This document provides an overview of basic immunology. It defines immunology as the study of how the body defends itself from foreign agents. The immune system consists of organs like the thymus and lymph nodes, cells like macrophages and lymphocytes, and molecules like immunoglobulins. The document outlines the differences between innate (non-specific) immunity and acquired (specific) immunity. It also describes the mechanisms of phagocytosis, a key component of innate immunity, and the roles of cells like neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils and basophils in the phagocytic process.

1. Basic Immunology
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2. Tumor
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Basic Immunology
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3. Definition:
Is the science dealing with the study of processes
by which the body defends and maintains the
constancy of self structures against invasion by
foreign agents or development of unwanted cells
or cell products within itself.
Basic Immunology
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4. Definition:
The state of rapid and higher responsiveness in
a trial for :
Elimination of an antigen previously detected
by the immune system and formation of
memory lymphocyte cells.
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5. Cosists of organs, cells and molecules responsible
for recognition and elimination of unwanted agents.
Organs: as thymus gland and lymph nods.
Cells: as macrophages and lymphocytes.
Molecules: as immunoglobulins.
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6. Factors played by the microbe.
Factors played by the host.
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7. Is the biological processes which takes place in the host
as a result of penetration, colonization and
multiplication of pathogenic microorganism into it,
independant whether the penetration will lead to
development of an obvious disease or latent disease, or
the host will only become a carrier of the pathogenic
microorganism.
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8. I.
Natural Resistance (Non-specific immune
mechanism or Natural or Innate Immunity).
II. Acquired Immunity ( Specific immune mechanism).
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9. Difference between specific and non-specific Immunity
.Non-specific Imm
.Its response is Ag independent
Specific Immunity
.Its response is Ag dependent
.Immediate maximal response
.Lag time before response
.Not Ag. Specific
.It is Ag. Specific
.No immunological memory
.Immunological memory
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10. Organs
Cells
Molecules
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11. Major Lymphoid Organs & Tissues
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12. ORGANS
I. Central Lymphoid Organs (Primary):
* Bone marrow.
* Thymus gland.
II. Peripheral Lymphoid Organs (Secondary):
* Lymph nodes.
* Spleen.
* Tonsils.
* Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues.
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13. Thymus Section
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14. Spleen Section
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15. Lymph node
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16. Defintion: Summation of all natural defence mechanisms.
Determining Factors: 1- Genetic factor.
2- Age.
3- Nutritional and metabolic factors.
4- Hormonal Factor.
Mechanisms:
1- Mechanical defence.
2- Bacterial Flora.
3- Inflammatory response
4- Fever.
5- Biochemical tissue constituents (Humoral).
6- Phagocytosis.
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17. Factors that control innate immunity
Genetic Factor:

Species and strain: The rat is unsusceptible to
diphtheria while the guinea pig and man are
susceptible.

Races: Negroes are more susceptible to T.B. than
white races.

Individual: Some individuals in the same family are
more susceptible to infections.
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18. Age Factor:
.Extremes are more susceptible to infection
:Nutritional and Metabolic Factors
Inadequate diet increasing Susceptibility to
infection
:Hormonal Factors
Diabetes mellitus, hypothyoidism and Adrenal
dysfunction, increases the susceptibility to
.infection
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19. 1-Mechanical Barriers
Skin
Mucous membrane
Hair & Cilia
Washing
Peristalsis
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20. 2-Normal
Bacterial Flora
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21. Inflammation-3
It is necessary to direct elements of immune system
to site of infection by three things:
1) Increase blood supply to infected area--> Redness.
2) Increase capillary permeability---> Oedema.
3) Neutophils & Macrophages migrate out of capillaries
into the surrounding tissues, and by the effect of
chemotactic factors ( C5a) migrate towards the site of
infection ( Chemotaxis).
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22. Inflammation
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23. Inflammation
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24. 4-Fever
The most common symptome of infection (Except few
cases as syphilis).
Imporance in host defence:
- Human lymphocytes in vivo at 39 C show
higher uptake of thymidine than at 37 C.
- Human leucocytes show maximum phagocytic
activity between 38-40 C.
- Circulating iron decrease during fever &
reduce microbial iron.
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25. Mechanism:
Affection of thermoregulatory center in
hypothalamus by different substances
as: endotoxins of Gram-negative bacteria
(Exogenous pyrogen) and extract from
macrophages called interleukin-1 (Endogenous
pyrogen).
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26. 5-Biochemical Tissue Constituents
* Stomach acidity.
* Lysozyme.
* Serum betalysin.
* Acute phase protein.
* Properdin.
* Lactoperoxidase.
* Lactoferrin.
* Interferon.
* Complement.
* Interferone.
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27. Natural Defence Barriers
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28. Definition
Capture and digestion of particulate foreign materials by
phagocytic cells.
Types of Phagocytic Cells
1- Polymorphnuclear leucocytes (Neutrophils or Microphages):
* First line of defense.
* 60 % of cells.
* Contains two types of granules: lyzosome & phagocytin.
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29. 2- Mononuclear phagocytes (Macrophages) (R.E.S.):
* Second line of defense.
* Found as: - Wandering (in circulation).
- Fixed in ( tissues).
* Functions: - Secretory: lysozyme, IL1, Monokines,
T.N.F.
Interferon (α), complement components.
- Antigen-presenting cell (recognition, processing
and presentation in suitable dose for other
lymphocytes).
- Phagocytosis.
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30. 3- Eosinophils: phagocytic & cytotoxic for larger parasites
as worms. Also regulate the inflammatory
response.
4- Basophils: contains heparin and vasoactive amines imprtant
for inflammatory response.
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31. Mechanism of Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Non-Specific Binding
Specific Opsonization)
Ingestion
Digestion
Oxygen-dependent system (Respiratory burst)
Oxygen-independent agents
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32. Phagocytosis
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33. Basic Immunology
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34. Opsonization
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