Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, characterized by vague constitutional symptoms and a protracted course of illness. India accounts for one third of the global tuberculosis burden, with an estimated 15 million people infected and 3-4 million children infected. Tuberculosis is most commonly transmitted via inhalation of airborne droplets expelled through coughing or sneezing, with the bacilli then multiplying in the lungs to cause a primary infection which can spread systemically through the blood or lymphatics.
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
Chikungunya is an epidemic disease, broke out in Bangladesh in 2017. It was first identified in Tanzania 1953. From then it continuously rose as an epidemic disease after some interval in Asia, Africa and even in America.
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
My Powerpoint on Tuberculosis, includes:
What is the incidence and prevalence?
What are the symptoms?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
What are the treatment guidelines?
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that most often affect the lungs. Tuberculosis is curable and preventable.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also known as the tubercle bacillus).
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that primarily affects the lung parenchyma. The primary infection usually involves the middle or lower lung area.
It is also may be transmitted to other parts of the body, including the Meninges, kidneys, bone, joints, pericardium, GI tract and lymph nodes And this condition known as Extra pulmonary TB.
The disease also can affects animals such as cattle, this is known as “bovine tuberculosis” which may sometimes be transmitted to man.The primary infectious agent, “ M.Tuberculosis”, is an acid – fast aerobic (AFB) rod that grows slowly and is sensitive to heat and ultraviolet light.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as latent tuberculosis.
TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air. A person needs to inhale only a few of these germs to become infected.
My Powerpoint on Tuberculosis, includes:
What is the incidence and prevalence?
What are the symptoms?
How is it diagnosed?
How is it treated?
What are the treatment guidelines?
The 2009 flu outbreak in humans is due to a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 that derives in part from human influenza, avian influenza, and two separate strains of swine influenza.
Childhood TB was written to enable healthcare workers to learn about the primary care of children with tuberculosis. It covers: introduction to TB infection, the clinical presentation, diagnosis, management and prevention of tuberculosis in children.
Dr. Sachin Verma is a young, diligent and dynamic physician. He did his graduation from IGMC Shimla and MD in Internal Medicine from GSVM Medical College Kanpur. Then he did his Fellowship in Intensive Care Medicine (FICM) from Apollo Hospital Delhi. He has done fellowship in infectious diseases by Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA). He has also done FCCS course and is certified Advance Cardiac Life support (ACLS) and Basic Life Support (BLS) provider by American Heart Association. He has also done a course in Cardiology by American College of Cardiology and a course in Diabetology by International Diabetes Centre. He specializes in the management of Infections, Multiorgan Dysfunctions and Critically ill patients and has many publications and presentations in various national conferences under his belt. He is currently working in NABH Approved Ivy super-specialty Hospital Mohali as Consultant Intensivists and Physician.
This ppt gives you idea about pathophysiology of tuberculosis and the pharmacology of drugs used to treat this infection. And it also give deep introduction of molecular interaction of mycobacteria with body i.e.. immune response by human to this mycobacteria.
it also gives you idea about treatment regimens and strategy for TB. discussed the different types of TB and mechanism of development of resistance by mycobacteria for anti-TB drugs.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. ObjectivesObjectives
• Introduction
• Estimated burden of tuberculosis in India
• Defination
• Epidemiology
• Pathophysiology
• Immunology
• Clinical Presentations
• Complication and sequelae .
3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused byTuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosis characterized by vaguecharacterized by vague
constitutional symptoms and a protracted course ofconstitutional symptoms and a protracted course of
illness with remissions and exacerbations.illness with remissions and exacerbations.
Tuberculosis is the reaction of tissues of the humanTuberculosis is the reaction of tissues of the human
host to the presence and multiplication ofhost to the presence and multiplication of MycobacteriumMycobacterium
tuberculosistuberculosis..
The clinical states arising from TB infection are theThe clinical states arising from TB infection are the
outcome between the capacity of the host to containoutcome between the capacity of the host to contain
and eliminate the organism versus the capacity of theand eliminate the organism versus the capacity of the
organism to multiply and proliferate.organism to multiply and proliferate.
4. Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatousTuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous
inflammatory reaction of the tissues to the presenceinflammatory reaction of the tissues to the presence
of causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis,beingof causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis,being
characterized by a local aggregation of large numbercharacterized by a local aggregation of large number
of macrophages,some of which undergo strikingof macrophages,some of which undergo striking
structural & functional alterations in the form of theirstructural & functional alterations in the form of their
transformation to epithelioid cells,foreign body gianttransformation to epithelioid cells,foreign body giant
cells & Langhancells & Langhan’s giant cells i.e. formation of’s giant cells i.e. formation of
TUBERCLE.TUBERCLE.
5. MAGNITUDEMAGNITUDE
1/31/3rdrd
of the worldof the world’s population is or has been’s population is or has been
infected with tubercle bacilli.infected with tubercle bacilli.
