This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on the atomic structure and quantum mechanical model of the atom. It describes early atomic models proposed by Rutherford, Bohr, and Schrodinger, and how they led to the current quantum mechanical model. It discusses how electrons occupy specific energy levels and orbitals, and how transitions between these levels result in the emission of photons of light at characteristic frequencies, producing atomic emission spectra.
how to write electronic configuration of an atom
rules of filling electrons in energy levels
aufbau principle. hund's rule, Pauli's Exclusion principle
how to write electronic configuration of an atom
rules of filling electrons in energy levels
aufbau principle. hund's rule, Pauli's Exclusion principle
This presentation describes about the 4 Quantum Numbers.
This presentation will be helpful in determining the possible permitted values for Shells, Subshells, Electrons and the Shapes of Orbitals
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
Introduction to the structure of atoms from the view of a chemist - what are neutrons protons and electrons and how are they organized ? How are electrons organized - in 3 quantum numbers. Experimental evidence from the Bohr model.
This presentation describes about the 4 Quantum Numbers.
This presentation will be helpful in determining the possible permitted values for Shells, Subshells, Electrons and the Shapes of Orbitals
The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
Introduction to the structure of atoms from the view of a chemist - what are neutrons protons and electrons and how are they organized ? How are electrons organized - in 3 quantum numbers. Experimental evidence from the Bohr model.
The Fundamentals of Chemistry is an introduction to the Periodic Table, stoichiometry, chemical states, chemical equilibria, acid & base, oxidation & reduction reactions, chemical kinetics, inorganic nomenclature, and chemical bonding.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
8. The Bohr Model of the Atom Niels Bohr I pictured the electrons orbiting the nucleus much like planets orbiting the sun. However, electrons are found in specific circular paths around the nucleus, and can jump from one level to another .
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11. Schrodinger’s Wave Equation Equation for the probability of a single electron being found along a single axis (x-axis) Erwin Schrodinger Erwin Schrodinger
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16. Principal Quantum Number Generally symbolized by “n”, it denotes the shell (energy level) in which the electron is located. Maximum number of electrons that can fit in an energy level is: 2n 2 How many e - in level 2? 3?
17. Summary s p d f # of shapes (orbitals) Maximum electrons Starts at energy level 1 2 1 3 6 2 5 10 3 7 14 4
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23. aufbau diagram - page 133 Aufbau is German for “building up” Increasing energy 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 3d 4d 5d 7p 6d 4f 5f
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25. Pauli Exclusion Principle No two electrons in an atom can have the same four quantum numbers. Wolfgang Pauli To show the different direction of spin, a pair in the same orbital is written as:
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38. Irregular configurations of Cr and Cu Chromium steals a 4s electron to make its 3d sublevel HALF FULL Copper steals a 4s electron to FILL its 3d sublevel
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44. Ne F O N C B Be Li e - Dot-diagram 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 1s 2 2s 2 2p 3 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 1s 2 2s 2 1s 2 2s 1 Electron Config. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Atomic # Lithium Neon Flourine Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Boron Berylium Element
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51. - Page 139 “ R O Y G B I V” Frequency Increases Wavelength Longer
52. Parts of a wave Origin Wavelength Amplitude Crest Trough
53. Electromagnetic radiation propagates through space as a wave moving at the speed of light. Equation: c = c = speed of light, a constant (2.998 x 10 8 m/s) (nu) = frequency, in units of hertz (hz or sec -1 ) (lambda) = wavelength, in meters
56. Radiowaves Microwaves Infrared . Ultra-violet X-Rays GammaRays Long Wavelength Short Wavelength Visible Light Low Energy High Energy Low Frequency High Frequency
57. Wavelength Table Long Wavelength = Low Frequency = Low ENERGY Short Wavelength = High Frequency = High ENERGY
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63. The energy ( E ) of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to the frequency ( ) of the radiation. Equation: E = h E = Energy, in units of Joules (kg·m 2 /s 2 ) (Joule is the metric unit of energy) h = Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10 -34 J·s) = frequency, in units of hertz (hz, sec -1 )
75. Wave-Particle Duality J.J. Thomson won the Nobel prize for describing the electron as a particle . His son, George Thomson won the Nobel prize for describing the wave-like nature of the electron. The electron is a particle! The electron is an energy wave!
76. Confused? You’ve Got Company! “ No familiar conceptions can be woven around the electron; something unknown is doing we don’t know what .” Physicist Sir Arthur Eddington The Nature of the Physical World 1934
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79. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle You can find out where the electron is, but not where it is going. OR… You can find out where the electron is going, but not where it is! “ One cannot simultaneously determine both the position and momentum of an electron.” Werner Heisenberg
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81. Moving Electron Photon Before Electron velocity changes Photon wavelength changes After Fig. 5.16, p. 145
![Section 5.1 Models of the Atom ,[object Object],[object Object]](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)