This document provides an overview of congenital infections caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Toxoplasma gondii. It discusses the properties and transmission of CMV, which can cause birth defects if transmitted from mother to fetus. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infection to organ damage in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis involves virus detection and antibody testing. Treatment focuses on antiviral drugs for severe cases. Toxoplasmosis is caused by the parasite T. gondii and transmitted through cats, meat, and congenitally. It can cause abortion or symptoms in susceptible hosts. Diagnosis is usually serological and treatment includes sulfa drugs and pyrimethamine.
congenital cytomegalovirus infection is a major problem in children. severe morbidity also in some cases mortality can occur due to this infection. this presentation has highlighted updates on this topic in short.
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Microbiology of Cytomegalovirus (Herpes).pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Cytomegalovirus. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
A brief description of very common infection caused by the virus: Cytomegalovirus. Typically affects infants, and pregnant ladies. Features in HIV patients. Transmitted by saliva, fomites and at the time of delivery. Helpful for medical students, doctors, pediatricians, gynecologists, dermatologists. Useful for exams USMLE, FCPS, MCPS and MRCP, MD students.
congenital cytomegalovirus infection is a major problem in children. severe morbidity also in some cases mortality can occur due to this infection. this presentation has highlighted updates on this topic in short.
shigellosis presentation , communicable diseases lecture, community medicine master , university of Khartoum
contains basic information about the disease, its clinical features and treatment
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
Microbiology of Cytomegalovirus (Herpes).pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Cytomegalovirus. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
A brief description of very common infection caused by the virus: Cytomegalovirus. Typically affects infants, and pregnant ladies. Features in HIV patients. Transmitted by saliva, fomites and at the time of delivery. Helpful for medical students, doctors, pediatricians, gynecologists, dermatologists. Useful for exams USMLE, FCPS, MCPS and MRCP, MD students.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common virus. Once infected, your body retains the virus for life. Most people don't know they have CMV because it rarely causes problems in healthy people.
If you're pregnant or if your immune system is weakened, CMV is cause for concern. Women who develop an active CMV infection during pregnancy can pass the virus to their babies, who might then experience symptoms. For people who have weakened immune systems, especially people who have had an organ, stem cell or bone marrow transplant, CMV infection can be fatal.
CMV spreads from person to person through body fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine, semen and breast milk. There is no cure, but there are medications that can help treat the symptoms.
This slide contains clinical features, perinatal and post natal diagnosis of congenital torch infection in fetus and neonates, and management of congenital toxaplasma, rubella, CMV, Herpes simplex, varicella, and other infections.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
3. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS
• Ubiquitous virus most populations -infections
in early childhood often asymptomatic
• Latency
• Clinical disease increasing due to increasing
number of immunocompromised patients
4. PROPERTIES
• Belong to the betaherpesvirus subfamily of
herpesviruses double stranded DNA enveloped
virus
• Nucleocapsid 105nm in diameter, 162 capsomers
• The structure of the genome of CMV is similar to
other herpesviruses, consisting of long and short
segments which may be orientated in either
direction, giving a total of 4 isomers.
• A large no. of proteins are encoded for, the
precise number is unknown
5. Human Cytomegalovirus
• A complex –herpesvirus, Large genome (230kb),
Slow replicating, Restricted host range.
• Infects 60-90% of the population worldwide,
typically asymptomatic infection.
• Infection in immunocompromised individuals life
threatening –
Stem cell and solid organ transplant recipients
HIV infected individuals
Cancer patients receiving intensive
chemotherapy regimens
6. • Infection in utero: Leading cause of infectious
disease related birth defects
1 in 100 infected; 1 in 1000 present
symptoms/pathology
Mild to severe hearing loss
Cognitive deficits
Physical abnormalities
7. How is CMV transmitted?
• Fetus: Via placenta from the mother
• Human milk
• Blood transfusion, organ transplantation
• Children and adults: Mainly via bodily fluids
(esp. urine, saliva)
8. Who transmits CMV?
• Duration of viral shedding following primary
infection:
• 2-3 weeks for adults
• Months to years for young children
• Therefore, CMV is most often transmitted by
young children
9. PATHOGENESIS
• Once infected, the virus remains in the person for life and
my be reactivated from time to time, especially in
immunocompromised individuals.
• The virus may be transmitted in utero, perinatally, or
postnatally. Perinatal transmission occurs.
