The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
The genus Shigella exclusively infects human intestine.
Shigella dysenteriae is the causative agent of bacillary dysentery or shigellosis in humans.
It is a diarrheal illness which is characterized by frequent passage of blood stained mucopurulent stools.
The four important species of the genus Shigella are:
Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella flexneri
Shigella sonnei
Shigella boydii.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Cryptococcosis also called as Torulosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus neoformans. It leads to compications such as fatal meningoencephalitis. It is an opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients. The PPT discuss on the morphology of the fungus, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
Microbiology of Cytomegalovirus (Herpes).pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Cytomegalovirus. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary).
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
A presentation on neoplastic disease of poultry prepared by veterinary student currently studying at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Nepal.
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
Principle of diagnostic methods collection storage and transport of specimensPrasad Gunjal
Specimen collection, storage, and transport methods are described in detail as helpful for the students of medicine, laboratory medicine, and microbiology. The presentation is specifically focusing only on microbiology points of view while collecting specimens for laboratory investigations and diagnostic purposes.
Clostridium are anerobic gram positive rod shaped spore forming organisms responsible to cause various life threatening diseases in humans like Gas gangrene, Tetanus, Botulism, etc
Waht is biomedical waste?
Where it is generated?
How it should be collected?
How it should be segregated?
How it should be treated?
what are the hazardous of mixing of this waste with community waste?
Download this and get the information.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
Chlamydiae and Mycoplasma
1. ChlamydiaeChlamydiae
Mr. Gunjal Prasad NiranjanMr. Gunjal Prasad Niranjan
M.Sc. Medical MicrobiologyM.Sc. Medical Microbiology
PG Dip. CRAPG Dip. CRA
Assistant Prof. Dept. MicrobiologyAssistant Prof. Dept. Microbiology
PDVVPF’s Medical College, AhmednagarPDVVPF’s Medical College, Ahmednagar
2. IntroductionIntroduction
• Obligate intracellular parasites.
• Small, Non - motile, Gram negative.
• Have tropism for squamous epithelial cells & macrophages of
respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
• CausesCauses
• 1. Trachoma,1. Trachoma,
• 2. Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LGV),2. Lymphogranuloma Venerum (LGV),
• 3. Psittacosis.3. Psittacosis.
• Can cause diverse diseases in birds and mammals.
• The name ChlamydiaChlamydia – Derived from characteristic appearance
of inclusion bodyinclusion body by these agents.
• The inclusion bodies enclose the nuclei of infected cells as a
cloak or mantle( Chlamys meaning =mantle = symbol of( Chlamys meaning =mantle = symbol of
authority).authority).
3. Difference betweenDifference between ChlamydiaChlamydia and Virusesand Viruses
• Are intercellular parasites, so previously thought to be viruses.
• Also they are filterable through filters retaining bacteria.
• Also due to failure to grow on cell free media.
• Lack the ability to produce own ATP, use host cell ATP. Hence
called Energy parasites.Energy parasites.
• Differ from viruses on following properties -Differ from viruses on following properties -
• They have both DNA and RNA as bacteria.
• Rigid cell walls and ribosomes as bacteria.
• Multiply by binary fission.
• Susceptible to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents.
• They do not have an eclipse phase following cellular infection like
viruses.
4. CHLAMYDIACHLAMYDIA
• Order –Order – ChlamydialesChlamydiales
• Family – Chlamydiaceae (only one family)Family – Chlamydiaceae (only one family)
• 4 species4 species in the GenusGenus ChlamydiaChlamydia –
C. trachomatis,C. trachomatis,
C. pneumoniae, affects humansC. pneumoniae, affects humans
C. psittaciC. psittaci andand
C. pecorum affects ruminantsC. pecorum affects ruminants
• All are non-motile, Gram Negative; share antigens, haveAll are non-motile, Gram Negative; share antigens, have
both DNA and RNA, divide by binary fission.both DNA and RNA, divide by binary fission.
5. MorphologyMorphology
• Morphologically Chlamydia exist in two forms asMorphologically Chlamydia exist in two forms as
belowbelow
• Elementary Body / EB: -Elementary Body / EB: -
• Spherical particle measuring 200- 300 nm in size.
• It is an Extracellular infective form.
• Reticulate (Initial) Body/ RB:-Reticulate (Initial) Body/ RB:-
• Non-infectious.
