Pseudo membranous conjunctivitis
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This document discusses pseudo-membranous conjunctivitis, which is a type of conjunctivitis characterized by the formation of a false membrane on the conjunctiva. Common causative agents include Klebs-Loeffler bacillus and Streptococcus. Symptoms include muco-purulent discharge and a soft, painless yellow or white membrane that can be easily removed without bleeding. Treatment involves washing the conjunctival sac with saline, using mild astringent or antibiotic drops, and applying broad-spectrum antibiotic ointment.
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Flagella, Capsules, Intracellular inclusions of Bacteria
This document discusses various structures and staining methods for bacteria. It covers flagella, pili, capsules, and intracellular inclusions. Flagella are hair-like appendages that allow bacteria to swim and move. Pili are shorter filaments involved in attachment and conjugation. Capsules are polysaccharide layers that protect bacteria and confer antigenic properties. Intracellular inclusions like volutin granules serve as storage and can be visualized with special stains. The document also provides methods for examining motility, staining flagella and capsules, and revealing intracellular inclusions.
Opportunistic Infections. Genera Proteus. Klebsiella & Pseudomonas. Hospital ...
This document discusses opportunistic gram-negative bacterial infections caused by Klebsiella, Proteus, and Pseudomonas. It provides details on the taxonomy, morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical reactions, pathogenicity, and diagnosis of these three genera. Key points include that Klebsiella can cause pneumonia, ozaena (rhinitis), and rhinoscleroma; Proteus may cause cystitis, pyelitis, and food poisoning; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important cause of nosocomial infections and "blue pus", especially in wound, burn, and urinary tract infections. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture, biochemical testing, and serological methods. Treatment involves antibiotics while prophylaxis
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it is a knowledge full study material(ppt) on Microbial Biofilm.
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3. Other lens conditions discussed include pseudoexfoliation, changes to the lenticular capsule like thinning and thickening, and associations between lens abnormalities and systemic disorders like Marfan syndrome.
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Unit-2(Lecture- 5th) Cellular architecture of Prokaryotic Cell.pptx
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Unit-2(Lecture- 5th) Cellular architecture of Prokaryotic Cell.pptx
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1. Hemorrhage is defined as blood escaping from the circulatory system. It can be classified by the type of vessel (arterial, venous, capillary), timing (primary, reactionary, secondary), duration (acute, chronic), and nature (external, internal).
2. Hemorrhagic shock occurs when blood loss exceeds 30-40% of total blood volume, leading to falling blood pressure and tissue hypoperfusion. It is classified into four stages based on symptoms.
3. Homeopathic medicines like Carbo veg, Aconite, Ferrum, Bovista, Crot. H, and Secale cor are used to manage hemorrhage based on
Angular conjunctivitis
1) Angular conjunctivitis is a subacute bilateral conjunctival inflammation caused by the Moraxella bacillus, marked by redness at the lateral corners of the eyes and stringy discharge that adheres to eyelashes.
2) It is usually seen in adults and more common in spring and summer. The infection is carried by fingers and handkerchiefs and is highly contagious.
3) Clinical signs include hyperaemia and excoriation of the conjunctiva at the inner and outer corners of the eyes along with scanty mucopurulent discharge.
Wound
A wound is a break in the skin that can be either simple, involving only the skin, or complex, involving deeper tissues like nerves or blood vessels. Wounds are classified as open, closed, acute, or chronic. Wound healing involves three phases: inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. The inflammatory phase begins with the release of chemicals that increase blood flow and recruit immune cells. During the proliferative phase, new tissue is generated through cell migration and collagen production. In the remodeling phase, the wound contracts and matures over weeks. Factors like infection, poor blood supply, and certain medical conditions can complicate the healing process.
Tetanus
This document discusses tetanus (lockjaw), caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It can enter the body through wounds or the umbilical cord in neonates. The bacteria produce toxins that cause painful muscle spasms. Symptoms include jaw stiffness, neck rigidity, swallowing difficulties, and spasms triggered by stimuli. Treatment involves wound care, antibiotics, tetanus immunoglobulin, sedation and respiratory support. Homeopathic remedies that may help include Nux Vomica, Ledum, Aconite, Hypericum and Ignatia. Prevention relies on tetanus vaccination of mothers during pregnancy and infants through childhood.
Sinus and fistula
This document discusses sinuses and fistulas. It defines them as abnormal communications, with sinuses lining hollow tracts leading into tissues and fistulas connecting two lumens (internal) or a lumen to the exterior (external). Examples of each are provided. Causes include infection, foreign bodies, obstruction, and malignancy. Congenital origins arise from embryonic remnants while acquired are usually secondary to infection or inadequate drainage. Diagnosis involves inspection of location, number, openings, surrounding area, and discharge characteristics as well as palpation and diagnostic testing. Treatment focuses on antibiotics, rest, excision, drainage, and some homeopathic remedies.
Ludwigs angina
Ludwig's angina is a serious neck infection that begins in the submandibular space and spreads to surrounding areas, potentially compromising the airway. It is usually caused by an odontogenic infection. Clinical features include swelling of the floor of mouth and neck, difficulty opening the mouth, dysphagia, and potential airway obstruction. Diagnosis is based on involvement of multiple deep neck spaces and spread via fascial planes rather than lymph nodes. Treatment requires securing the airway, typically via tracheostomy, and administering IV antibiotics.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia, also known as farsightedness or longsightedness, is a vision disorder where parallel rays of light focus behind the retina when the eye is at rest. There are several types of hypermetropia including congenital, developmental, and acquired. Accommodation can affect the manifestation of hypermetropia as either total, latent, or manifest hypermetropia. Symptoms include difficulty with close work and blurred vision. Treatment involves prescribing convex spherical lenses through refraction. Several homeopathic remedies may help restore ciliary muscle power or treat eye strain symptoms.
