Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that can cause infections. Pseudomonas is a common genus of bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances. There are many different types of Pseudomonas bacteria
Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that can cause infections. Pseudomonas is a common genus of bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances. There are many different types of Pseudomonas bacteria
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
paracoccidiodiomycosis- its a acute subacute chronic ,systemic fungal infection
mainly effect respiratory system from there disseminated to various body parts.
Lymphadenopathy / dental implant courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
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nd invade the genital ridges in the sixth week of
development. here they form primitive sex cords. in
the absence of tdf, medullary cords disappear and
get replaced by a vascular stroma (ovarian medulla).
cortical cords develop and surround one or more
primitive germ cells. the germ cells subsequently
develop into oogonia, while the surrounding epithelial
cells form the follicular cells. this differentiates
undifferentiated gonads into ovaries. stroma of ovary
develops from basal mesenchyme. granulosa and theca
cells develop from celomic epithelium.
development of genital ducts
development of genital duct system and the external
genitalia occurs under the influence of hormones
circulating in the fetus. sertoli cells in the fetal testes
produce a nonsteroidal substance known as müllerian
inhibiting substance (mis) that causes regression of
müllerian ducts. androgen from the fetal testes causes
masculinization of external genitalia. in the absence of
mis, müllerian ducts develop and mesonephric duct
system regresses. in the absence of androgen, external
genitalia differentiate into female phenotype. the
müllerian duct develops between the fifth and sixth
weeks lateral to intermediate cell mass and wolffian
duct. the müllerian duct has the following three parts:
•cranial vertical portion that opens into celomic
cavity. later it differentiates into fallopian tubes.
•horizontal part crosses the mesonephric duct.
•caudal vertical part that fuses with its partner
from opposite side. this fused part later differ
entiates into uterus, cervix, and upper one-third
of the vagina.
the dorsal celomic epithelium (which forms
müllerian duct) remains open at its site of origin and
ultimately forms the fimbriated ends of the fallopian
tubes. at their point of origin, each of the müllerian
ducts forms a solid bud. each bud penetrates the
mesenchyme lateral and parallel to the wolffian duct.
as the solid buds elongate, a lumen appears in the
cranial part, beginning at each celomic opening. the
caudal end of each müllerian duct crosses the way
Infection prevention control strategy for covid 19MANISH TIWARI
Respected all corona warriors i am uploading a lecture for all.. and this is very very important , requesting you if you have any suggestion please comment me on comment box... Thanks.
Hii, Myself Dr Manish Tiwari , uploading a Lecture for all medical and paramedical UG & PG Students. if you have any doubt please contact me on my mail id- mprabhat111@gmail.com
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
Myself Dr. Manish Tiwari Tutor Department of microbiology at saraswati medical college and research center( unnao) making presentation is only for MBBS and MD students.
Dear all MBBS student ,
Myself Dr. Manish Tiwari department of microbiology (SMC Medical college unnao) this presentation only for you not for PG students, if any doubt contact me on mail address..
i dr manish tiwari a tutor department of microbiology SMC medical college unnao, very interested to make ppt of this subject and upload on slide share for benefit of medical(PG) and UG students. if anybody want any ppt of microbiology kindly message me on my mail address and you can contact me too on contact no.that is given on 1st slide.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
2. Obligate intracellular parasites.
Small, Non - motile, Gram negative. share antigens, have
both DNA and RNA, divide by binary fission.
Have tropism for squamous epithelial cells & macrophages
of respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
• Causes
1. Trachoma,,
2. Lymphogranulloma Venerum ((LGV)),,
3. Psittacosis..
3. Can cause diverse diseases in birds and mammals.
The name Chlamydia – Derived from characteristic
appearance of inclusion body by these agents.
The inclusion bodies enclose the nuclei of infected cells as a
cloak or mantle(( Chlamys meaning =mantle = symbol of
authority))..
4.
5. Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Chlamydia
Class: Chlamydiae
Order: Chlamydiales
Family: Chlamydiaceae
Genus: Chlamydia
Species: C. trachomatis, C ,C. pneumoniae, C. psittaci
C. pecorum affects ruminants (Only)
6. Morphologically Chlamydia exist in two forms as
bellow
Elementary Body / EB: -
Spherical particle measuring 200- 300 nm in size.
It is an Extracellular infective form.
Reticulate (Initially) Body/ RB:-
Non-infectious, and 500-1000 nm
Intracellular, growing and replicating form.
7. Elementary Body (EB) the infectious form enters the host cell
by phagocytosis.
Enlarges its shape and size to develop into Reticulate Body
(RB), 500-1000 nm in size. RB divides repeatedly by binary
fusion to form large number of EB.
The developing Chlamydia micro colony within host cells
known as Inclusion body each mature inclusion body contains
about 100 -500 EB.
These newly formed EB’s, on release may infect the new cells
and the cycle continues.
Duration of this developmental cycle is about 24- 48 hrs.
8.
9. 20 serotypes, classified on the basis of
neutralization and Immunofluorescence tests.
A, B, Ba, C, D, Da, E, F, G, H, I, Ia, J, Ja, K,
L1, L2, L2a, L2b & L3.
Serotypes A, B, Ba, C – Responsible for
causing –
Hyper endemic Trachoma – inflammation
of the conjunctiva and cornea and the
formation of scar tissue..
10. Serotype D, Da, E, F, G, H, I, Ia, J, Ja, K – Causes –
Inclusion Conjunctivitis,
Non - Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU),
Salpingitis – inflammation of fallopian tube,
Cervicitis,
Pneumonia of new born.
11. Serotypes L1, L2, L2a, L2b, & L3 – cause
Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) - A disease caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis L1 to L3;
Transmitted by sexual contact; LGV is primarily an infection of
lymphatic's and lymph nodes.
It gains entrance through breaks in the skin, or it can cross the
epithelial cell layer of mucous membranes.
12. LGV is a sexually transmitted disease caused by C.
trachomatis serotypes L1 to L3.
The primary lesion consist of small painless papule or
vesicle on external genitalia.
It may ulcerate or heal spontaneously in a few days.
The regional lymph nodes (inguinal in males and
intrapelvic &
para - rectal in female) are enlarged, tender, and may
break
open with the formation of sinuses.
The enlarged inguinal lymph nodes are named bubo's.
13. C. psittaci causes “Psittacosis and Ornitthosis” in birds and
man.
Human infection occurs by inhalation of infected dried faeces.
Psittacosis (Psittacos – parrot) is a disease of parrots.
Disease acquired from non- psittacine birds known as
“Ornithosis” (Ornithos – birds).
Incubation period – 1-2 wks.
Disease may vary from mild influenza to severe illness with
pneumonia, septicemia and meningoencephalitis.
14.
15. Third commonest cause of pneumonia following S. pneumoniae
& H. influenzae.
It is an important risk factor in cardiovascular disease, where
organism is isolated from coronary artery.
However more studies are required to ascertain its role.
Causes – Acute Respiratory Disease in humans.
Has only 1 serotype.
Serological studies shows prevalence rate – 40 -50 %.
16. Specie Serotype Sub species
C. trachomatis A,B,Ba, C Endemic blinding,,
Trachoma
C. trachomatis D to K Inclusion
conjunctivitis
Genital Chlamydiasis
C. trachomatis L1,, L2,, L3 Lymphogranuloma
Venereum (LGV)
C. psittaci Many serotypes Psittacosis ,,
Ornithosis
C. pneumoniae Only one serotype Acute Respiratory
Disease
C. pecorum Primary pathogen of
ruminants
17. Caused by C. trachomatis serotype A, B, Ba, & C.
Chronic Kerato--conjunctivitis.
Major cause of blindness.
Characterized by follicles, papillary hyperplasia, pannus
formation and in the late stage – cicauterization.
Transmission – Eye to eye through finger, flies & fomites -
contaminated towel, clothing.
Incubation period – 3-10 days.
In endemic area children below 9 yrs age are mostly affected.
Trachoma has been characterized into I – IV stages, early
stage is most infective one.
