This document discusses the classification and types of acute conjunctivitis. It is classified based on onset (acute, sub-acute, chronic), type of exudate (serous, catarrhal, mucopurulent, purulent, pseudo-membranous), and etiology (infectious, non-infectious). The types discussed include bacterial (purulent, gonococcal, membranous, angular), viral, chlamydial, and ophthalmia neonatorum. For each type, the etiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment are described. Risk factors like dry eye, nutritional deficiencies, and immune deficiencies that can lead to acute conjunctivitis are also summarized
Ophthalmia Neonatorum or Neonatal ConjunctivitisAakanksha Bajpai
This presentation describe the condition of eye which is very common among neonates i.e. ophthalmia neonatorum which is otherwise also known as neonatal conjunctivitis. the major causes,diagnostic tests and manqgement is described here. Also ways to prevent it are explained.
Ophthalmology
-Neonatal conjunctivitis is the bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva in an infant less than 30 days old.It is a preventable disease occurring as a result of carelessness at the time of birth .
📌Contents:
- Definition
- Etiology
- Clinical features
- Prophylaxis
- Investigations
- Treatment
Ophthalmia Neonatorum or Neonatal ConjunctivitisAakanksha Bajpai
This presentation describe the condition of eye which is very common among neonates i.e. ophthalmia neonatorum which is otherwise also known as neonatal conjunctivitis. the major causes,diagnostic tests and manqgement is described here. Also ways to prevent it are explained.
Ophthalmology
-Neonatal conjunctivitis is the bilateral inflammation of the conjunctiva in an infant less than 30 days old.It is a preventable disease occurring as a result of carelessness at the time of birth .
📌Contents:
- Definition
- Etiology
- Clinical features
- Prophylaxis
- Investigations
- Treatment
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Often called "pink eye".
Presentation made from the Kanski,Wills eye manual,Harper,And Oxford handbook of ophthalmology.You dont need to read these books for VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS after reading this this presentation.
conjuctivitis is defined as Inflammation or infection of the outer membrane of the eyeball and the inner eyelid.
It is also known by the name Pink eye.
Conjunctivitis can be considered as allergic, viral or bacterial
viral conjunctivitis is the most common among all and is highly contagious one so the presentation describes the basic overview on viral conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva. The conjunctiva is the thin transparent layer of tissue that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Often called "pink eye".
Presentation made from the Kanski,Wills eye manual,Harper,And Oxford handbook of ophthalmology.You dont need to read these books for VIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS after reading this this presentation.
conjuctivitis is defined as Inflammation or infection of the outer membrane of the eyeball and the inner eyelid.
It is also known by the name Pink eye.
Conjunctivitis can be considered as allergic, viral or bacterial
viral conjunctivitis is the most common among all and is highly contagious one so the presentation describes the basic overview on viral conjunctivitis
fungal / mycotic corneal ulcer power point presentation for O.A 2nd year stud...Vinitkumar MJ
Belong suborder Acanthopodina and the genus Acanthamoeba
• Family of free-living cyst-forming protozoans that are ubiquitous in air, soil, dust and water.
• 11 species of which A. Castellanii and A. polyphaga are the most common in keratitis
• Life cycle consist of motile trophozoite and cyst dormant stage
The corneal diseases are one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. in most cases, these infections are preventable or treatable.
This seminar provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, as well as an overview of common conditions.
FOR OPTOMETRY STUDENTS, ACUTE RED EYE AND SYMPTOMS AFTER WEARING A LONG TERM CONTACT LENS WITHOUT PROPER PROCEDURE
Contact lens-induced acute red eye (CLARE) occurs in the presence of corneal hypoxia combined with noninvasive gram-negative bacteria that elicit an inflammatory reaction secondary to bacterial endotoxin. No actual corneal infection exists in this case
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
2. CLASSIFICATION
Based on onset
Acute.
Sub-acute.
Chronic.
Based on type of Exudates
Serous (Viral, allergic, toxic).
Catarrhal (allergic – Ropy or thread like thick mucoid
discharge).
Mucopurulent.
Purulent.
Pseudo-Membranous / Membranous.
2
1
2
3. CLASSIFICATION
(Continued)
Based on Conjunctival Reaction
Follicular.
Papillary.
Granulomatous.
Based on Etiology
Infectious (Bacterial, Viral, Chlamydial, Fungal and
parasitic).
Non-infectious (Allergic, Irritants).
3
3
4
4. RISK FACTORS
Disruption of host defense mechanism caused by:
Dry Eye.
Exposure due to lid retraction, exophthalmos, lagophthalmos
and inadequate blinking.
Nutritional deficiencies / Avitaminosis A.
Local or Systemic Immune Deficiency:
After topical and systemic immunosuppressive therapy
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction and infection.
Radiation damage .
Trauma.
Surgery.
Prior Conjunctival inflammation or infection.
Systemic Infection.
Exogenous inoculation
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1
2
3
4
5. TYPES OF ACUTE CONJUNCTIVITIS
Bacterial Conjunctivitis:
a. Acute Purulent & Muco Purulent
b. Gonococcal
c. Membraneous & Pseudo Membraneous
d. Angular
Viral – Follicular Conjunctivitis.