India accounts for one third of the word TBIndia accounts for one third of the word TB
burdenburden
Prevalence of the disease in IndiaPrevalence of the disease in India::
15-25 per 1000 population15-25 per 1000 population
15 million infected, 25% sputum positive15 million infected, 25% sputum positive
3 to 4 million infected are children3 to 4 million infected are children
6. World TB incidence. Cases per 100,000; Red => 300, orange = 200–300, yellow = 100–
200, green = 50–100, blue =< 50 and grey = n/a. Data from WHO, 2006World TB
incidence. Cases per 100,000; Red => 300, orange = 200–300, yellow = 100–200, green
= 50–100, blue =< 50 and grey = n/a. Data from WHO, 2013
7. EPIDEMIOLOGYEPIDEMIOLOGY
Agent : Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovisAgent : Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis
Reservoir : Infected patientReservoir : Infected patient
Mode of infection : Droplet infection, dust, ingestion,Mode of infection : Droplet infection, dust, ingestion,
skin, mucous membrane, skinskin, mucous membrane, skin
Host FactorsHost Factors
Age : all ages affected, congenital is rareAge : all ages affected, congenital is rare
Sex : Girls > boys at PubertySex : Girls > boys at Puberty
Malnutrition : more succeptibleMalnutrition : more succeptible
Intercurrent infections : eg measles, whooping coughIntercurrent infections : eg measles, whooping cough
Environment : overcrowding, inadequate ventillation,Environment : overcrowding, inadequate ventillation,
damp, insanitary and unhygenic conditionsdamp, insanitary and unhygenic conditions
9. CLASSIFICATION OF MYCOBACTERIA
Typical Mycobacteria
•M tuberculosis
•M bovis
•M bovis BCG
•M africanum
Atypical Mycobacteria
•Photochromogens: M. Kansasii, M. marinum , M
simiae
•Scotochromogens: M scrofulaceum, M gordonae
•Non Photochromogens : M avium , M
paratuberculosis,
Rapid Growers: M Fortuitum, M chelonae
Non-Cultivable Mycobacteria
•M leprae
Saprophytic Mycobacteria
•M butyricum
•M pheli
•M smegmatis
10. MORPHOLOGY OF MYCOBACTERIUM
TUBERCULOSIS
• Straight or slightly curved rod.
• 3 µm X 0.3 µm.
• Occurring slightly in pairs or small clumps.
• The size depends on condition of growth and long
filamentous club shaped and branching forms may
sometimes be seen.
• Tubercle bacilli are weakly gram positive
• Are ‘ACID – FAST’ & ‘ALCOHOL FAST’
• Acid fastness has been ascribed to the presence of
mycolic acid in the bacillus, which resist
decolourization by 20% sulphuric acid & absolute
alcohol for 10 minutes.
13. Pathogenesis of Pediatric TB
• The primary complex of tuberculosis includes the local infection of
the portal of entry and the regional lymph nodes that drain the area,
the lung is the portal of entry in > 98%of cases .
• The tubercule bacilli multiply within the alveoli and the alveolar ducts
initially. Most of the bacilli are killed, but some survive within the
inactivated macrophages which carry them through the lymphatic to
the regional lymph nodes.
• When the primary infection is in the lung the hilar lymph nodes
usually are involved although the upper lobe of the focus may drain
in to the paratracheal nodes.
14. • Cell mediated immunity develops 2- 12 weeks after the initial
infection , along with tissue hypersensitivity. After bacilli
enters the macrophages, lymphocytes that recognizes the
mycobacterial antigens proliferate and secrete lymphokines
and other mediators that attract other lymphocytes and
macrophages.
Certain lymphokines activate macrophages causing
them to develop high concentration of lytic enzymes
that enhances their mycobactericidal capacity.
• Development of specific cellular immunity prevents
progression of initial infection in most individual .
15. • The parenchymal portion of the primary complex often heals
completely by calcification , after undergoing caseous necrosis and
encapsulation. Ocassionally this portions enlarges resulting in focal
pnumonitis and plueritis.
• If caseation is intense , the centre liquifies and empties in to the
associated bronchus leaving a residual cavity.
• During the development of primary complex (Ghon Complex ) which
is the combination of parenchymal pulmonary lesion and
corresponding lymph node site , tubercle bacilli are carried to the most
tissue of the body through blood and lymphatic vessels.
• Partial obstruction of the bronchus caused by external compression
may cause hyperinflation in distal lung segment. Complete obstruction
results in Atelectasis
16.
17. The histopathological hallmark of tuberculosis is Granuloma , which is a
latin term from grain / granulum . Granuloma is a focal collection of
inflammatory cells in which mononuclear cells predominate. Macrophages
predominate in the centre attempting to phagocytose the mycobacteria.
Activated macrophages form epitheloid cells characterized by pale
eosinophillic cytoplasm. This is called Epitheloid cell granuloma. Caseation
necrosis is seen in the centre of the granuloma. There are two types of
granuloma :
Soft granuloma : These are poorly circumscribed granulomas ,
characterized by loose collection of neutrophils , lymphocytes, macrophages
and epitheloid histiocytes with minimal fibroblastic proliferation . These
lesion are more likely to contain AFB
18. Hard granuloma : These are well circumscribed granulomas with
epitheloid histiocytes and lymphocytes with numerous langhans giant
cells . More marked fibroblastic proliferation and few AFB is the
characteristics .
