What are Electron Configurations ex.docxajullo3333
What are Electron Configurations?
The electron configuration of an element describes how electrons are distributed in its atomic orbitals. Electron configurations of atoms follow a standard notation in which all electron-containing atomic subshells with number of electrons are placed in a sequence.
these slides will help you learn all the basic about chemical bonding. concept of valancy, concept of electronic configuration, types of chemical bonds, and how do atoms form bonds.
What are Electron Configurations ex.docxajullo3333
What are Electron Configurations?
The electron configuration of an element describes how electrons are distributed in its atomic orbitals. Electron configurations of atoms follow a standard notation in which all electron-containing atomic subshells with number of electrons are placed in a sequence.
these slides will help you learn all the basic about chemical bonding. concept of valancy, concept of electronic configuration, types of chemical bonds, and how do atoms form bonds.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
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Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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2. Atomic Orbitals
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to
define what time and where an electron is and where is it going
next. This makes it impossible to know exactly where an
electron is traveling in an atom.
Since it is impossible to know where an electron is at a certain
time, a series of calculations are used to approximate the volume
and time in which the electron can be located. These regions are
called Atomic Orbitals. These are also known as the quantum
states of the electrons.
Only two electrons can occupy one orbital and they must have
different spin states, ½ spin and – ½ spin (easily visualized as
opposite spin states).
Orbitals are grouped into subshells.
This field of study is called quantum mechanics.
3. Atomic Subshells
These are some examples of atomic orbitals:
S subshell: (Spherical shape) There is one S orbital in an s subshell.
The electrons can be located anywhere within the sphere centered at
the atom’s nucleus.
P Orbitals: (Shaped like two balloons tied together) There are 3 orbitals in
a p subshell that are denoted as px, py, and pz orbitals. These are higher in
energy than the corresponding s orbitals.
http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ronutt/che115/AO.htm
http://www.chm.davidson.edu/ronutt/che115/AO.htm
4. Atomic Subshells (cont’d)
D Orbitals: The d subshell is divided into 5 orbitals (dxy, dxz,
dyz, dz
2 and dx
2
-y
2). These orbitals have a very complex shape
and are higher in energy than the s and p orbitals.
5. Electronic Configuration
Every element is different.
The number of protons determines the identity of the
element.
The number of electrons determines the charge.
The number of neutrons determines the isotope.
All chemistry is done at the electronic level (that is why
electrons are very important).
Electronic configuration is the arrangement of electrons
in an atom. These electrons fill the atomic orbitals
Atomic orbitals are arrange by energy level (n), subshells
(l), orbital (ml) and spin (ms) - in order:
6. Lithium Electronic Configuration
The arrows indicate the
value of the magnetic
spin (ms) quantum number
(up for +1/2 and down for
-1/2)
The occupation of the
orbitals would be written in
the following way:
1s22s1
or, "1s two, 2s one".
http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/EConfig/Struct08.htm
7. Electronic Configurations – Box Diagram
The two electrons in Helium represent the complete filling of
the first electronic shell. Thus, the electrons in He are in a very
stable configuration
For Boron (5 electrons) the 5th electron must be placed in a 2p
orbital because the 2s orbital is filled. Because the 2p orbitals are
equal energy, it doesn't matter which 2p orbital is filled.
http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/EConfig/Struct08.htm
8. Electronic Configuration
Electronic configurations can also be written in a short
hand which references the last completed orbital shell
(i.e. all orbitals with the same principle quantum number
'n' have been filled)
The electronic configuration of Na can be written as [Ne]3s1
The electronic configuration of Li can be written as [He]2s1
The electrons in the stable (Noble gas) configuration are
termed the core electrons
The electrons in the outer shell (beyond the stable core)
are called the valence electrons
10. Valence Electrons
The valence electrons are the electrons in the
last shell or energy level of an atom.
www.uoregon.edu
Carbon - 1s22s22p2 - four valence electrons
The lowest level (K), can contain 2 electrons.
The next level (L) can contain 8 electrons.
The next level (M) can contain 8 electrons.
www.uoregon.edu
11. Examples of Electronic
Configuration
Ne 1s2 2s2 2p6 (10 electrons)
F 1s2 2s2 2p5 (9 electrons)
F- 1s2 2s2 2p6 (10 electrons)
Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 (12 electrons)
Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 (10 electrons)
Notice – different elements can have the same number
of electrons
12. Molecular Orbital Theory
The goal of molecular orbital theory is to
describe molecules in a similar way to how we
describe atoms, that is, in terms of orbitals,
orbital diagrams, and electron configurations.
13. Forming a Covalent Bond
Molecules can form bonds by sharing electron
Two shared electrons form a single bond
Atoms can share one, two or three pairs of
electrons
forming single, double and triple bonds
Other types of bonds are formed by charged
atoms (ionic) and metal atoms (metallic).
14. Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (cont’d)
Orbital Mixing
When atoms share electrons to form a bond, their atomic
orbitals mix to form molecular bonds. In order for these
orbitals to mix they must:
Have similar energy levels.
Overlap well.
Be close together.
This is and example of orbital
mixing. The two atoms share
one electron each from there
outer shell. In this case both 1s
orbitals overlap and share their
valence electrons.
http://library.thinkquest.org/27819/ch2_2.shtml
17. Atomic and Molecular Orbitals
In atoms, electrons occupy atomic orbitals, but in molecules
they occupy similar molecular orbitals which surround the
molecule.
The two 1s atomic orbitals combine to form two molecular
orbitals, one bonding (s) and one antibonding (s*).
http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/course/mo_theory/main.html
• This is an illustration of
molecular orbital diagram
of H2.
• Notice that one electron
from each atom is being
“shared” to form a covalent
bond. This is an example of
orbital mixing.
18. Molecular Orbital Theory
Each line in the diagram represents an orbital.
The molecular orbital volume encompasses the
whole molecule.
The electrons fill the molecular orbitals of
molecules like electrons fill atomic orbitals in
atoms
19. Molecular Orbital Theory
Electrons go into the lowest energy orbital
available to form lowest potential energy for the
molecule.
The maximum number of electrons in each
molecular orbital is two. (Pauli exclusion
principle)
One electron goes into orbitals of equal energy,
with parallel spin, before they begin to pair up.
(Hund's Rule.)
23. Molecular Orbital Diagram (CH4)
So far, we have only look at molecules with two atoms.
MO diagrams can also be used for larger molecules.
http://www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/course/mo_theory/main.html
25. Conclusions
Bonding electrons are localized between atoms
(or are lone pairs).
Atomic orbitals overlap to form bonds.
Two electrons of opposite spin can occupy the
overlapping orbitals.
Bonding increases the probability of finding
electrons in between atoms.
It is also possible for atoms to form ionic and
metallic bonds.