• Intracellular, growing and replicating form.
6. • Elementary Body (EB) the infectious form enters the host cell by
phagocytosis.
• Enlarges its shape and size to develop into Reticulate Body (RB), 500-
1000 nm in size. RB divides repeatedly by binary fusion to form
large number of EB.
• The developing chlamydial microcolony within host cells known as
Inclusion body each mature inclusion body contains about 100 -500
EB.
• These newly formed EB’s, on release may infect the new cells and
the cycle continues.
• Duration of this developmental cycle is about 24- 28 hrs.
MorphologyMorphology
7.
8. C. trachomatisC. trachomatis
• 20 serotypes, classified on the basis of neutralization and
Immunofluorescence tests.
• A, B, Ba, C, D, Da, E, F, G, H, I, Ia, J, Ja, K, L1, L2, L2a, L2b & L3.
• Serotypes A, B, Ba, C – Responsible for causing –
• Hyperendemic Trachoma –Hyperendemic Trachoma – inflammation of the conjunctiva
and cornea and the formation of scar tissue..
9. • Serotype D, Da, E, F, G, H, I, Ia, J, Ja, K – Causes –
• Inclusion Conjunctivitis,Inclusion Conjunctivitis,
• Non - Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU),Non - Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU),
• SalpingitisSalpingitis – inflammation of fallopian tube,
• CervicitisCervicitis,
• PneumoniaPneumonia of new born.
C. trachomatisC. trachomatis
10. • Serotypes L1, L2, L2a, L2b, & L3 –Serotypes L1, L2, L2a, L2b, & L3 – cause LymphogranulomaLymphogranuloma
Venereum (LGV) -Venereum (LGV) -
• A disease caused by Chlamydia trachomatis L1 to L3;
• Transmitted by sexual contactTransmitted by sexual contact; LGV is primarily an infection of
lymphatics and lymph nodes.
• It gains entrance through breaks in the skin, or it can cross the
epithelial cell layer of mucous membranes.
C. trachomatisC. trachomatis
11. Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) -Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) -
• The organism travels from the site of
inoculation down the lymphatic channels
to multiply within mononuclear
phagocytes of the lymph nodes it passes.
• Causes inflammation of and prevents
drainage of the lymph nodes in the genital
area.
• LGV can cause destruction and scarring of
surrounding tissue.
12. C. pneumoniaeC. pneumoniae
• It’s an exclusive human pathogen with no animal host.
• Third most common cause of pneumonia after S.
pneumoniae, & H. influenzae.
• Causes – Acute Respiratory Disease in humans.
• Has only 1 serotype.
• Serological studies shows prevalence rate – 40 -50 %.
13. C. psittaciC. psittaci
• It causes “Psittacosis and Ornithosis”“Psittacosis and Ornithosis” in birds
and humans.
• Human are infected by air born route through
inhalation of dried faeces of infected birds.
• The disease may vary from mild influenza like
illness to severe pneumonia, septicaemia and
Meningoencephalitis.
14. Human DiseasesHuman Diseases
SpeciesSpecies SerotypeSerotype DiseasesDiseases
C. trachomatisC. trachomatis A, B, Ba, CA, B, Ba, C Endemic blinding,Endemic blinding,
TrachomaTrachoma
C. trachomatisC. trachomatis D to KD to K InclusionInclusion
conjunctivitisconjunctivitis
Genital ChlamydiasisGenital Chlamydiasis
C. trachomatisC. trachomatis L1, L2, L3L1, L2, L3 LymphogranulomaLymphogranuloma
Venereum (LGV)Venereum (LGV)
C. psittaciC. psittaci Many serotypesMany serotypes Psittacosis ,Psittacosis ,
OrnithosisOrnithosis
C. pneumoniaeC. pneumoniae Only one serotypeOnly one serotype Acute RespiratoryAcute Respiratory
DiseaseDisease
C. pecorumC. pecorum Primary pathogen ofPrimary pathogen of
ruminantsruminants
15. A. Ocular Infection – TrachomaA. Ocular Infection – Trachoma
• Caused by C. trachomatis serotype A, B, Ba, & C.
• Chronic Kerato-conjunctivities.Chronic Kerato-conjunctivities.
• Major cause of blindness.
