The document discusses various eye infections and disorders including:
- Hordeolum (styes) which are abscesses of the eyelid caused by Staphylococcus bacteria. Internal hordeolums involve the meibomian glands. Treatment includes warm compresses and occasionally incision.
- Chalazion which are granulomatous inflammations of the meibomian glands, appearing as hard, non-tender swellings on the eyelids. Treatment is usually incision and curettage.
- Blepharitis, a common chronic eyelid inflammation involving the skin, eyelashes and glands of the eyelid margin. It can be anterior or posterior
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Often called "pink eye".
Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common type of pink eye, caused by bacteria that infect the eye through various sources of contamination. The bacteria can be spread through contact with an infected individual, exposure to contaminated surfaces or through other means such as sinus or ear infections.The most common types of bacteria that causes bacterial conjunctivitis includes Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial conjunctivitis usually produces a thick eye discharge or pus and can affect one or both eyes.
Google drive:-https://www.youtube.com/redirect?redir_token=wEiMpfXg4PMkK33P24q0If4rY7F8MTU2MDY1NjM4NUAxNTYwNTY5OTg1&v=RfdIJLOAqtY&q=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1nSTePPFenfflkcC7DafOstjK9xq76c2N%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing&event=video_description
Youtube:-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfdIJLOAqtY
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Often called "pink eye".
Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common type of pink eye, caused by bacteria that infect the eye through various sources of contamination. The bacteria can be spread through contact with an infected individual, exposure to contaminated surfaces or through other means such as sinus or ear infections.The most common types of bacteria that causes bacterial conjunctivitis includes Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial conjunctivitis usually produces a thick eye discharge or pus and can affect one or both eyes.
Google drive:-https://www.youtube.com/redirect?redir_token=wEiMpfXg4PMkK33P24q0If4rY7F8MTU2MDY1NjM4NUAxNTYwNTY5OTg1&v=RfdIJLOAqtY&q=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1nSTePPFenfflkcC7DafOstjK9xq76c2N%2Fview%3Fusp%3Dsharing&event=video_description
Youtube:-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfdIJLOAqtY
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
The corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. in most cases, these infections are preventable or treatable.
This seminar provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, as well as an overview of common conditions.
This slide contains information regarding blepharitis, chalazion and stye. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students.
Viral conjunctivitis shows a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva, which is easily mistaken for the ciliary infection of Iris (Iritis), but there are usually corroborative signs onmicroscopy, particularly numerous lymphoid follicles on the tarsal conjunctiva, and sometimes a punctate keratitis.
Some other viruses that can infect the eye include Herpes simplex virus and Varicella zoster
Simple eye education for EHW, Ophthalmic eye student, school eye education & first - second year optometry students only .
common eye lid inflammatory conditions .
stye or hordeolum ( external / internal hordeolum ), lid abscess , chalazion or mebomian retention cyst, accessory lacrimal glands , lacrimal gland etc...
The corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. in most cases, these infections are preventable or treatable.
This seminar provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, as well as an overview of common conditions.
This slide contains information regarding blepharitis, chalazion and stye. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students.
Viral conjunctivitis shows a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva, which is easily mistaken for the ciliary infection of Iris (Iritis), but there are usually corroborative signs onmicroscopy, particularly numerous lymphoid follicles on the tarsal conjunctiva, and sometimes a punctate keratitis.
Some other viruses that can infect the eye include Herpes simplex virus and Varicella zoster
www.ophthalclass.blogspot.com has the complete class and MCQs on lids and adnexa for undergraduate medical students. Class 1 in the series deals with the basic anatomy of the eyelid and the eyelid margin. A few of the congenital eyelid disorders are mentioned. Special emphasis is given to blepharitis – inflammation of the eyelid margin, its types, clinical features and management. Next, common causes of eyelid swellings including hordeolum or stye and chalazion are discussed. Finally a brief mention is made about disorders of the eyelashes – trichiasis, poliosis, madarosis and distichiasis.
The lecture concern the eyelids and contain the following subjects and medical terms:
* Anatomy
* Congenital ptosis
* blepharophimosis
* *Epicanthus
* Ptosis syndrome
* amblyopia (Lazy eye)
* Strabismus and its types(Hypertropia, Hypotropia, Esotropia, Exotropia )
* The Fasanella-Servat procedure(video) for correcting upper ptosis
* levator resection(video) another procedure for correting ptosis
* Acquired ptosis and its ptosis
Opthalmology, the red eyes & more on the red eyesSalimKun
Opthalmology, the red eyes & more on the red eyes
Objective
To Know about reason of the red eyes.
