Chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis
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Chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis is a chronic inflammation of the conjunctiva that can result from an improperly treated acute conjunctivitis, continuous irritation from smoky or dusty environments or alcohol abuse, or local causes like misplaced eyelashes or chronic dacryocystitis. Symptoms include burning, grittiness, and photophobia, while signs include congested palpebral conjunctiva and a thin sticky discharge. Treatment involves removing all irritants, using antibiotic eye drops if infection is present, applying astringent drops to relieve congestion, and painting the conjunctival sac with silver nitrate for severe cases.
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This document discusses different types of conjunctivitis including viral, bacterial, and allergic conjunctivitis. It defines conjunctivitis as inflammation of the conjunctiva, which causes the eye to appear red with or without discharge. The document categorizes conjunctivitis as either infectious or non-infectious and discusses the classification, causes, symptoms, signs, and treatment for various types including bacterial (staphylococcal, gonococcal, etc.), viral (adenoviral), and allergic conjunctivitis.
conjunctivitis.pptx
Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of conjunctiva & is also called as "pink eye"
Some forms of conjunctivitis are contagious while other forms caused by trauma are non contagious. Neglected cases can loose their eyesight.
Corneal Ulcer.pdf
This document provides an overview of corneal ulcers, including their definition, classification, predisposing factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations, management, and complications. Corneal ulcers are defined as excavations of the corneal tissue associated with an epithelial defect, usually with infiltration and necrosis. They can be classified based on etiology (infective vs. non-infective), location, or layer of cornea involved. Common predisposing factors include contact lens wear, trauma, dry eye, and malnutrition. Treatment involves controlling infection, relieving symptoms, promoting healing, and preventing/treating complications through various medical and surgical approaches depending on the specific type and severity of the ulcer.
Viral and bacterial conjunctivitis
A brief descriptions, types, mode of action, pathology, C/F, D/D and management of Viral and Bacterial Conjunctivitis.
Fungal keratitis
This document discusses fungal keratitis, including its pathogenesis, classification, predisposing factors, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and recent advances. Some key points:
- Fungal keratitis is a major cause of corneal blindness in tropical areas and has a worse prognosis than bacterial keratitis due to delayed diagnosis and lack of effective antifungal agents.
- It is commonly caused by trauma with plant materials and can lead to corneal perforation. Classification includes yeasts like Candida and filamentous fungi.
- Clinical features include pain, discharge, ulcers with feathery edges, and satellite lesions. Diagnosis involves staining, cultures, and PCR of corneal scrapes.
- Treatment
Conjunctiva & Its disorders
The document describes the anatomy, histology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of the conjunctiva. It discusses various types of conjunctivitis including infective, allergic, irritative, traumatic and those associated with skin and mucosal diseases. Specific types described include acute catarrhal, acute purulent, serous, chronic simple, angular and membranous conjunctivitis.
THE RED EYES PRESENTATION............pdf
The Red Eye Presentation...............................................
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Haemorrhage
1. Hemorrhage is defined as blood escaping from the circulatory system. It can be classified by the type of vessel (arterial, venous, capillary), timing (primary, reactionary, secondary), duration (acute, chronic), and nature (external, internal).
2. Hemorrhagic shock occurs when blood loss exceeds 30-40% of total blood volume, leading to falling blood pressure and tissue hypoperfusion. It is classified into four stages based on symptoms.
3. Homeopathic medicines like Carbo veg, Aconite, Ferrum, Bovista, Crot. H, and Secale cor are used to manage hemorrhage based on
Angular conjunctivitis
1) Angular conjunctivitis is a subacute bilateral conjunctival inflammation caused by the Moraxella bacillus, marked by redness at the lateral corners of the eyes and stringy discharge that adheres to eyelashes.
2) It is usually seen in adults and more common in spring and summer. The infection is carried by fingers and handkerchiefs and is highly contagious.
3) Clinical signs include hyperaemia and excoriation of the conjunctiva at the inner and outer corners of the eyes along with scanty mucopurulent discharge.
Acute purulent conjunctivitis
This document discusses acute purulent conjunctivitis, specifically gonococcal conjunctivitis in adults and ophthalmia neonatorum in newborns. It describes the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, complications and treatment of both conditions. The key signs of gonococcal conjunctivitis are a watery or purulent discharge, swollen eyelids, and detection of gonococcus on smear. Ophthalmia neonatorum is a bilateral purulent conjunctivitis in newborns caused by various bacteria including gonococcus. Prompt treatment is important to prevent complications like corneal ulcers or perforation.
Pseudo membranous conjunctivitis
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Wound
A wound is a break in the skin that can be either simple, involving only the skin, or complex, involving deeper tissues like nerves or blood vessels. Wounds are classified as open, closed, acute, or chronic. Wound healing involves three phases: inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. The inflammatory phase begins with the release of chemicals that increase blood flow and recruit immune cells. During the proliferative phase, new tissue is generated through cell migration and collagen production. In the remodeling phase, the wound contracts and matures over weeks. Factors like infection, poor blood supply, and certain medical conditions can complicate the healing process.
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This document discusses tetanus (lockjaw), caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It can enter the body through wounds or the umbilical cord in neonates. The bacteria produce toxins that cause painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include jaw stiffness, neck rigidity, swallowing difficulties, and spasms triggered by stimuli. Treatment involves wound care, antibiotics, tetanus immunoglobulin, sedation and respiratory support. Homeopathic remedies that may help include Nux Vomica, Ledum, Aconite, Hypericum and Ignatia. Prevention relies on tetanus vaccination of mothers during pregnancy and infants through childhood.