Soft caseating granuloma Hard non caseating granuloma
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Pregnancy & Newborn
Pulmonary and particularly extrapulmonary tuberculosis
other than lymphadenitis in pregnancy is associated with
increased risk for prematurity , intrauterine growth retardation ,
low birth weight , and perinatal mortality.
Congenital tuberculosis is rare because the most common result
of female genital tract tuberculosis is infertility.
Congenital transmission is possible from a lesion in the placenta
through the umbilical vein or aspiration of amniotic fluid or
hematogenous spread .
24. In hematogenous spread the tubercle bacilli first reach the
fetal liver , where the primary focus with periportal lymph
node involvement may occur.
Organism pass through the liver in to the main fetal
circulation and infect the other organs. The bacilli in the
lung usually remain dormant until birth , when the
pulmonary oxygenation and circulation increases
significantly.
Congenital tuberculosis may also be caused by aspiration or
ingestion of infected amniotic fluid.
25. The micro-organism usually enters the body by inhalation through
the lungs where infection is presented by a primary lesion.
The infectious case (smear positive) of tuberculosis expels micro-
organisms into air in tiny droplets 0.5 to 5 µm in diameter when
coughing, sneezing or laughing.
These small droplets dry rapidly, become droplet nuclei carrying the
micro-organism and may remain suspended in air for several hours .
These droplet nuclei containing micro-organisms may be inhaled by
another person who enters the room.
After inhalation, the big particles usually expelled by the secretions
and cilia of the upper respiratory system while the smaller particles
are settled in the lung, multiplying and causing a primary lesion
from which infection may spread to other parts of the body
through blood and lymphatic system
26. Inhalation of mycobacteria does not mean occurrence of
tuberculosis, as the amount of bacilli inhaled may be not sufficient
to be manifested by illness and this case is called "tuberculosis
infection". Only 10% of those infected individuals may progress to a
manifest disease.
The infectiousness of a person with TB disease is directly related to the number of
tubercle bacilli that he or she expels into the air. Persons who expel many tubercle
bacilli are more infectious than patients who expel few or no bacilli.
27. Portal of entry for tuberculosisPortal of entry for tuberculosis
Inhalation of Tubercle bacilli in >95% (M.TB)Inhalation of Tubercle bacilli in >95% (M.TB)
Ingestion of milk containing Bovine TubercleIngestion of milk containing Bovine Tubercle
bacilli (M. bovis)bacilli (M. bovis)
Contamination of superficial skin or mucousContamination of superficial skin or mucous
membrane lesion with tubercle bacillimembrane lesion with tubercle bacilli
Congenital infection occurs when mother hasCongenital infection occurs when mother has
lymphohematogenous spread during pregnancylymphohematogenous spread during pregnancy
OROR tuberculous endometritistuberculous endometritis
28. Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI)
Persons with LTBI have M. tuberculosis in their bodies, but do not have TB disease
and cannot spread the infection to other people. A person with LTBI is not regarded
as a case of TB. The process of LTBI begins when extracellular bacilli are ingested by
macrophages and presented to other white blood cells. This triggers the immune
response in which white blood cells kill or encapsulate most of the bacilli, leading to
the formation of a granuloma. At this point, LTBI has been established.
LTBI may be detected by using the tuberculin skin test (TST) or an interferon-gamma
release assay (IGRA) .It can take 2 to 8 weeks after the initial TB infection for the
body’s immune system to be able to react to tuberculin and for the infection to be
detected by the TST or IGRA. Within weeks after infection, the immune system is
usually able to halt the multiplication of the tubercle bacilli, preventing further
29. In some people, the tubercle bacilli overcome the immune system and multiply,
resulting in progression from LTBI to TB disease . Persons who have TB disease
are usually infectious and may spread the bacteria to other people. The
progression from LTBI to TB disease may occur at any time, from soon to many
years later. Body fluid or tissue from the disease site should be collected for AFB
smear and culture. Positive culture for M. tuberculosis confirms the diagnosis of
TB disease.
Persons who have TB disease may spread the bacteria to other people.
30. Latent TB Infection (LTBI)Latent TB Infection (LTBI) TB Disease (in the lungs)TB Disease (in the lungs)
Inactive, contained tubercle bacilli
in the body
Active, multiplying tubercle bacilli
in the body
TST or blood test results usually
positive
TST or blood test results usually
positive
Chest x-ray usually normal Chest x-ray usually abnormal
Sputum smears and cultures
negative
Sputum smears and cultures may
be positive
No symptoms Symptoms such as cough, fever,
weight loss
Not infectious Often infectious before treatment
Not a case of TB A case of TB
LTBI vs. TB Disease
31. • Children exposed to open case of tuberculosis.