Avoid or prevent of the red eyes.
To know method to treat of the red eyes.
This slide contains information regarding conjunctivitis, pterygium and pinguecula. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students. Your feedback is highly appreciated.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
3. HORDEOLUM
Common staphylococcal abscess
Characterized by localized red,
swollen, acutely tender area on the
upper and lower lid
INTERNAL HORDEOLUM:
Meibomian gland abscess
Usually points onto the conjunctival
surface of the lid
May lead to generalized cellulitis of the
lid
1/7/20173
4. EXTERNAL
HORDEOLUM(STYE):
Usually smaller
is an inflammation of the ciliary
follicles or
accessory glands of the anterior lid
margin.
TREATMENT:
Warm compresses
Incision( if resolution does not
begin within 48 hours)
Antibiotic ointment( bacitracin or
erythromycin)-apply to eyelid –
every 3 hrs {during acute stage}
1/7/20174
5. CHALAZION
Common granulomatous inflammation
of a meibomian gland.
Characterized by a hard, non tender
swelling on the upper or lower lid with
redness and swelling of adjacent
conjunctiva.
Vision will be distorted ,if the chalazion
is large enough to impress the cornea.
TREATMENT:
o usually by incision and curettage
o Corticosteroid inj. is also effective.
1/7/20175
6. BLEPHARITIS
Common chronic bilateral inflammatory condition of the lid margin.
ANTERIOR BLEPHARITIS:
Involves eyelid skin,
eyelashes, and associated
glands.
It may be ulcerative or
seborrehic.
ulcerative[becos of
staphylococci infection]
Seborrehic[in association
with seborrhea of the
scalp.brows,and ears.]
POSTERIOR
BLEPHARITIS:
Result from the
inflammation of the
meibomian glands.
There may be bacterial
infection,[particularly by
staphylococci]
OR
Primary glandular
dysfunction[in which there is
a strong association with
acne rosacea
1/7/20176
7. Common cause of recurrent conjunctivits.
Both anterior and posterior blepharitis may be
complicated by hordeola and chalazions
Symptoms: irritation, burning and itching
1/7/20177
8. Clinical findings
A.BLEPHARITIS:
Red rimmed eyes
Scales or granulation
clinging to the eye
lashes
P.BLEPHARITIS:
Lid margin are hypermic
with telangiectasias
Inflamed meibomian
glands and orifices
Dilation of the glands
Plugging of the orifice
Lid margin is rolled
inward to produce a mild
entropion
Frothy or abnormally
greasy tears.
1/7/20178
9. TREATMENT
A.BLEPHARITIS
Controlled by
cleanliness of the lid
margin, eyebrows, and
scalp
Removal of scales from
the lid{HOT WASH
CLOTH,DAMP
APPLICATOR & BABY
SHAMPOO}
In acute exacerbations
{appln of bacitracin or
erythromycin daily to
the lid margin}
P.BLEPHARITIS
Regular meibomian
gland expression to
control symptoms.
For inflammation of the
conjunctiva and cornea
,active treatment is
included,-
1. long term low dose oral
antibiotic therapy.
2. Short term topical
corticosteroids.
1/7/20179
10. Long term low dose oral antibiotic therapy:
tertracycline 250 mg bd
doxycycline 100 mg daily
minocycline 50-100 mg daily
erythromycin 250 mg tid
Short term topical corticosteriods:
Prednisolone 0.125% bd
Topical therapy with antibiotic such as ciprofloxacin
0.3% ophthalmic solution bd (restricted to short
courses)
1/7/201710
11. ENTROPION
Inward turning of lower
eyelid
Occur occasionally in
older people
As a result of
degeneration of lid fascia
or may follow extensive
scarring of the conjunctiva
and tarsus.
Botulinum toxin injection:
for temporary correction of
this condition.
ECTROPION
Outward turning of the
lid.
Common with advanced
age
Surgery is indicated if
there is excessive
tearing, exposure
keratitis, or a cosmetic
problem
1/7/201711
12. DACRYOCYSTITIS
Infection of the lacrimal sac
Due to congential or acquired obstruction of
the nasolacrimal system.
May be acute or chronic
Occur most often in infants and person aged
over 40 years.
Usually unilateral
1/7/201712
13. ACUTE
ORGANISMS:
Staphylococcus aureus
& beta –hemolytic
streptococci
CHARACTERIZED BY
Pain, swelling, tenderness,
and redness in the tear
sac area, purulent
material may be
expressed.