• Perinatal infection is acquired mainly through infected
genital secretions, or breast milk. Overall, 2 - 10% of infants
are infected by the age of 6 months worldwide. Perinatal
infection is thought to be 10 times more common than
congenital infection.
• Postnatal infection mainly occurs through saliva. Sexual
transmission may occur as well as through blood and blood
products and transplanted organ
10.
11. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Congenital infection - may result in cytomegalic inclusion disease
• Perinatal infection - usually asymptomatic
• Postnatal infection - usually asymptomatic. However, in a minority of
cases, the syndrome of infectious mononucleosis may develop
which consists of fever, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. The
heterophil antibody test is negative although atypical lymphocytes
may be found in the blood.
• Immunocompromised patients such as transplant recipients and
AIDS patients are prone to severe CMV disease such as
pneumonitis, retinitis, colitis, and encephalopathy.
• Reactivation or reinfection with CMV is usually asymptomatic except
in immunocompromised patients.
12. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS
• Fetus
• transmission from mother via placenta
• clinically normal 80% • causes congenital CMV
• death 1% • Cytomegalic inclusion disease %
• late onset hearing defect / mental
retardardation 15%
• Infant
• transmission during birth or breast feeding
• usually asymptomatic
13. PREGNANT WOMEN AND CMV
• Contact with the saliva or urine of young
children is a major cause of CMV infection
among pregnant women.
• Risk of CMV infection is likely to be reduced by
careful attention to good personal hygiene,
such as hand washing.
14. SYMPTOMS OF CONGENITAL CMV
• Temporary Symptoms
Liver problems
Spleen problems
Jaundice (yellow skin and eyes)
Purple skin splotches
Lung problems Small size at birth
Seizures
15. SYMPTOMS OF CONGENITAL CMV
• Permanent Symptoms or Disabilities
Hearing loss
Vision loss
Mental disability
Small head
Lack of coordination
Seizures
Death
16. CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION DISEASE
• CNS abnormalities - microcephaly, mental retardation,
spasticity, epilepsy, periventricular calcification.
• Eye - choroidoretinitis and optic atrophy
• Ear - sensorineural deafness
• Liver - hepatosplenomegaly and jaundice which is due
to hepatitis.
• Lung – pneumonitis
• Heart – myocarditis
• Thrombocytopenic purpura, Haemolytic anaemia
• Late sequelae in individuals asymptomatic at birth -
hearing defects and reduced intelligence.
17. CMV RETINITIS
• SMALL FLOATERS, FOGGY OR BLURRED
VISION, LOSS OF CENTRAL OR PERIPHERAL
VISION.
• ROUTINE EXAM WHEN THE INFECTIOUS
PROCESS IS EARLY AND LOCATED IN THE
PERIPHERAL RETINA
• LOSS OF VISION
• RETINAL DETACHMENT
18. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
• Direct detection
• biopsy specimens may be examined histologically
for CMV inclusion antibodies or for the presence
of CMV antigens. However, the sensitivity may be
low.
• The pp65 CMV antigenemia test is now routinely
used for the rapid diagnosis of CMV infection in
immunocompromised patients.
• PCR for CMV-DNA is used in some centers but
there may be problems with interpretation.
19. • Virus Isolation
• conventional cell culture is regarded as gold standard
but requires up to 4 weeks for result.
• More useful are rapid culture methods such as the
DEAFF test which can provide a result in 24-48 hours.
• Serology
• the presence of CMV IgG antibody indicates past
infection.
• The detection of IgM is indicative of primary infection
although it may also be found in immunocompromised
patients with reactivation.
20. • Serologic testing
• Paired antibody titers (4-fold increase in
convalescent phase compared to acute phase)
• ELISA to determine if acute infection, prior
infection, or passively acquired maternal
antibody in an infant is present.
• CMV IgM titers for congenital infection
• Other tests include CF test, fluorescence assays
(CMV pp65 antigenemia test, IFA, ACIF), indirect
haemagglutination & PCR
21. TREATMENT
• Congenital infections - it is not usually possible to
detect congenital infection unless the mother has
symptoms of primary infection. If so, then the mother
should be told of the chances of her baby having
cytomegalic inclusion disease and perhaps offered the
choice of an abortion.
• Perinatal and postnatal infection - it is usually not
necessary to treat such patients.