• children with viral infections like measles, mumps,
pertussis , varicella.
• Infants and children < 4yrs of age
• Children co infected with HIV.
• Childrens with skiin test conversion in the past 1-2 yrs.
• Childrens who are immunocompromised especially in
cases of malignancy and solid organ transplantation ,
immunosuppressive medical treatments including anti-
tumour necrosis factor, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal
failure, silicosis, and malnutrition.
• Homeless childrens.
32. Primary tuberculous infectionPrimary tuberculous infection
Primary Focus (GhonPrimary Focus (Ghon’s focus)’s focus)
at the site of first implantationat the site of first implantation
usually single and Subpleuralusually single and Subpleural
in most, - heals and disappears, orin most, - heals and disappears, or
it heals by calcification.it heals by calcification.
Primary Complex:Primary Complex:
primary focus + Hilar lymphnodes + drainingprimary focus + Hilar lymphnodes + draining
lymphaticslymphatics
complications arise more commonly from regionalcomplications arise more commonly from regional
adenitis than from the primary focusadenitis than from the primary focus
33. Pulmonary lesions in tuberculosisPulmonary lesions in tuberculosis
- the primary complex- the primary complex
34. Primary infectionPrimary infection
Children vs. AdultsChildren vs. Adults
In adults,In adults,
- regional lymphadenitis less marked- regional lymphadenitis less marked
- bronchial erosion less frequent- bronchial erosion less frequent
- less risk of dissemination- less risk of dissemination
Thus, adult primary infection tends to beThus, adult primary infection tends to be
more local and pulmonary.more local and pulmonary.
35. Progressive primary tuberculosisProgressive primary tuberculosis
Progression of TB depends on the age of theProgression of TB depends on the age of the
child, number of tubercle bacilli, and hostchild, number of tubercle bacilli, and host
resistance.resistance.
Apparently healed focus or nodes may containApparently healed focus or nodes may contain
viable organisms for many years.viable organisms for many years.
During 1During 1stst
4-8 weeks, organisms are disseminated4-8 weeks, organisms are disseminated
in the blood stream.in the blood stream.
36. Progressive pulmonary diseaseProgressive pulmonary disease
Progressive primary infectionProgressive primary infection: Progression of: Progression of
recently acquired pulmonary primary infection.recently acquired pulmonary primary infection.
Endogenous exacerbationEndogenous exacerbation: reactivity of: reactivity of
organisms and breakdown of primary lesionsorganisms and breakdown of primary lesions
acquired > 5 years previously.acquired > 5 years previously.
Exogenous exacerbationExogenous exacerbation: Re-infection by newly: Re-infection by newly
acquired bacilli in persons with healed primaryacquired bacilli in persons with healed primary
lesions.lesions.
40. Complications of regional nodesComplications of regional nodes
1. Incomplete (ball-valve) bronchial obstruction,
emphysema of middle & lower lobes
2. Complete bronchial obstruction, collapse of
right lower lobe
3. Erosion of node into bronchus & segmental
consolidation
4. Rupture of node into pericardium: tuberculous
pericardial effusion
41. Sequelae of bronchial complicationsSequelae of bronchial complications
1. Stricture of bronchus at site of erosion
2. Cylindrical bronchiectasis in area of old collapse
3. Wedge shadow: contracture & fibrosis of
segmental lesion
4. Linear scar of fibrosis following segmental
lesion
42. 42
Sites of TB Disease (2)Sites of TB Disease (2)
Location Frequency
Pulmonary
TB
Lungs Most TB cases are
pulmonary
Extrapulm
onary TB
Places other than lungs such
as:
• Lymph nodes
• Pleura
• Brain
• Kidneys
• Bones and joints
Found more often in:
• HIV-infected or
other
immunosuppressed
persons
• Young children
Miliary TB Carried to all parts of body,
through bloodstream
Rare
43. Symptoms of childhoodSymptoms of childhood
tuberculosistuberculosis
1.1. PulmonaryPulmonary : dry cough , low grade fever,: dry cough , low grade fever,
predominantly evening rise of temperature, weight loss,predominantly evening rise of temperature, weight loss,
loss of appetite. Rarely hemoptysis can occur .loss of appetite. Rarely hemoptysis can occur .
2.2. Lymph nodeLymph node : fever , lymphadenopathy (mediastinal: fever , lymphadenopathy (mediastinal
lymph node) , cold abcess, cough and fever .lymph node) , cold abcess, cough and fever .
3.3. PlueraPluera : cough (non productive ) , pl ueritic chest: cough (non productive ) , pl ueritic chest
pain .pain .
4.4. GenitourinaryGenitourinary : dysuria , nocturia, increased frequency,: dysuria , nocturia, increased frequency,
tenderness / swelling of testis / epididymis . Presence oftenderness / swelling of testis / epididymis . Presence of
sterile pyuria should always lead to search forsterile pyuria should always lead to search for
tuberculosis.tuberculosis.