18. Caused by C. trachomatis serotype D to K.
Prevalent in sexually active young people &
spread from genital secretions to the eye by
contaminated hands contact.
Characterized by follicular hypertrophy with
scanty no purulent discharge.
This is formerly known as “ Swimming pool
conjunctivitis” as it was associated with
swimming in contaminated water.
Also know as Para--trachoma..
19. Neonatal form of Inclusion conjunctivitis – Inclusion Blenorrhea
Infants acquires infection during passage through the infected
birth canal.
It usually becomes apparent between 5-12 days after birth.
About 20-50% infants of infected mothers develops the
infection.
Considered benign & self limiting few may develop conjunctival
scar.
Prevented by local antibiotic applications.
20. - Genital Chlamydiasis
Chlamydia trachomatis causes “Genital Chlamydiasis”
and LGV.
Both are sexually transmitted diseases.
1. Genital Chlamydiasis -- Caused by D to K serotype.
Responsible for 40% of cases of NGU, it is a STD.
In males
Urethritis - inflammation of the urethra; results in painful
urination.
21. Epididymitis - painful inflammation of the epididymis –
convoluted tubule in each testis, carries sperm to vas
difference.
Proctitis - inflammation of the rectum; marked by bloody
stools and a frequent urge to defecate.
22. In females
Urethritis ,Cervicitis -
Salpingitis -inflammation of Fallopian tube (usually the result of
infection spreading from the vagina or uterus).
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) - Inflammation of the female
pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection
chiefly Gonococci and Chlamydia;; symptoms are abdominal
pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge.
Infection may symptomatic or asymptomatic.
Symptoms – Dysuria –painful or difficulty in urination, Non-
purulent discharge and frequency of urination.
23. Third commonest cause of pneumonia following S. pneumoniae
& H. influenzae.
It is an important risk factor in cardiovascular disease, where
organism is isolated from coronary artery.
However more studies are required to ascertain its role.
Causes – Acute Respiratory Disease in humans.
Has only 1 serotype.
Serological studies shows prevalence rate – 40 -50 %.
24. Specimen
Scrapings or swabs - sample must contain cells
„Urethral swab for NGU
„End cervical swab for cervicitis
Conjunctival swabs for ocular infections
™First catch urine samples in the morning
™Nasopharyngeal aspirate
Bubo aspirate for LGV.
25. 4 approaches available:
1. Microscopic demonstration of inclusion or elementary bodies.
2. Isolation of Chlamydia.
3. Demonstration of Chlamydial Ag.
4. Demonstration of Abs or hypersensitivity.
26. 1. Microscopy
Gram stain – Gram Negative,.
Stain better with Castaneda, Mchiavello, or
Giemsa Stain.
Inclusion bodies are basophilic & present in
cytoplasm.
Inclusion bodies can be stained with -
Lugol’s iodine – because of presence of
Glycogen matrix.
Immunofluorescence staining.
27. Animal inoculation Yolk sac of 6 - 8
days old chick embryo.
Tissue culture –
McCoy, HeLa cell lines
Infected cell cytoplasm has a
granular appearance
28. 1. Animal inoculation – Mice are inoculated by intranasal or
intraperitoneal or by intracerebral inoculations.
Mice die within 10 days and smears from various tissue
(lung, peritoneal exudates, spleen or brain) shows elementary
bodies.
2. Yolk Sac Inoculation – Yolk sac of chick embryo is
inoculated & the organism can be detected in impression
smears stained by Giemsa stain.
29. 3.Tissue Culture –
McCoy cell lines treated with
cycloheximide are mostly used.
Mouse fibroblast, HeLa 229 or
Monkey kidney cells can also be used.
Organism growth is detected in tissue
culture by staining for elementary
bodies or inclusion bodies.
2. Culture Infected cell cytoplasm has a
granular appearance
30. Tetracycline, Erythromycin and Sulfonamides.
Vaccination not proved to be an effective or practicable
method of control.
Treatment coupled with improved sanitation.
Safe sexual practices.
Treatment of patients and their sexual partners.