CHRONIC
ORGANISMS:
S.epidermidis, Anaerobic
streptococci, Candida
albicans
CHARACTERIZED BY
Principal signs: tearing and
discharge, mucous or pus
may also be expressed.
1/7/201713
14. TREATMENT
Systemic antibiotic therapy
Surgical relief of the underlying obstruction is
usually done.
(in adults, standard procedure for obstruction of
the lacrimal drainage system is
dacryocystorhinostomy)
1/7/201714
16. CONJUCTIVITIS
Is the most common eye disease.
May be acute or chronic.
Most cases are due to viral or bacterial infections.
Other causes-
1.keratoconjuctivitis sicca.
2.Allergy.
3.Chemical irritants.
4.Deliberate self harm.
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: direct contact via
fingers, towels, handkerchiefs,..etc.to the fellow eye or
other person, also may be through contaminated eye
drops.
1/7/201716
17. VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITS
• adenovirus
MOST COMMON CAUSE
• Copious watery discharge ,marked foreign body
sensation, follicular conjunctivitis
SYMPTOMS
• Eye clinics and contaminated swimming pools
are sometimes the source of infection
INFECTION SPREADS EASILY
1/7/201717
19. BACTERIAL CONJUCTIVITIS
ORGANISM ISOLATED: 1.Staphylococci,
2.streptococci(particularly S.pneumoniae).
3.Hemophilus species
4.Pseudomonas
5.Moraxella
The disease is usually self limited.
Lasting for about 10 days ,if untreated.
Symptoms:
Copious purulent discharge
Mild discomfort in vision
Stained conjunctival scrapings.
1/7/201719
21. A. GONOCOCCAL CONJ’TIS
Acquired through contact with infected genital
secretions
Typically causes copious purulent discharge
Is an ophthalmic emergency.(because corneal
involvement may rapidly lead to perforation.)
DIAGNOSIS: confirmed by stained smear
and culture of the discharge.
1/7/201721
22. TREATMENT:
A single 1 gm dose of IM ceftriaxone is adequate
Topical antibiotics{ erythromycin, bacitracin } may be
added.
Other sexually transmitted diseases, including
chlamydiosis, syphilis and HIV infection should be
considered.
1/7/201722
23. B.CHLAMYDIAL
KERATOCONJ’VITIS
1.TRACHOMA:
Most common infectious cause of blindness world
wide.
Recurrent episodes of infection in childhood manifest
as bilateral follicular conjunctivitis, epithelial keratitis,
and corneal vascularization {pannus}.
Cicatrization of the tarsal conjunctiva leads to
entropion and trichiasis in adulthood, with secondary
central corneal scarring.
1/7/201723
24. Diagnosis:
Immunological test or polymerase chain reaction on
conjunctival samples will confirm this.
Treatment:
Started based on the clinical findings
Single dose therapy with oral azithromycin 20 mg/kg is
preferred
Improvement in hygiene and living conditions
Surgical treatment: correction of eyelid deformities and
corneal transplantation.
1/7/201724
25. 2. INCLUSION CONJUNCT’TIS:
The agent of inclusion conjunctivtis is a
common cause of genital tract disease in
adults.
Eye is usually involved following contact with
genital secretions
Symptoms:
acute redness, discharge, and irritation.
Follicular conjunctivitis.
Mild keratitis
A non tender lymph node can often be
palpitated.
1/7/201725
26. Diagnosis:
By immunological tests
By polymerase chain reaction on conjunctival
samples.
TREATMENT:
Single dose of azithromycin 1 g orally.
1/7/201726
27. 3.DRY EYES
Otherwise called keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Seen particularly in older women.
Clinical findings:
Dryness , redness, or foreign body sensation.
Persistent marked discomfort, with photophobia.
Difficulty in moving eyelids.
Excessive mucus secretion.
Marked conjunctival infection.
Patients often describe a “gritty” or “sandy” feeling in
their eyes, which is often worse in the evening.
o Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is one of the manifestations
of Sjögren syndrome
1/7/201727
28. Treatment:
Artificial tears.(NaCl-0.9%,0.45%) can be
used every ½ an hour. Most cases needs 3
or 4 times a day.
Cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05%
(Restasis) is an immunosuppressive drug that
suppresses the ocular inflammation
1/7/201728
29. ALLERGIC CONJUCTIVITIS
ACUTE, INTERMITTANT OR
CHRONIC CAUSED BY
AIRBORNE ALLERGENS
AVOIDENCE OF KNOWN
ALLERGENS.
Bilateral intense occular itching
Eyelid edema
Conjunctival hyperemia
Photophobia
Watery discharge
Severe case
Conjunctival scarring
Corneal neovascularization
Corneal scarring with variable
loss of visual activity.
