis craccivora, Aphididae, Hemiptera 1 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Distribution. Aphis craccivora is believed to be Palearctic in origin but has expanded its range so that now it is near cosmopolitan Nature of damage Nymph and adult cause the damage Symptom of damage Honeydew deposition and sooty mould development
- 32. Weevil, Indozocladius asperulus, Curculionidae, Coleoptera 2 Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology) Widely distributed in peninsular India Symptoms Larva feed and pupate inside the flower buds, making them hollow. In severe attacks, the number of flowers is reduced substantially
- 33. Ash weevil, Myllocerus spp., Curculionidae, Coleoptera Symptom of damage Larva feeds on the secondary roots Adults feeds on leaves, notching symptom Adult M. discolour Myllocerus spp. Distribution: India, and Sri Lanka. 3 Management Collect and destroy adults Apply Neem cake @ 500 kg/ha at the time of last ploughing Dr. U. Pirithiraj, P.hD. (Entomology)