Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which can damage a woman's reproductive organs. Even though symptoms of chlamydia are usually mild or absent, serious complications that cause irreversible damage, including infertility, can occur "silently" before a woman ever recognizes a problem. Chlamydia also can cause discharge from the penis of an infected man.
How common is chlamydia?Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In 2010, 1,307,893 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Under-reporting is substantial because most people with chlamydia are not aware of their infections and do not seek testing. Also, testing is not often done if patients are treated for their symptoms. An estimated 2.8 million infections occur annually in the U.S. Women are frequently re-infected if their sex partners are not treated.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the bacterium, Chlamydia trachomatis, which can damage a woman's reproductive organs. Even though symptoms of chlamydia are usually mild or absent, serious complications that cause irreversible damage, including infertility, can occur "silently" before a woman ever recognizes a problem. Chlamydia also can cause discharge from the penis of an infected man.
How common is chlamydia?Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In 2010, 1,307,893 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the District of Columbia. Under-reporting is substantial because most people with chlamydia are not aware of their infections and do not seek testing. Also, testing is not often done if patients are treated for their symptoms. An estimated 2.8 million infections occur annually in the U.S. Women are frequently re-infected if their sex partners are not treated.
Microbiology of Cytomegalovirus (Herpes).pptxNawangSherpa6
The Presentation here is about Medically important Cytomegalovirus. How does it infect the Human host? What are it's clinical manifestations and How can we diagnose for their infection and potential application for other studies.
Introduction to Microbiology , Microbes are every where , understand them so you can live with them . I hope you like this presentation my colleagues . it is useful to students and Infection control practitioners . ! Enjoy
Chlamydia is considered to be completely dependent on its host for supply of ATP and other energy-rich molecules, whereas Rickettsia utilizes cytosolic ATP only during an early phase of the infectious cycle.Whereas, The cell wall-less rickettsia Eperythrozoon wenyonii is a Mycoplasma.
An enzyme is a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process. The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes
The aqueous humour is a transparent, watery fluid similar to plasma, but containing low protein concentrations. It is secreted from the ciliary epithelium, a structure supporting the lens
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. The cornea, with the anterior chamber and lens, refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power.
Lens is a transparent, biconvex, crystalline structure placed between iris and the vitreous in a saucer-shaped depression, the patellar fossa. The lens is a crystalline structure that is avascular and is devoid of nerves and connective tissue
It consists of three distinct part:
Lens capsule
Anterior lens epithelium, and
Lens substance or lens fibres
Small amounts of vitamins are required in the diet to promote growth, reproduction, and health. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are called the fat-soluble vitamins, because they are soluble in organic solvents and are absorbed and transported in a manner similar to that of fats.
Water soluble vitamins include Vitamin C and the vitamin B complex: thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), Vitamin B6, biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), Vitamin B12. Vitamin A in its Beta-Carotene form is also water-soluble.
The tear film is a complex mixture of substances secreted from multiple sources on the ocular surface, including the lacrimal gland, the accessory lacrimal glands, the meibomian glands, and the goblet cells.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial disease that affects humans and animals. It is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira. In humans, it can cause a wide range of symptoms, some of which may be mistaken for other diseases. Some infected persons, however, may have no symptoms at all.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Treponema is a genus of spiral-shaped bacteria. The major treponeme species of human pathogens is Treponema pallidum, whose subspecies are responsible for diseases such as syphilis, bejel, and yaws.
Moraxella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the Moraxellaceae family. It is named after the Swiss ophthalmologist Victor Morax. The organisms are short rods, coccobacilli, or as in the case of Moraxella catarrhalis, diplococci in morphology, with asaccharolytic, oxidase-positive, and catalase-positive properties
Pseudomonas is a type of bacteria that can cause infections. Pseudomonas is a common genus of bacteria, which can create infections in the body under certain circumstances. There are many different types of Pseudomonas bacteria
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the obligate human pathogen that causes the sexually transmitted disease (STD) gonorrhea. This Gram-negative diplococci/gonococci does not infect other animals or experimental animals and does not survive freely in the environment. The gonococcal infection occurs in the upper or lower tract, pharynx, ophthalmic area, rectum, and bloodstream. During the 1980’s gonorrhea was also referred to as “the clap” when public awareness was quite minimal. This was one of the venereal diseases prostitutes hoped to contract since it resulted in infertility by pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). As documentation, diagnostic testing, and public awareness improved, there has been a decline in incidence reports, however, it is still considered a very common infectious disease.