Sinus and fistula
This document discusses sinuses and fistulas. It defines them as abnormal communications, with sinuses lining hollow tracts leading into tissues and fistulas connecting two lumens (internal) or a lumen to the exterior (external). Examples of each are provided. Causes include infection, foreign bodies, obstruction, and malignancy. Congenital origins arise from embryonic remnants while acquired are usually secondary to infection or inadequate drainage. Diagnosis involves inspection of location, number, openings, surrounding area, and discharge characteristics as well as palpation and diagnostic testing. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, rest, excision, drainage, and some homeopathic remedies.
Membranous conjunctivits
This document describes membranous conjunctivitis, a rare disease characterized by conjunctivitis and membrane formation on the conjunctiva. It most commonly affects children ages 2-8 and can be caused by bacteria like Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Symptoms include eyelid swelling, discharge, and pain. A white membrane will be seen on the eyelids. Treatment involves isolating the patient, administering anti-diphtheritic serum and antibiotics like penicillin both topically and systemically. Complications can include corneal ulcers or loss of the entire cornea if severe.
Ludwigs angina
Ludwig's angina is a serious neck infection that begins in the submandibular space and spreads to surrounding areas, potentially compromising the airway. It is usually caused by an odontogenic infection. Clinical features include swelling of the floor of mouth and neck, difficulty opening the mouth, dysphagia, and potential airway obstruction. Diagnosis is based on involvement of multiple deep neck spaces and spread via fascial planes rather than lymph nodes. Treatment requires securing the airway, typically via tracheostomy, and administering IV antibiotics.
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Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a vision disorder where parallel rays of light focus behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hypermetropia including congenital, developmental, and acquired. Accommodation can affect the manifestation of hypermetropia as either total, latent, or manifest hypermetropia. Symptoms include difficulty with close work and blurred vision. Treatment involves prescribing convex spherical lenses through refraction. Several homeopathic remedies may help restore ciliary muscle power or treat eye strain symptoms.
Gas gangrene
This document discusses gas gangrene, a rapidly spreading, potentially fatal infection caused by Clostridium bacteria. It enters the body through wounds or injuries contaminated with soil or feces and releases toxins that cause tissue death. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, brownish fluid draining from wounds with a foul odor, skin discoloration, and palpable gas in muscles. Diagnosis involves examining wound fluid under a microscope. Treatment requires urgent debridement of dead tissue, antibiotics like penicillin, oxygen therapy, and possibly amputation of infected limbs to save the patient's life. Homeopathic remedies like Arsenicum, Crotalus, and Secale may provide additional support.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a vision condition caused by the cornea or lens having an irregular curvature, resulting in blurred vision. It occurs when the eye's optical system causes light rays to focus in lines rather than points on the retina. Astigmatism can be regular, meaning the refractive power changes uniformly between meridians, or irregular. Regular astigmatism is further classified as simple, compound, or mixed depending on where the focal lines fall in relation to the retina. Symptoms include blurry or distorted vision. Astigmatism is diagnosed via eye exams and treated with corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.
Acute catarrhal or acute muco purulent conjunctivitis
1) The document discusses acute catarrhal or acute muco-purulent conjunctivitis, listing causes, symptoms, signs, diagnostic criteria, complications, and treatment options.
2) Common causative organisms include staphylococcus, pneumococcus, and adenovirus. Symptoms include redness, discharge, photophobia, and sticking eyelids.
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A carbuncle is a cluster of boils caused by Staphylococcus aureus infection of the subcutaneous tissue, commonly occurring in diabetic patients or those with poor immunity. It presents as a red, swollen, and painful lump, usually on the neck, back or shoulders. Risk factors include diabetes, poor hygiene, weak immune system, and activities that break the skin. Treatment involves antibiotics, pain relief, improving health, and potentially surgery to drain pus if multiple abscesses form.
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A boil is a painful skin infection caused by bacteria that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland. Boils most commonly occur on the neck, armpits, shoulders, buttocks, and face. They are precipitated by factors like diabetes, poor hygiene, and skin irritation. Treatment involves applying warm compresses, draining pus, administering antibiotics, and using homeopathic remedies like Belladonna or Hepar Sulphur to bring the boil to a head and aid healing. Preventing the spread of infection requires cleaning clothes and wounds as well as maintaining good hygiene.
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Chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis
- 2. DEFINITION:- It is a chronic catarrhal inflammation of the conjunctiva.
- 3. CAUSES:- 1.As a continuation of acute catarrhal conjunctivitis not treated properly. 2.Continuous irritation to the eyes as due to smoky or dusty atmosphere , abuse of alcohol and error of refraction. 3.local causes-as misplaced eye lashes ,chronic dacryocystitis and chronic rhinitis.
- 4. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS:- Symptoms:- Burning sensation in the eyes. Sense of grittiness. Photophobia. Clinical signs:- Congestion of palpebral conjunctiva. Thin sticky discharge.
- 6. TREATMENT:- General:- Removal of all causes of irritation including correction of error of refraction. Local:- a) Culture of conjunctival swab and and if infection is present corresponding antibiotic to be used. b) Stimulating treatment by anstringent drop like zinc sulphate with acid boric,which relieves congestion and promotes lymph flow. c) In more severe cases ,the conjuctival sac haas to be painted with 1% solution of silver nitrate.