44. 5. Skeletal TB (POTTS SPINE ) : fever , backache is
commonly seen. Paresis or plegia depending upon duration of
development is a cause of concern. Joint pain / cold abcess
formation is also commonly seen.
6. CNS TB : fever , malaise , anorexia , iritability , later on as the
diesease preogress neurological symptoms develop like
progressive headache, lethargy , impaired cognition , memory
disturbance, confusion and then stupor – coma with or with out
neurological deficit. Features of meningitis may be present.
8. Abdominal : peritonotis followed by ileo-caecal , ano rectal and
mesentric lymph nodes infection. In peritoneal tuberculosis TB
fever , ascitis , pain , anorexia , / weight loss are common.
45. 8. Pericardial : fever , dyspnoea , tachycardia , neck vein distension
edema , hepatomegaly , paradoxical pulse , pericardial rub.
9.Disseminated and miliary Koch’s : This is a haematogenous spread
and amongst one of the serious manifestations of tuberculosis .
patients are cachetic and present with fever , weight loss and multi
organ symptoms . Bone marrow involvement now a days frequently
seen.
46.
47. Miliary tuberculosisMiliary tuberculosis
most common within 1most common within 1stst
3 to 6 months after3 to 6 months after
infectioninfection
due to heavy hematogenous spread of tubercledue to heavy hematogenous spread of tubercle
bacillibacilli
Onset: Insidious, withOnset: Insidious, with
Fever and weight lossFever and weight loss
Palpable liver and/or spleenPalpable liver and/or spleen
Tachypnoea with normal chest findingsTachypnoea with normal chest findings
48. Miliary tuberculosisMiliary tuberculosis
Hematogenous dissemination leads to progressiveHematogenous dissemination leads to progressive
development of small lesions throughout the body,development of small lesions throughout the body,
with tubercles in thewith tubercles in the
lung, spleen, liver,lung, spleen, liver,
bone marrow, heart, pancreasbone marrow, heart, pancreas
brain, choroid, skinbrain, choroid, skin
Radiologic diagnosisRadiologic diagnosis::
““Snow stormSnow storm”” appearanceappearance
(Multiple small lung nodules 1mm size and above in(Multiple small lung nodules 1mm size and above in
both lung fields).both lung fields).
50. Cutaneous TuberculosisCutaneous Tuberculosis
1.1. Associated with primary complexAssociated with primary complex
(Direct inoculation into Traumatized Area)(Direct inoculation into Traumatized Area)
- Painless nodule, leading to non healing ulcer with regional- Painless nodule, leading to non healing ulcer with regional
lymphadenitislymphadenitis
- Scrofuloderma over ruptured caseous lymph node- Scrofuloderma over ruptured caseous lymph node
2.2. Associated with Hematogenous disseminationAssociated with Hematogenous dissemination
- Papulonecrotic tuberculids- Papulonecrotic tuberculids
papules with soft centers on trunk, thighs and facepapules with soft centers on trunk, thighs and face
- Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis- Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis
Large tuberculids on arms and legsLarge tuberculids on arms and legs
3.3. Associated with hypersensitivity to tuberculinAssociated with hypersensitivity to tuberculin
- Erythema nodosum- Erythema nodosum
painful indurated nodules on shins, elbows, forearms thatpainful indurated nodules on shins, elbows, forearms that
subside in 2-3 weekssubside in 2-3 weeks
53. Tuberculosis of superficialTuberculosis of superficial
lymph nodes (scrofula)lymph nodes (scrofula)
Tonsillar / submandibularTonsillar / submandibular
(Spread from paratracheal nodes)(Spread from paratracheal nodes)
SupraclavicularSupraclavicular
(From primary lesion in upper lobe)(From primary lesion in upper lobe)
Axillary / epitrochlearAxillary / epitrochlear
(From skin lesion on hand)(From skin lesion on hand)
InguinalInguinal
(From ulcer on sole of foot)(From ulcer on sole of foot)
54. Scrofula, most common, infection of the
superficial lymph nodes, tonsillar and
submandibular. Early firm non tender discrete,
enlarge slowly or rapid enlargement with
fever, tenderness, fluctuance. Rupture and
sinus if untreated.
55. • The nodes usually enlarge gradually in the early stage of the lymph node
disease the lymph nodes are discrete , firm , matted , nontender , often
fixed to the under lying skin . It is usually unilateral , but bilateral
involvement may also occur because of the cross over drainage pattern
of the lymphatics.
• Systemic signs and symptoms other than low grade fever are usually
absent . The tuberculin skin test is usually reactive. But the chest
radiograph is also normal in 70% of cases .
• Lymph node TB may require surgical removal , due to the rupture of
the capsule of lymph node resulting in the formation of the draining
sinus tract. The tuberculosis lymph adenitis can usually by fine needle
aspiration of the node . It responds to ATT .
Although the lymph nodes do not return to the normal size for months
or even years.
59. GI and Abdominal TBGI and Abdominal TB
Hematogenous spread from lungs or swallowingHematogenous spread from lungs or swallowing
of infected sputum.of infected sputum.