Meningococci are a type of bacteria that cause serious infections. The most common infection is meningitis, which is an inflammation of the thin tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Meningococci can also cause other problems, including a serious bloodstream infection called sepsis. In its early stages, you may have flu-like symptoms and a stiff neck. But the disease can progress quickly and can be fatal. Early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important. Lab tests on your blood and cerebrospinal fluid can tell if you have it. Treatment is with antibiotics. Since the infection spreads from person to person, family members may also need to be treated.
A vaccine can prevent meningococcal infections.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria causes a thick covering in the back of the throat. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart failure, paralysis, and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens and adults to prevent diphtheria. The presentation consists of basic concepts regarding the bacteria and its infection. It has explanation in detail about signs and symptoms of Diptheria
Contraindications, Adverse reactions and ocular nutritional supplementsArun Geetha Viswanathan
utritional supplements comprise a great deal of the products available over the counter in most pharmacies. Although most vitamin supplements are relatively harmless—except for the fat soluble ones A, D, E, and K—they are not the only supplements available to patients. Some of these other, non-vitamin supplements can actually be harmful to patients and often they have been proven to be ineffective. This doesn’t mean that patients will stop taking them though, which in turn leaves the potential for contraindications of nutritional supplements with prescription-based drugs wide open.
Ageing is a gradual process that takes place over many decades. Most theories of ageing relate to impaired DNA replication and loss of cell viability and hence the viability of the body’s organs. Ageing is often accompanied by socioeconomic changes that can have a great impact on the nutritional needs and status of elderly individuals. The incidence of disability increases with ageing, with over a third of the elderly population limited by chronic conditions and unable to carry on normal daily living activity
Every component of the eye is vulnerable to damage from ROI, particularly retina. There are several reasons for the vulnerability of the retina, including high concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), constant exposure to visible light, high consumption of oxygen, an abundance of photosensitisers in the neurosensory retina and the RPE, the process of phagocytosis by the RPE which is known to generate hydrogen peroxide.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
3. Chlamydia trachomatis
• one of four bacterial species in the genus Chlamydia.
• Chlamydia is a genus of pathogenic bacteria that are obligate
intracellular parasites.
• C. trachomatis is a weakly Gram-negative bacterium.
• They possess an inner and outer membrane similar to gram-negative
bacteria and a lipopolysaccharide but do not have a peptidoglycan layer.
• It is ovoid in shape and nonmotile.
• bacteria are non spore-forming, but the elementary bodies act like
spores when released into the host.
• Although they synthesize most of their metabolic intermediates, they
are unable to make their own ATP and thus are obligate parasites.
4. Physiology and Structure
Elementary bodies (EB)
• EBs are the small (0.3 - 0.4 μm) infectious form of the chlamydia.
• possess a rigid outer membrane that is extensively cross-linked by
disulfide bonds.
• Because of their rigid outer membrane EBs are resistant to harsh
environmental conditions encountered when the chlamydia are outside
of their eukaryotic host cells.
• EB bind to receptors on host cells and initiate infection.
• Most chlamydia infect columnar epithelial cells but some can also infect
macrophages.
5. Physiology and Structure
Reticulate bodies (RB)
• RBs are the non-infectious intracellular from of the
chlamydia.
• They are the metabolically active replicating form of
the chlamydia.
• They possess a fragile membrane lacking the extensive
disulfide bonds characteristic of the EB.
8. EB attaches to cell
surface
Endocytosis of EB
EB in endosome
doesn’t fuse with
lysosome
EB reorganize into
RB in endosomeRB Replicates
RB re organize to
EB
C. pneumonia &
C. trachomatis:
Reverse
endocytosis
LifeCycle
C.psittaci: Lysis of
cell and release of
EB
9. LifeCycle–notes
1. The EBs bind to receptors on susceptible cells and are internalized by
endocytosis and/or by phagocytosis.
2. Within the host cell endosome the EBs reorganize and become RBs.
3. The chlamydia inhibit the fusion of the endosome with the
lysosomes and thus resist intracellular killing.
4. The entire intracellular life cycle of the chlamydia occurs within the
endosome.
5. RBs replicate by binary fission and reorganize into EBs.
6. The resulting inclusions may contain 100 - 500 progeny.
7. Eventually, the cells and inclusions lyse (C. psittaci) or the inclusion is
extruded by reverse endocytosis (C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae)
10. C. trachomatis
• C. trachomatis is the causative agent of trachoma,
urogenital disease, infant pneumonia and
lymphogranuloma venereum.
• It has a limited host range and only infects human
epithelial cells
• infects non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells.
• Disease result from destruction of the cells and the
host inflammatory response.