Gas gangrene
This document discusses gas gangrene, a rapidly spreading, potentially fatal infection caused by Clostridium bacteria. It enters the body through wounds or injuries contaminated with soil or feces and releases toxins that cause tissue death. Symptoms include severe pain, swelling, brownish fluid draining from wounds with a foul odor, skin discoloration, and palpable gas in muscles. Diagnosis involves examining wound fluid under a microscope. Treatment requires urgent debridement of dead tissue, antibiotics like penicillin, oxygen therapy, and possibly amputation of infected limbs to save the patient's life. Homeopathic remedies like Arsenicum, Crotalus, and Secale may provide additional support.
Chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis
Chronic catarrhal conjunctivitis is a chronic inflammation of the conjunctiva that can result from an improperly treated acute conjunctivitis, continuous irritation from smoky or dusty environments or alcohol abuse, or local causes like misplaced eyelashes or chronic dacryocystitis. Symptoms include burning, grittiness, and photophobia, while signs include congested palpebral conjunctiva and a thin sticky discharge. Treatment involves removing all irritants, using antibiotic eye drops if infection is present, applying astringent drops to relieve congestion, and painting the conjunctival sac with silver nitrate for severe cases.
Astigmatism
Astigmatism is a vision condition caused by the cornea or lens having an irregular curvature, resulting in blurred vision. It occurs when the eye's optical system causes light rays to focus in lines rather than points on the retina. Astigmatism can be regular, meaning the refractive power changes uniformly between meridians, or irregular. Regular astigmatism is further classified as simple, compound, or mixed depending on where the focal lines fall in relation to the retina. Symptoms include blurry or distorted vision. Astigmatism is diagnosed via eye exams and treated with corrective lenses, contact lenses, or refractive surgery.
Acute catarrhal or acute muco purulent conjunctivitis
1) The document discusses acute catarrhal or acute muco-purulent conjunctivitis, listing causes, symptoms, signs, diagnostic criteria, complications, and treatment options.
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A boil is a painful skin infection caused by bacteria that starts in a hair follicle or oil gland. Boils most commonly occur on the neck, armpits, shoulders, buttocks, and face. They are precipitated by factors like diabetes, poor hygiene, and skin irritation. Treatment involves applying warm compresses, draining pus, administering antibiotics, and using homeopathic remedies like Belladonna or Hepar Sulphur to bring the boil to a head and aid healing. Preventing the spread of infection requires cleaning clothes and wounds as well as maintaining good hygiene.
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Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Pseudo membranous conjunctivitis
- 2. DEFINITION:- This is also conjunctivitis with the formation of a false membrane.
- 3. ETIOLOGY:- a) Ususally children are affected. b) Devitalised consition following eruptive fevers and poor unhygeinic condition. c) Caussative agents:-1) klebs-loeffler bacillus. 2) streptococcus haemolyticus. 3) staphylococcus aureus. 4) pneumococcus 5) koch-weeks bacillus d) Chemical irritants like ammonia,lime or silver nitrate.
- 4. PATHOLOGY:- THIS MEMBRANE EASILY PILLED OFFWITHOUT LEAVING ANY BLEEDING SURFACE. EXUDATE COAGULATES AND FORM A PSEUDO-MEMBRANE EXUDATE FORMS ONLY ONTHE SURFACE OFTHE CONJUNCTIVA NOT WITHIN ITS SUBSTANCE FIBRINOUS EXUDATE OCCUR OCCUR ON PALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA OR ONTHE CONJUNCTIVA OF FORNIX ORGANISM INVADINGTHE CONJUNCTIVA
- 5. SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL SIGNS:- Starts as muco-purulent conjunctivitis. There is soft ,painless swelling of the lids. Scanty sero-ppurulent discharge. Membrane appear on the third day. Membrane yellowish,white in colour. It can be easily removed without any bleeding.
- 6. Course:- After a period of 10 days to 3 weeks the membrane disappears and the picture of acute catarrhal conjunctivitis persists ehich gradually subsides.
- 7. DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA:- A) Signs of acute catarrhal conjunctivitis. B) Formation of soft membrane on tarsal conjunctiva or on the conjunctiva of fornix which can be removed eeasily without bleeding.
- 8. TREATMENT :- Prophylactic :- Prophylaxix against the good eye :- A) By not touching the eye with one’s own fingure. B) By asking the patient to lie on on affected side,so that the discharge from the affected eye may not come contact in good eye. Prophylaxis agains other family member:- The personal belongings of the patients like towel,handkercheif,etc,should be kept separate.
- 9. Curative:- a) Conjuctival sac should be washed with warm normal saline water 3 times a day. b) Mild astringent drops like lotio argyrol 5 percent or lotio protargol 5 percent. c) Sulphacetamide 20% drops d) Broad spectrum antibiotic ointment (tetracycline or oxytetracycline) e) If marginal ulcer their,atropine sulph 1 %drop f) Steroids are contraindicated.