• Immunocompromised patients - it is necessary to make
a diagnosis of CMV infection early and give prompt
antiviral therapy. Anti-CMV agents in current use are
ganciclovir, forscarnet, and cidofovir.
22. Toxoplasmosis
• Definition:
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease which
affects nearly all warm blooded animals and
man. It affects reproductive system, nervous
system, skeletal muscles and eyes.
23. Etiology:
• The disease is caused by parasite Toxoplasma
gondii. Toxoplasma gondii are found in three
forms –
• (a) Tachyzoites which are the rapidly
multiplying forms found in the blood and body
fluids.
• (b) Cyst form which contains bradyzoites are
slowly multiplying form found in body tissues.
24. • (c) Sporulated oocyst voided in the faeces of
cats.
• The parasite has got affinity for epithelial,
reticuloendothelial and blood cells. The
organism could be grown in monolayer of
lamb testicular cells
26. Mode of transmission:
• Toxoplasma has been reported to be transmitted
by the following ways in man and animals-
(a) Through cat : The cat is the only definitive
host of the parasite. Infected cats shed large
number of oocysts in the faeces . Stray cats
contaminate the soils around the human
habitations and thus play a vital role in the
transmission of toxoplasmosis.
(b) Meat & meat products : Consumption of raw
or under cooked meat or meat products are
important source of toxoplasmosis.
27. • (c) Congenital infection : From infected mother (
dam ) to the fetus
• (d) Other methods:
• Inhalation and ingestion of infected milk may
transmit the infection.
• Infection has been traced to be transmitted
through semen.
• Experimental transmission can be made by
intramuscular , subcutaneous or intraperitonial
inoculation of infected materials.
28. Life cycle of Toxoplasma sp:
Life cycle in final host:
• Cats become infected by ingestion of rodent
whose tissues contain tachyzoites or
bradyzoites.
• Infection also occur through the ingestion of
oocysts.
• The cyst wall ( either badyzoites,tachyzoites or
oocyst ) is digested in cat stomsch.
29. • The liberated organisms penetrate the
intestinal wall and initiates schizogonas cycle
followed by gametogonas development.
• The oocysts are produced within 3-10 days
and shade within 1-2 weeks.
• The organisms also invade intestinal organ and
development of tachyzoites, badyzoites,
oocyst as in intermediate host.
30. In intermediate host:
• The I.H(cattle) are infected by ingestion of
sporulated oocyst.
• Liberated sporozoites inter into cell wall and
spread via hematogenus route and cause
tachyzoites
• Tachyzoites inter into cell and multiply by
budding.
31. • Following this process 8-16 tachyzoites
accumulated and infected cell ruptured and
new cells infected.
• In most cases the host survive and antibody
produced which limits the invasiveness.
• Followed by badyzoites formation.
32. • If immunity suppress, cyst may rupture
releasing bradyzoites .
• Bradyzoites become activated and resume the
invasive characteristics of tachyzoites.
• The F.H. is infected by the ingestion of either
bradyzoites, tachyzoites containing tissue of
I.H.
33. Clinical findings :
• Cattle and buffalo- high rise of temperature
and enlargement of lymph node.
• Sheep - abortion in ewes.
• In goats- high rise of temperature, dyspnea,
diarrhea, muscular tremors, paresis of hind
quarters, erythropenia and anemia.
Pig- Abortion, still births in sows and dyspnea
and wasting in young piglets
34. Diagnosis:
• Clinical signs are non- specific and organism is difficult
to demonstrate. Therefore, diagnosis in man and
animals is accompanied by serological tests.
(a) Isolation of T. gondii – Parasites can be
demonstrated from lymph fluid, placenta, cotyledons
and muscles.
(b) Methylene blue dye test: Sabin and Feldman first
described it.
This test now a days is carried out by in microtitre
plates and can be judged by employing empty
microscope.
35. • (c) By complement fixation test(CFT).
• (d) By indirect hemagglutination tests(HI).
• (e) By direct agglutination tests.
• (f) By fluorescent antibody tests(FAT).
• (g) By enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay
(ELISA)
• (h) By DNA test
36. Treatment:
(a)There is no satisfactory treatment. Drugs
like pyremethamine and sulphonamide are
effective.
• SDDS (diaminodiphenyl sulfone)@ 100mg /kg
body weight for 14 days is the most effective
treatment. Drugs which have been used in
man and animals are as follows.
(b) Sulphonamide @ 10 mg / kg b.wt. orally
once.