• Characterized by follicles, papillary hyperplasia, pannus
formation and in the late stage – Cicatrization.
• Transmission –Transmission – Eye to eye through finger, flies & fomites -
contaminated towel, clothing.
• Incubation period –Incubation period – 3-10 days.
• In endemic area children below 9 yrs age are mostly affected.
• Trachoma has been characterised into I – IV stages, early
stage is most infective one.
16. 2.Inclusion Conjunctivitis2.Inclusion Conjunctivitis
• Caused by C. trachomatis serotype D to K.
• Prevalent in sexually active young people & spread from
genital secretions to the eye by contaminated hands contact.
• Characterised by follicular hypertrophy with scanty non-
purulent discharge.
• This is formerly known as ““ Swimming pool conjunctivitis”Swimming pool conjunctivitis” as
it was associated with swimming in contaminated water.
• Also know as Para-trachoma.Also know as Para-trachoma.
17. 3. Opthalmia neonatorum3. Opthalmia neonatorum
• Neonatal form of Inclusion conjunctivitis - InclusionInclusion
BlenorrheaBlenorrhea
• Infants acquires infection during passage through the infected
birth canal.
• It usually becomes apparent between 5-12 days after birth.
• About 20-50% infants of infected mothers develops the
infection. Considered benign & self limiting few may develop
conjunctival scar.
• Prevented by local antibiotic applications.
18. B. Genital Infections - Genital ChlamydiasisB. Genital Infections - Genital Chlamydiasis
• Chlamydia trachomatis causes “Genital Chlamydiasis” and LGV.“Genital Chlamydiasis” and LGV.
• Both are sexually transmitted diseasesBoth are sexually transmitted diseases..
• 1. Genital Chlamydiasis -1. Genital Chlamydiasis - Caused by D to K serotype.
• Responsible for 40% of cases of NGU, it is a STD.
• In malesIn males
• Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra; results in painful
urination.
• Epididymitis - painful inflammation of the epididymis –
convoluted tubule in each testis, carries sperm to vas difference.
•
• Proctitis - inflammation of the rectum; marked by bloody stools
and a frequent urge to defecate.
19. • In females –In females –
• Urethritis -Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra; results in painful
urination.
• Cervicitis -Cervicitis - inflammation of the uterine cervix.
• Salpingitis -Salpingitis - inflammation of a Fallopian tube (usually the result
of infection spreading from the vagina or uterus).
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) -Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - Inflammation of the female
pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection
chieflychiefly GonococciGonococci andand ChlamydiaChlamydia;; symptoms are abdominal
pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
• Infection may symptomatic or asymptomatic.
• Symptoms –Symptoms – Dysuria –painful or difficulty in urination,
• Non-purulent discharge and frequency of urination.
B. Genital Infections - Genital ChlamydiasisB. Genital Infections - Genital Chlamydiasis
20. 2. Lymphogranuloma Venereum2. Lymphogranuloma Venereum
• LGV is a sexually transmitted disease caused by C.
trachomatis serotypes L1 to L3.
• The primary lesion consist of small painless papule or vesicle
on external genitalia.
• It may ulcerate or healulcerate or heal spontaneously in a few days.
• The regional lymph nodes (inguinal in males and intrpelvic &
para - rectal in female) are enlarged, tender, and may break
open with the formation of sinuses.
• The enlarged inguinal lymph nodes are named bubos.bubos.
21.
22. C. Respiratory Infections – PneumoniaC. Respiratory Infections – Pneumonia
• Third commonest cause of pneumonia following
S. pneumoniae & H. influenzae.
• It is an important risk factor in cardiovascular disease, where
organism is isolated from coronary artery.
• However more studies are required to ascertain its role.
23. 2. Psittacosis2. Psittacosis
• C. psittaci causes “Psittacosis and Ornithosis”“Psittacosis and Ornithosis” in birds and
man.
• Human infection occurs by inhalation of infected dried faeces.
• PsittacosisPsittacosis (Psittacos – parrot) is a disease of parrots.
• Disease acquired from non- psittacine birds known as
“Ornithosis” (Ornithos – birds).
• Incubation periodIncubation period – 1-2 wks.
• Disease may vary from mild influenza to severe illness with
pneumonia, septicaemia and meningoencephalitis.
24. Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis
• 4 approaches available:
1. Microscopic demonstration of inclusion or
elementary bodies.