Topical otc antihistamines
vasoconstrictors.
NSAID or mast cell
stabilizer in comb.
Topical corticosteroids, but
may exacerbate occular
herpes simplex virus
infections, leading to
corneal ulcer, glaucoma,
cataract etc.
30. TYPES OF CONJUNCTIVITS
BACTERIAL VIRAL ALLERGIC
EYES INFECTED both both both
DISCHARGE purulent watery watery
PAIN Gritty feeling Gritty feeling itching
DISTRIBUTION OF
REDNESS
Generalized and diffuse generalized Generalized but greatest
in fornices
ASSOCIATED
SYMPTOMS
None commonly Cough and cold symptoms Rhinitis(might have a
family h/o atopy
1/7/201730
32. Most common due to infection by bacteria ,fungus,
virus, or amoebas
Non infectious causes include:
1. Neurotrophic keratitis
2. Exposure keratitis.
3. Severe dry eyes.
4. Severe allergic disease.
5. Various inflammatory disorder.
Patient complains of pain, photophobia, tearing,
reduced vision. The eye is red, with predominantly
circum corneal injection,and there may be purulent or
watery discharge.
Corneal appearance varies according to organism invol
ved.
1/7/201732
33. BACTERIAL KERATITIS
PURSUES AN AGGRESSIVE COURSE.
PRECIPITATING FACTORS:
Contact lens wear(overnight wear)
Corneal trauma(refractive surgery)
Pathogen most commonly isolated include:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pnemococcus, Moraxella
species and Staphylococci
Cornea is hazy with a central ulcer and adjacent
stromal abscess.
Hypopyon is often present.
1/7/201733
34. Treatment:
First line agents include:
Levofloxacin 0.5%, ofloxacin 0.3%, norfloxacin 0.3% or
ciprofloxacin 0.3%
Fourth generation fluoroquinolones is also preferred.
Cefazolin 10% (gram positive cocci)
Tobramycin 1.5% (gram negative cocci)
Adjunctive topical corticosteriod therapy.
1/7/201734
35. HERPES SIMPLEX
KERATITIS
Important cause of ocular morbidity.
Dendritic (branching ulcer) is the characteristic
manifestation.
Precipitated by fever, excessive exposure to sunlight,
or immunodeficiency
Rapid healing is achieved by addition of TOPICAL
ANTIVIRALS, include
Trifluridine drops
Ganciclovir gel
Acyclovir ointment OR
o ORAL ANTIVIRALS like acyclovir 200-400 mg 5 times
a day
1/7/201735
36. HERPES ZOSTER
OPHTHALMICUS
It involves the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve.
Presents with malaise, fever, headache and periorbital
burning and itching.
HIV infection is the important risk factor and increases
the likelihood of complications.
The rash is initially vesicular, quickly becoming
pustular and then crusting.
Long term complications include recurrent anterior
segment inflammation,neurotropic keratitis, and
posterior sub capsular cataract.
1/7/201736
37. Treatment:
Oral acyclovir-800mg 5 times a day
Valacyclovir-1 gm tid
Famciclovir -250-500 mg tid
This should be started within 72 hrs after the
appearance of rash.
o Topical corticosteriods and cyclopegics
(anterior uveitis)
1/7/201737
38. FUNGAL KERATITIS
This tend to occur after corneal injury involving
Plant material
An agricultural setting
In eyes with chronic ocular disease
By use of contact lenses
Intraocular infection is common.
Have multiple stromal abscesses in cornea.
Diagnosis is often delayed and treatment is difficult.
1/7/201738
39. Treatment
Topical agents:
Natamycin 5%
Amphotericin 0.1-0.5%
Voriconazole 1%
Systemic imidazoles are also used
Corneal grafting is often required.
1/7/201739
40. ACANTHAMOEBA KERATITIS
Important cause of keratitis in contact lens wearers.
Characteristic change in corneal stroma occurs-ie
severe pain with perineural and ring infiltrates.
Diagnosis: by confocal microscopy
Effective primary treatment: is with topical biguanides
Topical corticosteroids are also beneficial
Corneal grafting may be required to restore vision.