Painless ulcer in gingivolabial sulcus withPainless ulcer in gingivolabial sulcus with
submental or submandibular adenopathysubmental or submandibular adenopathy
Ulcer on tonsilUlcer on tonsil
Esophageal diverticulum secondary to rupture ofEsophageal diverticulum secondary to rupture of
mediastinal nodes into lumenmediastinal nodes into lumen
60. Tuberculous toxemiaTuberculous toxemia
Present with colicky abdominal pain, vomiting andPresent with colicky abdominal pain, vomiting and
constipation.constipation.
Abdomen feels doughy.Abdomen feels doughy.
Rolled up omentum and enlarged lymph nodes mayRolled up omentum and enlarged lymph nodes may
appear as irregular nodular masses with ascitesappear as irregular nodular masses with ascites
Tuberculous enteritisTuberculous enteritis
Ulcers, mesenteric adenitis, peritonitisUlcers, mesenteric adenitis, peritonitis
Adhesions, subacute intestinal obstruction,Adhesions, subacute intestinal obstruction,
HepatosplenomegalyHepatosplenomegaly
61. • Tuberculous peritonitis: which occurs in young men and
adolescence rare in children arises from the subclinical or
haematogenous dissemination .
Localised peritonitis is caused by direct extension from
abdominal lymphnode ,intestinal focus/ genitourinay
tuberculosis.
• Abdominal pain / tenderness , ascites , anorexia ,
low grade fever are the typical manifestations.
The tuberculin test is usually reactive.
63. Renal tuberculosisRenal tuberculosis
Tubercles in glomeruli lead to shedding ofTubercles in glomeruli lead to shedding of
tubercle bacilli into tubulestubercle bacilli into tubules
Caseous mass / Cavity between cortex andCaseous mass / Cavity between cortex and
pyramidspyramids
TB of bladder (Tuberculous cystitis)TB of bladder (Tuberculous cystitis)
SymptomsSymptoms: dysuria, hematuria,: dysuria, hematuria,
pyuria with TB bacillipyuria with TB bacilli
65. Skeletal tuberculosisSkeletal tuberculosis
Bones involved in order of frequencyBones involved in order of frequency::
Vertebrae > knee > hip > elbowVertebrae > knee > hip > elbow
Upper extremities and non-weight-bearing bonesUpper extremities and non-weight-bearing bones
(skull, clavicle) rarely involved(skull, clavicle) rarely involved
Tuberculous spondylitisTuberculous spondylitis most commonlymost commonly
Thoracic / Lumbar / Both (Decreasing frequency)Thoracic / Lumbar / Both (Decreasing frequency)
X-ray findingsX-ray findings::
Narrowing of disc space, Collapse of vertebralNarrowing of disc space, Collapse of vertebral
bodybody
Extensive destruction with kyphosis (Pott disease)Extensive destruction with kyphosis (Pott disease)
ComplicationsComplications:Para vertebral abscess (Pott abscess):Para vertebral abscess (Pott abscess)
Psoas Abscess. Paraplegia, Quadriplegia (cervical)Psoas Abscess. Paraplegia, Quadriplegia (cervical)
66. HistoryHistory
Presentation depends on the following:Presentation depends on the following:
Stage of diseaseStage of disease
SiteSite
Presence of complications such as neurologic deficits, abscesses,Presence of complications such as neurologic deficits, abscesses,
or sinus tractsor sinus tracts
The reported average duration of symptoms at the time ofThe reported average duration of symptoms at the time of
diagnosis is 3-4 months.diagnosis is 3-4 months.
Back pain is the earliest and most common symptom.Back pain is the earliest and most common symptom.
Patients have usually had back pain for weeks prior toPatients have usually had back pain for weeks prior to
presentation.presentation.
Pain can be spinal or radicular.Pain can be spinal or radicular.
Constitutional symptoms include fever and weight loss.Constitutional symptoms include fever and weight loss.
67. Neurologic abnormalities occur in 50% of cases and canNeurologic abnormalities occur in 50% of cases and can
include spinal cord compression with paraplegia, paresis,include spinal cord compression with paraplegia, paresis,
impaired sensation, nerve root pain, or cauda equinaimpaired sensation, nerve root pain, or cauda equina
syndrome.syndrome.
Cervical spine tuberculosis is a less common presentation isCervical spine tuberculosis is a less common presentation is
characterized by pain and stiffness.characterized by pain and stiffness.
Patients with lower cervical spine disease can presentPatients with lower cervical spine disease can present
with dysphagia or stridor.with dysphagia or stridor.
Symptoms can also include torticollis, hoarseness, andSymptoms can also include torticollis, hoarseness, and
neurologic deficits.neurologic deficits.
The clinical presentation of spinal tuberculosis in patientsThe clinical presentation of spinal tuberculosis in patients
infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) isinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is
similar to that of patients who are HIV negative; however,similar to that of patients who are HIV negative; however,
the relative proportion of individuals who are HIV positivethe relative proportion of individuals who are HIV positive
seems to be higher.seems to be higher.