2. Isolation of Chlamydia.
3. Demonstration of Chlamydial Ag.
4. Demonstration of Abs or hypersensitivity.
25. 1. Microscopy1. Microscopy
• Gram stain – Gram Negative,.
• Stain better with Castaneda, Mchiavello,
or Giemsa Stain.
• Inclusion bodies are basophilic &
present in cytoplasm.
• Inclusion bodies can be stained with -
Lugol’s iodine – because of presence of
Glycogen matrix.
• Immunofluorescence staining.
IF stainingIF staining
26. 2. Culture2. Culture
• Animal inoculation
• Yolk sac of 6 - 8 days
old chick embryo.
• Tissue culture –
McCoy, HeLa cell lines
Infected cell cytoplasm has a
granular appearance
27. • 1. Animal inoculation –1. Animal inoculation – Mice are inoculated by intranasal or
intraperitoneal or by intracerebral inoculations.
• Mice die within 10 days and smears from various tissue (lung,
peritoneal exudates, spleen or brain) shows elementary
bodies.
• 2. Yolk Sac Inoculation –2. Yolk Sac Inoculation – Yolk sac of chick embryo is
inoculated & the organism can be detected in impression
smears stained by Giemsa stain.
2. Culture2. Culture
28. • 3. Tissue Culture –3. Tissue Culture –
• McCoy cell lines treated with
cycloheximide are mostly used.
• Mouse fibroblast,
• HeLa 229 or
• Monkey kidney cells can also be used.
• Organism growth is detected in tissue
culture by staining for elementary bodies
or inclusion bodies.
2. Culture2. Culture
Infected cell
cytoplasm has a
granular appearance
29. Inclusion bodiesInclusion bodies
• Demonstration of
characteristic inclusion
bodies.
1.1. Trachoma:Trachoma: Halber staedter
Prowazekii or HP bodies in
conjunctival scrapings.
2.2. Psittacosis:Psittacosis: LCL (Levinthal –
Cole - Lillie) bodies in alveolar
macrophages, cell lines.
30. Treatment and PreventionTreatment and Prevention
• Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Sulfonamides.
• Vaccination not proved to be an effective or
practicable method of control.
• Treatment coupled with improved sanitation.
• Safe sexual practices.
• Treatment of patients and their sexual partners.
32. Morphology
• Smallest Free living microorganisms.
• Can pass through bacterial filters.
• Pleomorphic.
• May present as small spherical or branching
filaments.
• Lack rigid cell wall but have triple layered celltriple layered cell
membranemembrane rich in cholesterol and other lipids.
• Resistant to antibiotics acting on cell wall due to
absence of cell wall for e.g. – Penicillin and
Cephalosporins.
• Gram negative.
• Better stained by Giemsa stain.
• Non sporing, Non-flagellated.
33. Mycoplasma of HumansMycoplasma of Humans
• Parasitic
1. Established pathogens: M. pneumoniae.
2. Presumed pathogens: M. hominis, U. urealyticum.
3. Non pathogenic: M. orale, M. buccale, M. genitalium,
M. fermentans.
• Saprophytic –
• Present mainly on skin & in mouth.
34. PathogenicityPathogenicity
• Produce surface infections – Adhere to the
mucosa of respiratory, gastrointestinal &
genitourinary tracts with the help of adhesin.
• Two types of diseases:
1. Atypical Pneumonia
2. Genital infections
35. Mycoplasma pneumoniaMycoplasma pneumonia
• Causes Primary Atypical Pneumonia/ Walking pneumonia.Primary Atypical Pneumonia/ Walking pneumonia.
• Seen in all ages. Self limiting recovery occurs within
two wks.
• Incubation period: 1-3 wks.
• Transmission: Airborne droplets of nasopharyngeal
secretions, close contacts (families, military recruits).
• The Mycoplasma may remain in throat for two or more
months after recovery.
37. Mycoplasma pneumoniaMycoplasma pneumonia
• Gradual onsetGradual onset with fever, malaise - mild sickness or
depression, chills, headache & sore throat.
• Severe coughSevere cough with blood tinged sputum (worsens at
night).
• Complications:Complications:
• Bullous myringitisBullous myringitis – Inflammation of eardrum.