Chlamydial – Adult & Neonatal Inclusion Conjunctivitis.
Ophthalmia Neonatorum Conjunctivitis.
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1
2
3
4
6. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Acute Purulent & Muco Purulent
Etiology
Contagious
Transmitted by discharge
Staph.aureus – most common
H.aegyptius, N.gonorrhoea.
Clinical Features
Hyperaemia
Mucous discharge
Stickiness of the lids
Flakes of mucus & Pus in Fornices and lid margins
Haloes
Certain clinical features indicates likelihood of certain specific
infections.
6
8. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Acute Purulent & Muco Purulent - Continued
Treatment
Topical fluro quinolone – ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin,
Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin.
Bacitracin or ciprofloxacin Ointment
Oral antibiotics for patients with pharyngitis and
haemophilus infection in children.
8
9. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Gonococcal
Etiology
Caused by Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (a bun- shaped
Gram-negative intracellular diplococcus).
It is sexually transmitted disease
Clinical Features
Pre-auricular lymphadenopathy, tenderness and
suppuration.
No immunity is conferred by an attack.
Associated systemic signs – Urethritis, rise of
temperature and depression.
9
10. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Gonococcal - Continued
Complications
• Corneal involvement – Gonococcus is capable of
invading the normal cornea through intact cornea.
Location of Corneal Ulcer – Central, Marginal Ulcer , all
round. Progressing rapidly depth-wise leading to
perforation and complications associated with it.
Other complications of Gonorrhoeal Conjunctivitis–
Iritis , Iridocyclitis .
Non Ocular complications – Arthritis, Endocarditis and
Septicaemia.
10
11. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Gonococcal - Continued
Treatment
Of Gonococcal Conjunctivitis is started on confirmation
ofintracellular Gram-negative diplococci in conjunctival
scrapings in clinically suspected cases.
Aim of therapy is to prevent or limit the corneal
involvement and to eliminate systemic source.
11
12. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Gonoccol - Continued
Treatment – Continued
Systemic Treatment
Ceftriaxone - 1 gm IM , single dose.
Tetracycline In cases where co-existing Chlamydial
Trachomatis infection is suspected and cases with history of
allergy to Penicillin / Cephalosporins
Topical Treatment
Cleanliness
Ciprofloxacin / Ofloxacin/ Gentamicin/ Tobramycin Eye
Drops 2 hrly.
Bacitracin Eye Ointment 6 hrly.
Cycloplegic (Atropine) – in cases of Corneal involvement .
12
13. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Membranous & Pseudo Membranous
Etiology
Caused by C.diphtheriae, Beta haemolytic strettocci,
H.aegyptius, Staph.aureus & E.coli
Occurs in children in assosiation with neasels , searlet
fever, influenza & whooting cough.
Clinical Features
Swelling of lids
Eucopurulant discharge
White Membrane on everting lid
Great danger of corneal ulcerations – 6 to 10 days.
Increase risk of symbletharon.
13
14. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Membranous & Pseudo Membranous - Continued
Treatment
Systemic Treatment
4,000 to 10,000 units of anti diphtheretic serum.
Penicillin
Topical Treatment
Topical 10,000 units / ml drops made from injectable
preparations.
14
15. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Angular
Etiology
Caused by Staphylococci and more typically by
Moraxella Lacunata.
Incubation period is usually 4 days .
Symptoms - Redness, discomfort, frequent blinking,
sharp pricking pain and mucopurulent discharge.
Clinical Features
Congestion limited to intermarginal strip at inner and
outer canthi and neighbouring bulbar conjunctiva.
Excoriation of skin at inner and outer palpabral angles .
15
16. BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Angular - Continued
Complications
Chronic conjunctivitis, Blepheritis, corneal ulcer
(marginal or central associated with hypopyon) .
Attack does not confer immunity, and relapses may
occur. Swelling of lids.
Treatment
Topical Treatment
Tetracycline eye ointment .
Eye drops containing Zinc also beneficial, acts by
inhibiting proteolytic ferment.
16
19. OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
Etiology
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae, Streptococcus Pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus etc.
Chlamydial Trachomatis, Chalmydial Oculogenitalis
Chemical Conjunctivitis due to Silver Nitrate 1or 2%
(used as Crede’s method)
Clinical Features
Purulent bilateral conjuntival discharge
Hyper acute blenorrhoea
Swelling of lids
Mucopurulent discharge
19
20. OPHTHALMIA NEONATORUM
(Continued)
Complications
Corneal Ulcer : Oval ulcer, just below the centre of
cornea, rarely oval marginal ulcer, progressive ulcer
resulting in – perforation of corneal ulcer, prolapse of
uveal tissue, purulent uveitis, prolapse of lens, prolapse
of vitreous.
Scarring of cornea, adherent leucoma, anterior
staphyloma, anterior capsular cataract, anophthalmitis.
Non development of fixation due to corneal opacity
during first 3 weeks.
Nystagmus due to non-development of macular fixation
20