68. Osseous Clinical manifestationsOsseous Clinical manifestations
TB osteitisTB osteitis
Synovitis/epiphysitis, destructive arthritis, fusionSynovitis/epiphysitis, destructive arthritis, fusion
in deformed positionsin deformed positions
Abscesses may track through tissues (psoas)Abscesses may track through tissues (psoas)
TB arthritis (PonchetTB arthritis (Ponchet’s Disease)’s Disease)
1-5% children if TB untreated1-5% children if TB untreated
Knee/hip/elbow/dacylitisKnee/hip/elbow/dacylitis
Thick, inflammatory synovium, invades articularThick, inflammatory synovium, invades articular
surface, with erosion and fibrosis jointsurface, with erosion and fibrosis joint
71. Genital tuberculosisGenital tuberculosis
Uncommon before pubertyUncommon before puberty
Usually due to lympho-hematogenous spreadUsually due to lympho-hematogenous spread
Occasionally by direct extension fromOccasionally by direct extension from
adjacent lesion of bone, gut, or urinary tractadjacent lesion of bone, gut, or urinary tract
72. Genital tuberculosisGenital tuberculosis
SalpingitisSalpingitis
EndometritisEndometritis
OophoritisOophoritis
CervicitisCervicitis
Infertility is commonest sequelInfertility is commonest sequel
in malesin males::
Primary tuberculosis of penis after circumcisionPrimary tuberculosis of penis after circumcision
with inguinal adenopathywith inguinal adenopathy
Epididymitis / Epididymo – orchitis in earlyEpididymitis / Epididymo – orchitis in early
childhoodchildhood
73. CNS ManifestationsCNS Manifestations
Rich focus, vessels infiltrated by exudateRich focus, vessels infiltrated by exudate
Inflamation/infarctionInflamation/infarction
Brain stem: CN III,VI,VII dysfunctionBrain stem: CN III,VI,VII dysfunction
Basilar cisterns obstructed: hydrocephalusBasilar cisterns obstructed: hydrocephalus
TB meningitisTB meningitis
Children < 4 yrs age, most common in 3-6 month of primary infectionChildren < 4 yrs age, most common in 3-6 month of primary infection
Gradual onset, rapid in infants HydrocephalusGradual onset, rapid in infants Hydrocephalus
Tuberculomas (20-37%)Tuberculomas (20-37%)
Mortality (<10% w/ Rx) Morbidity high (MR, Sz, hemiparesis)Mortality (<10% w/ Rx) Morbidity high (MR, Sz, hemiparesis)
TST – in 40%, CXR nl 50%TST – in 40%, CXR nl 50%
CSF: cell # 10-100, glucose low, protein highCSF: cell # 10-100, glucose low, protein high
TuberculomaTuberculoma
Most common in < 10yrs ageMost common in < 10yrs age
Infratentorial: headaches, Seizures, increased ICPInfratentorial: headaches, Seizures, increased ICP
74. Tuberculous meningitisTuberculous meningitis
TB meningitis seen in 1/300 Primary infectionsTB meningitis seen in 1/300 Primary infections
Pathophysiology:Pathophysiology:
Rupture of a subcortical caseous focus (RichRupture of a subcortical caseous focus (Rich’s) into the’s) into the
subarachnoid space.subarachnoid space.
Inflammatory exudates form about base of brain and alongInflammatory exudates form about base of brain and along
cerebral vessels as they pass over hemispheres.cerebral vessels as they pass over hemispheres.
Raised intracranial pressure due to increased secretion ofRaised intracranial pressure due to increased secretion of
CSFCSF
Adhesions along base and roof of 4Adhesions along base and roof of 4thth
ventricles lead toventricles lead to
obstruction to CSF flow and hydrocephalus,obstruction to CSF flow and hydrocephalus,
involvement of cranial nerves III VI VII and optic chiasma.involvement of cranial nerves III VI VII and optic chiasma.
Cerebral endarteritis narrows lumen, reduces blood flow,Cerebral endarteritis narrows lumen, reduces blood flow,
leads to cerebral thrombosis and infarction.leads to cerebral thrombosis and infarction.
76. Stages of TB meningitisStages of TB meningitis
Stage I Irritability, anorexia, headache, drowsiness,Stage I Irritability, anorexia, headache, drowsiness,
vomiting, fever, malaise.vomiting, fever, malaise.
Stage II : Focal neurological signs, cranial nerve palsiesStage II : Focal neurological signs, cranial nerve palsies
Seizures, squint, lethargy, positive Kernig andSeizures, squint, lethargy, positive Kernig and
Brudzinki sign.Brudzinki sign.
Stage III : Loss of consciousness, hemiplegia, Coma,Stage III : Loss of consciousness, hemiplegia, Coma,
Papilloedema, Decerebrate rigidity and eventuallyPapilloedema, Decerebrate rigidity and eventually
death.death.