11. C. trachomatis : Ocular Infection
Trachoma
• Chronic infection or repeated reinfection with C. trachomatis (var: trachoma)
results in inflammation and follicle formation involving the entire
conjunctiva.
• Scarring of the conjunctiva causes turning in of the eyelids and eventual
scarring, ulceration and blood vessel formation in the cornea, resulting in
blindness.
• The name trachoma comes from 'trakhus' meaning rough which characterizes
the appearance of the conjunctiva.
• Inflammation in the tissue also interferes with the flow of tears which is an
important antibacterial defense mechanisms. Thus, secondary bacterial
infections occur.
12. C. trachomatis : Ocular Infection
Inclusion conjunctivitis
• Inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by C. trachomatis (biovar:
trachoma) associated with genital infections
• The infection is characterized by a mucopurulent discharge, corneal
infiltrates and occasional corneal vascularization.
• In chronic cases corneal scarring may occur.
• In neonates infection results from passage through an infected birth
canal and becomes apparent after 5 - 12 days.
• Ear infection can accompany the ocular disease.
13. C. trachomatis : Ocular Infection
Conjunctivitis due to chlamydia.
14. C. trachomatis : Ocular Infection
Ocular lymphogranuloma venereum
• Infection with C. trachomatis (biovar: LGV) can lead to oculoglandular
conjunctivitis.
• In addition to the conjunctivitis, patients also have an associated
lymphadenopathy.
Infant pneumonia
• Infants infected with C. trachomatis (biovar: trachoma; serovars: D - K) at
birth can develop pneumonia.
• The children develop symptoms of wheezing and cough but not fever. The
disease is often preceded by neonatal conjunctivitis.
15. C. trachomatis : Ocular Infection
Urogenital infections
• Chlamydia is known as the "silent epidemic", as in women it may
not cause any symptoms in 70–80% of cases
symptoms can include
• abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge
• abdominal pain, painful sexual intercourse, fever
• painful urination or the urge to urinate more often than usual
• Postpartum fever in infected mothers is common.
• Premature delivery and an increased rate of ectopic pregnancy due
to salpingitis can occur
16. C. trachomatis : Ocular Infection
Urogenital infections
• After a 3 week incubation period patients may develop urethral discharge,
dysuria and pyuria
• Post-gonococcal urethritis also occurs in men infected with both Neisseria
gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis. The symptoms of chlamydial infection
occur after treatment for gonorrhea because the incubation time is longer.
• Chlamydia will develop pelvic inflammatory diseases and about 20% of
these women will become infertile
• untreated cases (18%) result in chronic pelvic pain.
• Women infected with chlamydia have a 3 - 5 fold increased risk of
acquiring HIV.
17. C. trachomatis : Ocular Infection
Urogenital infections
• In men, infection show symptoms of infectious inflammation of the
urethra - 50% of cases
Symptoms that may occur include:
• a painful or burning sensation when urinating
• discharge from the penis
• testicular pain or swelling, or fever.
• chlamydia in men can spread to the testicles causing epididymitis,
which can lead to sterility
• Chlamydia is also a potential cause of prostatic inflammation in men
18. Transmission
• Chlamydia can be transmitted
during unprotected sex
• direct contact with infected tissue
such as conjunctiva.
• Chlamydia can also be passed from
an infected mother to her baby
during vaginal childbirth
19. Diagnosis
• Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), such as polymerase
chain reaction (PCR)
Culture
• the most specific method for diagnosis of C. trachomatis
• the infected cells are examined for the presence of iodine-
staining inclusion bodies.
• Iodine stains glycogen in the inclusion bodies. The presence of
iodine-staining inclusion bodies is specific for C. trachomatis
since the inclusion bodies of the other species of chlamydia do
not contain glycogen and stain with iodine.
20. Diagnosis
Antigen detection
• Direct immunofluorescence and ELISA kits that detect the group
specific or strain-specific outer membrane proteins are available for
diagnosis.
• Neither is as good as culture, particularly with samples containing few
organisms (e.g. asymptomatic patients).
Serology
• Serological tests for diagnosis are of limited value in adults, since the
tests do not distinguish between current and past infections.
• Detection of high titer IgM antibodies is indicative of a recent infection.
• Detection of IgM antibodies in neonatal infection is useful.
21. Treatment and Prevention
• Tetracyclines, erythromycin and sulfonamides are used for
treatment but they are of limited value in endemic areas where
reinfection is common.
• Vaccines are of little value and are not used. Treatment coupled
with improved sanitation to prevent reinfection is the best way
to control infection.
• Safe sexual practices and prompt treatment of symptomatic
patients and their sexual partners can prevent genital infections.
• the use of condoms, or having sex with only one other person,
who is not infected