Systemic anti-inflammatory therapy-if scleral
involvement is there
1/7/201740
42. Single antibacterial agents
Drug Dosage Form Strength
Frequency of
Dosing
Bacitracin Ointment 500 U/g BID–QID
Chloramphenic
ol
Ointment BID–QID 0.5%, 1.0%
Ciprofloxacin Solution 0.3% 1 or 2 drops
q1–6h
Erythromycin Ointment 0.5% BID–QID
1/7/201742
43. Gentamicin Ointment 0.3% BID–QID
Ciprofloxacin Ointment 0.3% Half-inch
ribbon BID or
TID
Gatifloxacin Solution 0.3% 1 drop q1–6h
Levofloxacin Solution 0.3% 1 drop q1–6h
Moxifloxacin Solution 0.3% 1 drop q1–6h
1/7/201743
44. Norfloxacin Solution 0.3% 1 drop q1–6h
Ofloxacin Solution 0.3% 1 drop q1–6h
Sulfacetamide Ointment 10% BID–QID
Solution 10%, 15%, 30% 1 drop q1–6h
Tobramycin Ointment 0.3% BID–QID
Solution 0.3% 1 drop q1–6h
1/7/201744
45. Combination antibacterials
Drug Dosage Form Frequency of Dosing
Neomycin/bacitracin/
polymyxin B
(Neosporin)
Ointment
Solution
BID–QID
1 drop q1–6h
Polymyxin
B/bacitracin
(Polysporin)
Ointment BID–QID
Polymyxin
B/trimethoprim
(Polytrim)
Solution 1 drop q3h up to 6
drops/day
1/7/201745
46. Anti viral and antifungal agents
Drug Dosage Form Strength
Frequency of
Dosing
Antiviral
Idoxuridine Solution 0.1% 1 drop q1h
Trifluridine Solution 1% 1 drop 9
times/day
Vidarabine Ointment 3% 0.5-inch ribbon
5 times/day
Antifungal
Natamycin Solution 5% 1 drop q1–6h
1/7/201746
47. corticosteriods
Drug Dosage Form Strength
Frequency of
Dosing
Dexamethason
e
Ointment 0.05% BID–QID
Solution 0.1% 1 drop q1–6h
Fluorometholo
ne
Solution 0.1%, 0.25% 1 drop q1–6h
Prednisolone
acetate
Suspension 0.12%, 1% 1 drop q1–6h
Prednisolone
sodium
Suspension 0.9%, 0.11% 1 drop q1–6h
Rimexolone Suspension 1% 1 drop q1–6h
1/7/201747
48. Side effects of steroids
Steroid induced glaucoma
Posterior sub capsular cataracts
Exacerbation of infections
Intraocular pressure spike rarely occurs before 2
weeks of chronic use of medications.so need
periodic pressure checks.(dexamethasone, most
potent)
Discontinuation, if it has been used for less than 1
year usually return to a baseline pressures.
1/7/201748
49. DRUG ADMINISTRATION
EYE DROPS
generally instilled into the pocket formed by
gently pulling down the lower eyelid .
Keep the eye closed for as long as possible
One drop is all that is needed
If two eye drops are used, leave an interval of
at least 5 min between two.
1/7/201749
50. Pressure on lacrimal punctum for at least a
minute after applying eye drops reduces
nasolacrimal drainage and therefore
decreases systemic absorption from nasal
mucosa.
Nasal drainage is associated more with eye
drop than ointment.
1/7/201750
51. EYE OINTMENT.
Small amount is applied similarly as eye drops.
Ointment melts rapidly
Blinking helps to spread it.
EYE LOTIONS
Solutions for irrigation of conjunctival sac.
Act mechanically to flush out irritants and foreign bodies.
Used as first aid treatment.
Sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution is used.
Clean water will suffice in emergency.
1/7/201751
52. CONTROL OF MICROBIAL
CONTAMINATION
Eye drops in multiple application containers
should not be used for more than 4 weeks after
first opening.(unless otherwise stated)
Eye drops use in hospital wards are normally
discarded 1 week after first opening.
If there is special concern about contamination,
use separate bottle for each eye.
1/7/201752
53. Single application packs should preferably be used
in case of
Out patient departments
In accident and emergency departments
In eye surgery
If multiple application pack is used, it should be
discarded after single use.
For all surgical procedures, previously unopened
container is used for each patient.
1/7/201753
54. Key points to avoid infection
Good hygiene of hands and face is important
Physician must wash hands thoroughly.
Disinfect equipment after examining the patient.
Patient should wash hands thoroughly after
touching his eyes or nasal secretions .
Avoid touching the non infected eye after
touching the infected eye.
1/7/201754
55. Key points to avoid infection
Avoid sharing towels or pillows.
Avoid swim in pools.
Eyes should be kept free of discharge
Should not be patched.
Never share eye make up or eye drops with
another person
Small children should be kept home from school
to avoid spread.
Dispose of any antibiotic eye drops after the
treatment is over.
1/7/201755