77. Complications of TB meningitisComplications of TB meningitis
HydrocephalusHydrocephalus
Subdural effusionSubdural effusion
Late: Hemiplegia / ParaplegiaLate: Hemiplegia / Paraplegia
Intellectual impairmentIntellectual impairment
BlindnessBlindness
DeafnessDeafness
Intracranial calcifications leading toIntracranial calcifications leading to
hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunctionhypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction
- Growth failure- Growth failure
- Diabetes insipidus- Diabetes insipidus
- Failure of development of secondary sexual- Failure of development of secondary sexual
characteristicscharacteristics
78. Diagnosis of TB meningitisDiagnosis of TB meningitis
Signs of meningeal irritationSigns of meningeal irritation
X-ray chestX-ray chest
CT scan – basal exudates, inflammatory granulomas etcCT scan – basal exudates, inflammatory granulomas etc
Tuberculin testingTuberculin testing
Retinoscopy for choroidal tuberclesRetinoscopy for choroidal tubercles
Lumbar punctureLumbar puncture
Elevated CSF pressure(30 – 40cm h2o)Elevated CSF pressure(30 – 40cm h2o)
Cobweb Coagulum/ pellicle on standingCobweb Coagulum/ pellicle on standing
100 – 500 WBCs / cu.mm100 – 500 WBCs / cu.mm
protein are elevated (400 – 5000 mg/dl)protein are elevated (400 – 5000 mg/dl)
secondarily to hydrocephalus and spinal block.secondarily to hydrocephalus and spinal block.
Low / Normal sugar< 40mg/dlLow / Normal sugar< 40mg/dl
AFB smear & cultureAFB smear & culture
79. Prognosis in TB meningitisPrognosis in TB meningitis
100% mortality in 3-4 weeks without treatment100% mortality in 3-4 weeks without treatment
100% survival with treatment started in Stage I100% survival with treatment started in Stage I
75% survival with treatment started in Stage II75% survival with treatment started in Stage II
Stage III – variable survival, all will have sequelaeStage III – variable survival, all will have sequelae
80. Tuberculoma : A tumour like mass arising from the
aggregation of caseous tubercles clinically presenting as a
brain tumour.
•Lesions are most often singular but may be
multiple.Tuberculoma in children are located infratentorial
located at the base of the brain near Cerebellum.
•Clinical presentation is similar to neurocysticercosis.
• Tuberculoma rings are usually large . On CT or MRI of the
brain the lesion often has a thick irregular wall , ring
enhancing lesion and associated with severe perilesional
edema.
81. Treatment -Antituberculous therapy is recommended for 1
year as for tubercular meningitis along with
corticosteroides for initial 6-8 weeks. Corticosteriods are
given initially to reduce the edema.
83. ReferencesReferences
NelsonNelson’’s textbook of paediatricss textbook of paediatrics
Pediatric tuberculosis , by Vimlesh sethPediatric tuberculosis , by Vimlesh seth
IAP TextbookIAP Textbook
Essentials of tuberculosis in children by kabra skEssentials of tuberculosis in children by kabra sk
InternetInternet
Editor's Notes
Diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in children is challenging and radiographs are often normal or non-specific. Access to the chest using ultrasound is difficult, but access to the abdomen is simple and carries no radiation burden.
Diagnosis of PTB using abdominal lymphadenopathy as a surrogate for mediastinal lymphadenopathy may present a simple and accurate additional diagnostic technique that is of value in developing countries
Calcified spleen
Osteitis: hematogenous spread following primary lung infection, with years of delay to frank joint infection.
Mild pain/ fever. Hip abducion/flexion. Spine: angular kyphosis (thoracic), abscess w/ vertebral compression, spinal cord compression, collapse several vertebrae (kyphosis), rib collapse w/ restrictive pul symptoms.
Arthritis: hematogenous/lymphatic spread. Not acutely painful, more LOM and swelling w/ sinus formation w/ d/c. Dx synovial fluid, open biopsy; increased WBC, 60% neutro, low glucose.
Rx: anti TB w/ joint rest/splints, nutrition
Pott’s more common in developing countries
with well-defined sclerotic margins (arrow) consistent with TB osteitis.
Most serious complication of TB in children. Meningitis : indolent, symptoms present 1-2 wks , fever, vomiting, lethargy, headache, sx FUO: s/p steroids, immunocompromised
Metastatic, caseous lesion (rich focus) thick gelatinous exudate infiltrates the cortical or meningeal blood vessels, inflamation/ obstruction/ infarction. Meningitis – 2-6 mos s/p 1ary infection. 3 stages: nonspecific symptoms fever irritability headache sleepiness malaise. Then lethargy convulsions nucchal rigidity hyper reflexia, hypertonia, vomiting, CN palsies, sz, hydrocephalus. Signs of encephalitis. Then brain infarcts: coma hemiplegia, death.
Importance on Hx contact w/ TB. CSF Stain/cx fct amount sampled. Tuberculomas account for 30% brain tumors in children in endemic areas.
3rd cause brain tumors in children developing countries