• OtitisOtitis – Inflammation of ear,
• Meningitis –Meningitis – Inflammation of meningis,
• Encephalitis –Encephalitis – Inflammation of brain,
• Hemolytic anemia –Hemolytic anemia – Abnormal breakdown of RBCs.
38. Organ system Symptoms & diseasesOrgan system Symptoms & diseases
caused by mycoplasmacaused by mycoplasma
• Respiratory systemRespiratory system - Pharyngitis - Dry or mildly
productive cough, Wheeze, especially in children, and if
history of asthma, Pneumonia.
• Nervous system -Nervous system - Encephalitis, Aseptic meningitis,
Cerebellar ataxia, Transverse myelitis, Guillain-Barré
syndrome.
• Liver -Liver - Hepatitis - thought to be due to antibody-
mediated inflammation. Mildly abnormal liver function
blood test are common.
• Heart –Heart – Myocarditis, Pericarditis and pericardial effusion.
39. • Blood system -Blood system - Haemolytic anaemia in 60%; usually
mild but may be severe in those with sickle cell
disease. Cold agglutinins may be detected.
• Musculoskeletal system-Musculoskeletal system- Muscle and joint pains are
common. Polyarthritis is rare, thought to be due to
immune response.
• M. pneumoniae has been isolated from joint fluid in
some cases.
• Gastrointestinal system -Gastrointestinal system - Nausea and vomiting,
Abdominal pain, Diarrhoea.
Organ system Symptoms & diseasesOrgan system Symptoms & diseases
caused by mycoplasmacaused by mycoplasma
40. Genital InfectionsGenital Infections
• Caused by M. hominis & U. urealyticum.
• Transmitted by sexual contact.
• Men - Nonspecific urethritis - Inflammation of
Urethra,
• Proctitis - Inflammation of the rectum; marked by
bloody stools and a frequent urge to defecate,
41. • Women -Women -
• Acute Salpingitis – Inflammation of fallopian tube,
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease -Inflammation of the female
pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection
chiefly Gonococci and Chlamydia; symptoms are abdominal pain
and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
• Cervicitis, Vaginitis.
• Also associated with infertility, abortion, postpartum
fever – fever immediately after birth,
• Chorioamnionitis – Inflammation of fetal membrane & low
birth weight infants.
42. Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis
• Specimens –
• Throat swabs, Sputum,
• Nasopharyngeal swabs,
• Respiratory secretions (M. pneumoniae)
• Genital secretions, Urine, cervical
swabs (M. hominis, U. urealyticum)
• Microscopy –
1. Highly pleomorphic, varying from small
spherical shapes to longer branching
filaments.
2. Gram negative, but better stained with
Giemsa, IF staining methods.
43. Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis
• Isolation of MycoplasmaIsolation of Mycoplasma (Culture) –
1. Semi solid enriched medium containing 20% horse or
human serum, yeast extract & DNA.
Penicillin & Thallium acetate are selective agents.
(serum – source of cholesterol & other lipids)
1. Incubate aerobically for 7 -12 days with 5–10% CO2
at 35-37°C.
Temp range 22- 41°C,
Parasites 35- 37°C,
Saprophytes – lower temp.
44. Laboratory DiagnosisLaboratory Diagnosis
3. Typical “fried egg” appearance of colonies –
Central opaque granular area of growth, surrounded by a
flat, translucent peripheral zone.
Colonies best seen with a hand lens after staining with
Diene’s method –A block of agar on which colony is there
is cut kept on slide and covered with coverslip on which an
alcoholic solution of methylene blue and azure is added
4. Produce beta hemolytic colonies, can agglutinate guinea
pig erythrocytes.
46. Mycoplasma & HIV infectionMycoplasma & HIV infection
• Severe & prolonged infections in HIV
infected & other immunodeficient individuals
were reported by many parts of world.
47. TreatmentTreatment
• Tetracycline, Erythromycin & Clarithromycin – drug ofdrug of
choice.choice.
• Resistant to antibiotics which interfere with bacterial
cell wall synthesis as it lacks cell wall.
• Newer Macrolides -Newer Macrolides - They inhibit protein synthesis by
blocking the 50S ribosomal subunit &
• Quinolones –Quinolones – Targets the bacterial enzyme DNA gyrase
in order to inhibit the coiling of bacterial DNA, thus
interfering with bacterial replication being used now.